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Najafian S, Afshara M, Radi M. Annual phytochemical variations and antioxidant activity within the aerial parts of Lavandula angustifolia, an evergreen medicinal plant. Chem Biodivers 2022; 19:e202200536. [PMID: 36099157 DOI: 10.1002/cbdv.202200536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2022] [Accepted: 09/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Acknowledging the importance of medicinal compounds, flavonoids, and phenolic acids in plants and human health; understanding the best time to harvest the plant to get the most biological activity that can be therapeutic, and predicting and controlling the quality of medicinal plants are very useful. The rich chemical composition of medicinal lavender, as well as its antioxidant activity, has led to its wide application in the pharmaceutical, cosmetic, and food industries. In the current research, seasonal differences in phenolic content, the main constituents of essential oil, essential oil yield and antioxidant activity, and flavonoid content were evaluated. In this investigation, for all the factors, three replications were considered as completely randomized designs. The predominant natural components were α-pinene, camphene, 1,8-cineole, limonene, camphor, borneol, cryptone, isobornyl formate, cumin aldehyde, carvone, caryophyllene oxide, and epi-α-cadinol. The highest rate of 1,8-cineole was seen in summer, while camphor and borneol showed their highest percentages in the cold season. Some of the compounds such as caryophyllene oxide, isobornyl formate, and cumin aldehyde showed their highest amounts in the spring with the activation of some important plant enzymes such as peroxidase. The total content of flavonoids and some phenolic compounds (coumarin and p-coumaric acid) increased when plants received sunlight for a longer time than in the colder to warmer seasons. On the other hand, increases in chlorogenic acid and vanillin were observed in spring. Also, the highest antioxidant activity was observed in lavender, which was accompanied by an increase in the important phenolic composition of rosmarinic acid in the cold season. Generally, this investigation provides beneficial evidence about the most appropriate harvest time for lavender to produce the most favorable constituents for optimization in food, pharmaceutical, and herbal products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sharareh Najafian
- Graduate Unversity of Science and Technologyl, food, maliabad, 0831, shiraz, IRAN (ISLAMIC REPUBLIC OF)
| | - Mahmoud Afshara
- Department of Agriculture, medicinal plant, yasooj, yasooj, IRAN (ISLAMIC REPUBLIC OF)
| | - Mohsen Radi
- Department of Agriculture, food chemistry, yasooj, yasooj, IRAN (ISLAMIC REPUBLIC OF)
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Khongkarat P, Phuwapraisirisan P, Chanchao C. Phytochemical content, especially spermidine derivatives, presenting antioxidant and antilipoxygenase activities in Thai bee pollens. PeerJ 2022; 10:e13506. [PMID: 35637714 PMCID: PMC9147323 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.13506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2022] [Accepted: 05/06/2022] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Bee pollen (BP) is full of useful nutrients and phytochemicals.Its chemical components and bioactivities depend mainly on the type of floral pollen. Methods Monofloral BP from Camellia sinensis L., Mimosa diplotricha, Helianthus annuus L., Nelumbo nucifera, Xyris complanata, and Ageratum conyzoides were harvested. Crude extraction and partition were performed to yield solvent-partitioned extracts of each BP. Total phenolic content (TPC) was assayed by the Folin-Ciocalteu method, while the flavonoid content (FC) was measured by the aluminium chloride colorimetric method. Antioxidant capacity was measured by the (i) 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging activity, (ii) 2,2'-azino-bis (3-ethylbenzthiazoline-6-sulphonic acid) (ABTS) scavenging activity and its Trolox equivalent antioxidant capacity (TEAC), and (iii) ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP). All samples were tested for lipoxygenase inhibitory (LOXI) activity. The most active sample was enriched by silica gel 60 column chromatography (SiG60-CC) and high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), observing the chemical pattern of each fraction