Interleukin-35 pretreatment attenuates lipopolysaccharide-induced heart injury by inhibition of inflammation, apoptosis and fibrotic reactions

Previous studies have demonstrated that targeting inflammation is a promising strategy for treating lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced sepsis and related heart injury. Interleukin-35 (IL-35), which consists of two subunits, Epstein-Barr virus-induced gene 3 (EBI3) and p35, is an immunosuppressive cytokine of the IL-12 family and exhibits strong anti-inflammatory activity. However, the role of IL-35 in LPS-induced heart injury reains obscure. In this study, we explored the role of IL-35 in heart injury induced by LPS and its potential mechanisms. Mice were treated with a plasmid encoding IL-35 (pIL-35) and then injected intraperitoneally (ip) with LPS (10 mg/kg). Cardiac function was assessed by echocardiography 12 h later. LPS apparently decreased the expression of EBI3 and p35 and caused cardiac dysfunction and pathological changes, which were significantly improved by pIL-35 pretreatment. Moreover, pIL-35 pretreatment significantly decreased the levels of cardiac proinflammatory cytokines including TNF-α, IL-6, and IL-1β, and the NLRP3 inflammasome. Furthermore, decreased number of apoptotic myocardial cells, increased BCL-2 levels and decreased BAX levels inhibited apoptosis, and LPS-induced upregulation of the expression of cardiac pro-fibrotic genes (MMP2 and MMP9) and fibrotic factor (Collagen type I) was inhibited. Further investigation indicated that pIL-35 pretreatment might suppressed the activation of the cardiac NF-κBp65 and TGF-β1/Smad2/3 signaling pathways in LPS-treated mice. Similar cardioprotective effects of IL-35 pretreatment were observed in mouse myocardial fibroblasts challenged with LPS in vitro. In summary, IL-35 pretreatment can attenuate cardiac inflammation, apoptosis, and fibrotic reactions induced by LPS, implicating IL-35 as a promising therapeutic target in sepsis-related cardiac injury.