using thin layer chromatography. Chemical structure of the most active compound was analyzed by proton nuclear magnetic resonance and mass spectrometry. Results Dichloromethane (DCM)-partitioned BP extracts of H. annuus L. and M. diplotricha (DCMMBP) showed a very high TPC, while DCMMBP had the highest FC. In addition, DCMMBP had the strongest DPPH and ABTS radical scavenging activities (as a TEAC value), as well as FRAP value. Also, DCMMBP (60 µg/mL) gave the highest LOXI activity (78.60 ± 2.81%). Hence, DCMMBP was chosen for further enrichment by SiG60-CC and HPLC. Following this, the most active fraction showed higher antioxidant andLOXI activities with an EC50 for DPPH and ABTS of 54.66 ± 3.45 µg/mL and 24.56 ± 2.99 µg/mL (with a TEAC value of 2,529.69 ± 142.16 µmole TE/g), respectively, and a FRAP value of 3,466.17 ± 81.30 µmole Fe2+/g and an IC50 for LOXI activity of 12.11 ± 0.36 µg/mL. Triferuloyl spermidines were revealed to be the likely main active components. Conclusions TPC, FC, and spermidine derivatives played an important role in the antioxidant and antilipoxygenase activities in M. diplotricha bee pollen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Phanthiwa Khongkarat
- Program in Biotechnology, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Patumwan, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Preecha Phuwapraisirisan
- Center of Excellence in Natural Products, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Patumwan, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Chanpen Chanchao
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Patumwan, Bangkok, Thailand
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Metwally RA, Abdelhameed RE, Soliman SA, Al-Badwy AH. Potential use of beneficial fungal microorganisms and C-phycocyanin extract for enhancing seed germination, seedling growth and biochemical traits of Solanum lycopersicum L. BMC Microbiol 2022; 22:108. [PMID: 35448979 PMCID: PMC9027073 DOI: 10.1186/s12866-022-02509-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2022] [Accepted: 03/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Biopriming as a new technique of seed treatment involves the application of beneficial microorganisms on the seed surface to stimulate seed germination, plant growth, and protect the seed from soil and seed-borne pathogens. The present investigation was carried out on seed germination, seedling vigor and biochemical traits of one of the most important vegetable crops (Tomato, Solanum lycopersicum L.). The treatments comprised viz. T1: Non primed seeds (Control), T2: Hydropriming, T3: Biopriming with C-phycocyanin (C-PC) (Spirulina platensis extract), T4: Biopriming with Trichoderma asperellum, T5: Biopriming with T. viride, T6: Biopriming with Beauveria bassiana. Results Extraction and purification of C-phycocyanin (C-PC) from the dry S. platensis powder using various methods was performed. The purity after dialyses was 0.49 and its ultimate purity (A620/A280) after ion-exchange chromatography was 4.64. The results on tomato seedlings revealed that the maximum germination percentage (100%), germination index (15.46 and 15.12), seedling length (10.67 cm), seedling dry weight (1.73 and 1.97 mg) and seedling length vigor index (1066.7) were recorded for tomato biopriming with T. viride, and B. bassiana (T5 and T6). Moreover, the quantitative estimation of total carbohydrates and total free amino acids contents in bioprimed tomato seedlings indicated a significantly higher amount with T. viride, followed by those bioprimed with T. asperellum, B. bassiana and C-PC extract. Conclusion Thus, our results indicated that biopriming of tomato seeds with beneficial fungal inoculants and C-PC was very effective. The most operative biostimulants were those bioprimed with T. viride and B. bassiana compared to other biostimulants (T. asperellum and C-PC). Therefore, to ensure sustainable agriculture, this study offers new possibilities for the biopriming application as an alternative and ecological management strategy to chemical treatment and provides a valuable basis for improving seed germination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rabab A Metwally
- Botany and Microbiology Department, Faculty of Science, Zagazig University, Zagazig, 44519, Egypt
| | - Reda E Abdelhameed
- Botany and Microbiology Department, Faculty of Science, Zagazig University, Zagazig, 44519, Egypt.
| | - Shereen A Soliman
- Botany and Microbiology Department, Faculty of Science, Zagazig University, Zagazig, 44519, Egypt
| | - Asmaa H Al-Badwy
- Botany and Microbiology Department, Faculty of Science, Zagazig University, Zagazig, 44519, Egypt
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Kha TC, Nguyen CT, Tran LT, Truong TT. Effects of pretreatment and air drying temperature on Noni fruit powder. Food Sci Biotechnol 2021; 30:1519-1526. [PMID: 34868701 DOI: 10.1007/s10068-021-00982-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2021] [Revised: 08/26/2021] [Accepted: 09/06/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The plant Morinda citrifolia L. (Noni) has been the subject of several recent research due to its positive impact on the treatment and prevention of a variety of diseases. Noni fruits contain a variety of phytochemicals, including flavonoid, polyphenol, and triterpenoid saponin. This study aimed to determine the best pre-treatment (including blanching, soaking in ascorbic acid solution and metabisulfite solution) and air-drying temperature (50, 60, 70, and 80 °C) to maximize the total polyphenol content (TPC), flavonoid content (TFC), and triterpenoid saponin contents (TSC) of the resultant Noni fruit powder. The results revealed that pre-soaked Noni fruit samples in ascorbic acid or metabisulfite solution before air-drying at 60 °C were beneficial in preserving TPC, TFC, and TSC. TPC, TFC, and TSC losses increased as drying temperatures (70 and 80 °C) rose. The optimum sample was held at five different relative humidity conditions until they attained weight equilibrium. The results indicated that the sorption isotherm curve of the Noni powder was the sigmoid shape and fitted with the BET and GAB models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tuyen Chan Kha
- Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Food Technology, Nong Lam University, Quarter 6, Linh Trung Ward, Thu Duc City, Ho Chi Minh City, 700000 Vietnam
| | - Cong Thanh Nguyen
- Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Food Technology, Nong Lam University, Quarter 6, Linh Trung Ward, Thu Duc City, Ho Chi Minh City, 700000 Vietnam.,Faculty of Health Sciences and Finance and Accounting, Dong Nai Technology University, Dong Nai, 76000 Vietnam
| | - Luyen Thi Tran
- Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Food Technology, Nong Lam University, Quarter 6, Linh Trung Ward, Thu Duc City, Ho Chi Minh City, 700000 Vietnam
| | - Trung Tan Truong
- Institute of Research and Applied Technological Science (IRATS), Dong Nai Technology University, Nguyen Khuyen Str., Quarter 5, Trang Dai Ward, Bien Hoa City, Dong Nai Province 76000 Vietnam
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Abeysinghe DT, Kumara KAH, Kaushalya KAD, Chandrika UG, Alwis DDDH. Phytochemical screening, total polyphenol, flavonoid content, in vitro antioxidant and antibacterial activities of Sri Lankan varieties of Murraya koenigii and Micromelum minutum leaves. Heliyon 2021; 7:e07449. [PMID: 34286127 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2021.e07449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2021] [Revised: 05/31/2021] [Accepted: 06/28/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The use of plant materials in traditional medicine as a significant ingredient in synthesizing drugs in the form of decoctions had played a vital role due to their potential therapeutic action. The curry leaves, Murraya koenigii, and Micromelum minutum are two most common aromatic herbs widespread in Sri Lanka and many other Asian countries. They are rich in nutrition and exert several medicinal properties such as antidiabetic, antioxidant, antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, and anti-carcinogenic due to various essential phytochemicals, minerals, and trace minerals. In this study, we determined the proximate composition, in vitro antioxidant activity, total phenol (TPC), flavonoid content (TFC), and antibacterial activity in both species using standard methods. Results showed that both species varied greatly in nutritional composition, antioxidant, and antibacterial activities. The nutrient composition in terms of ash, crude protein, and fat was significantly high in M. koenigii based on dry weight basis. In vitro antioxidant potential of M. koenigii and M. minutum was evaluated by means of the DPPH radical scavenging assay, and the IC50 values of M. koenigii and M. minutum were 107 ± 2 μg/mL and 208 ± 4 μg/mL, respectively. The TPC and TFC of M. koenigii were 101 ± 1 mg GAE/g and 9.75 ± 0.05 mg QE/g, and M. minutum were 80 ± 2 mg GAE/g and 9.16 ± 0.02 mg QE/g respectively. The antibacterial study was assessed against three bacterial strains. The study showed the highest inhibitory activity for M. koenigii and M. minutum against Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli, respectively at 1.0 mg/mL concentration. The study indicated that M. koenigii possessed a significantly high TPC, and TFC correlated with higher antibacterial and antioxidant activity than M. minutum.
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Alhaithloul HAS, Galal FH, Seufi AM. Effect of extreme temperature changes on phenolic, flavonoid contents and antioxidant activity of tomato seedlings ( Solanum lycopersicum L.). PeerJ 2021; 9:e11193. [PMID: 34026345 PMCID: PMC8123231 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.11193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2020] [Accepted: 03/09/2021] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Climatic changes are the most important abiotic factor affecting plant growth, crop quality and nutritional value. Plants exposed to thermal stress respond by accumulation of secondary metabolites/molecules (SMs). Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) is a cosmopolitan crop, eaten by most of the world’s people because it is highly nutritious plant. It is cultivated in more than 16 thousand hectares in Saudi Arabia and thus is influenced by extreme climatic changes. Objective In the current study, the phytochemical effect of thermal stress was investigated in seedlings of S. lycopersicum. Such information will be very helpful in developing more tolerant tomato cultivars in a climate change scenario. Methods Seedlings of S. lycopersicum were subjected to heat shock; HS1 and HS2 (45 and 50 °C) and cold shock; CS (4 °C) in comparison to control; Con (25 °C). Phenolic compounds, flavonoids, total phenolic content (TPC), total flavonoid content (TFC) and antioxidant activity were estimated under the four temperature treatments. Results Using 23 standards (17 phenolic and six flavonoids), HPLC resulted in the estimation of 16, 20, 15 and 18 compounds for Con, CS, HS1 and HS2, respectively. Differences in the amounts of total phenolics, and total flavonoids were strongly correlated to thermal stress. CS plants exhibited the highest number of signals and the highest absolute quantities of total phenolics, flavonoids and sum of both. The major peaks of phenolics were (Chlorogenic acid, Resvertol), (Vanillic acid, Benzoic acid, Quinol), (Vanillic acid, Benzoic acid) and (Vanillic acid, Benzoic acid) for Con, CS, HS1 and HS2, respectively. The major peaks of flavonoids were (Quercetin, Myricetin), (Quercetin, Rutin), (Quercetin, Rutin, Catechin) and (Quercetin) for Con, CS, HS1 and HS2, respectively. CS plants contain the highest amounts of Benzoic acid (8010.37 mg/kg FW) and Quercetin (2319.48 mg/kg FW). The highest TPC (131 mg GAE/100 g FW) and TFC (61 mg QE/100 g FW) were determined in the case of CS plants. In terms of IC50s, the CS plants showed the highest antioxidant activities (lowest values) in both of DPPH (467.73 µM TE/100 g FW) and ABTS (8.97 µM TE/100 g FW) assays. Conclusions Our findings supported that the complexity and quantity of phenolics and flavonoids in tomato’s extract are strongly related to thermal stress. Additionally, the CS plants demonstrated more desirable phytochemical profile over the other treatments. CS plants exhibited higher number, absolute amounts of SMs, higher TPC and TFC than those of Con, HS1 and HS2 plants. Additionally, CS plants showed higher antioxidant activity than that of both HS1 and HS2 plants. Such results are very useful in justifying mechanism of tolerance in tomato plant to thermal stress in the context of climate change. Additional research has turned on to reveal molecular response of tomato to such thermal stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haifa A S Alhaithloul
- Biology Department, College of Science, Jouf University, Sakaka, Aljouf, Saudi Arabia
| | - Fatma H Galal
- Biology Department, College of Science, Jouf University, Sakaka, Aljouf, Saudi Arabia.,Department of Entomology, Faculty of Science, Cairo University, Giza, Greater Cairo, Egypt
| | - AlaaEddeen M Seufi
- Department of Entomology, Faculty of Science, Cairo University, Giza, Greater Cairo, Egypt.,Department of Basic Sciences, Deanship of Common First Year, Jouf University, Sakaka, Aljouf, Saudi Arabia
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Barros RGC, Andrade JKS, Pereira UC, de Oliveira CS, Rafaella Ribeiro Santos Rezende Y, Oliveira Matos Silva T, Pedreira Nogueira J, Carvalho Gualberto N, Caroline Santos Araujo H, Narain N. Phytochemicals screening, antioxidant capacity and chemometric characterization of four edible flowers from Brazil. Food Res Int 2020; 130:108899. [PMID: 32156350 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2019.108899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2019] [Revised: 11/24/2019] [Accepted: 12/15/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Edible flowers are receiving renewed interest as potential sources of bioactive compounds. The present study aimed to investigate the presence of bioactive compounds and antioxidant activity of some exotic flowers present in Brazil such as Amaranthus hypochondriacus, Tropaeolum majus (red), Tropaeolum majus (orange) and Spilanthes oleracea L. The content of total phenolic compounds, flavonoids, condensed, hydrolysable tannins and antioxidante capacity were determined. The identification and quantification of the phenolic compounds was performed through the UHPLC-QDa-MS system. The compounds p-coumaric acid and ferulic acid were identified and quantified for the first time in all flowers. Tropaeolum majus (red) presented the hightest amounts of total phenolic compounds and hydrolysable tannins. Also, it presented the highest antioxidant capacity for ORAC and FRAP assays. Thus, this study showed the diversity and abudance of natural antioxidants present in edible flowers, which could be explored for application in functional foods and pharmaceuticals.
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Sablania V, Bosco SJD, Bashir M. Extraction process optimization of Murraya koenigii leaf extracts and antioxidant properties. J Food Sci Technol 2019; 56:5500-5508. [PMID: 31749498 DOI: 10.1007/s13197-019-04022-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Revised: 08/04/2019] [Accepted: 08/12/2019] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The study was intended to optimise the process variables such as extraction time and solvent concentration to maximize the yield of Murraya koenigii leaf extract and total phenolic content using response surface methodology. The experimental design was conducted for independent factor such as acetone, ethanol, methanol (20-80%) and time (20-100 min). The optimal conditions as the quadratic model were retained through central composite design. All the variables showed significant influence on extract yield and total phenolic content of M. koenigii leaf extract. The optimized conditions of extract were attained as 50% of ethanol, 60% acetone, 80% methanol and further analysed for their DPPH scavenging activity, total phenolic content, flavonoid content, and ferric reducing activity. Extract obtained with 50% ethanol showed highest DPPH scavenging activity and total phenolic content while 60% acetonic extract exhibited highest ferric reducing activity and flavonoid content.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vandana Sablania
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Pondicherry University, Puducherry, 605014 India
| | | | - Mudasir Bashir
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Pondicherry University, Puducherry, 605014 India
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Wakeel A, Jan SA, Ullah I, Shinwari ZK, Xu M. Solvent polarity mediates phytochemical yield and antioxidant capacity of Isatis tinctoria. PeerJ 2019; 7:e7857. [PMID: 31616599 PMCID: PMC6790100 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.7857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2019] [Accepted: 09/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Secondary metabolites have been extensively used in the treatment of various health problems. The role of solvent polarity on the phytochemical isolation and antioxidant capacity of Isatis tinctoria (woad) is elusive. In the present study, 14 solvents with different polarity were used in the extraction and total phenolic and flavonoid content (TPC and TFC) investigation. Ferricyanide, phosphomolybdenum, and 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) methods were used to calculate and compare the antioxidant/free radical scavenging capacity. Our results showed that solvent polarity greatly affects TPC and TFC yield, which is mainly increasing with increasing solvent polarity index and suddenly decreasing at very high polarity. The comparative results showed that TPC is directly correlated with reducing power, antioxidant, and free radical scavenging capacity. Taken together, we conclude that different woad plant parts contain different level of secondary metabolites with a specific polarity that requires a particular solvent with an appropriate polarity index for the extraction. The identification of these biologically active crude extracts and fractions are very important for the basic biological sciences, pharmaceutical applications, and future research for HPLC based active compounds isolation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdul Wakeel
- Key Laboratory of Geospatial Technology for Middle and Lower Yellow River Regions, School of Environment and Planning, Henan University, Kaifeng, Henan, China
- Molecular Systematics and Applied Ethnobotany Lab (MoSAEL), Department of Biotechnology, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Sohail Ahmad Jan
- Department of Biotechnology, Hazara University, Dodhial, Mansehra, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan
| | - Ikram Ullah
- Molecular Systematics and Applied Ethnobotany Lab (MoSAEL), Department of Biotechnology, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Zabta Khan Shinwari
- Molecular Systematics and Applied Ethnobotany Lab (MoSAEL), Department of Biotechnology, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Ming Xu
- Key Laboratory of Geospatial Technology for Middle and Lower Yellow River Regions, School of Environment and Planning, Henan University, Kaifeng, Henan, China
- Department of Ecology, Evolution and Natural Resources, Rutgers University, New Jersey—Camden, United States of America
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Chekol YA, Desta ZY. Determination of antioxidant and antimicrobial activities of leaf extracts of Otostegia integrifolia. Chem Cent J 2018; 12:63. [PMID: 29777399 PMCID: PMC5959825 DOI: 10.1186/s13065-018-0433-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2017] [Accepted: 05/09/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The extracts from the leaves of Otostegia integrifolia have been reported to show phytochemical analysis, total flavonoid content, antioxidant and antibacterial activities. Results Our results revealed that the total flavonoid content of methanol and ethyl acetate extracts is 416.5 + 0.288 and 248.9 + 0.872 mgAAE/100 g respectively. The two extracts also showed good antioxidant activity as well as weak to moderate antibacterial activity against some bacteria. Conclusions The leaf extracts from O. integrifolia showed good total flavonoid content, DPPH radical scavenging activity and antibacterial activity. In addition to this, the extracts also showed the presence of some important compounds by phytochemical analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiketel Adege Chekol
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Bahir Dar University, P. O. Box 79, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia
| | - Zelalem Yibralign Desta
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Bahir Dar University, P. O. Box 79, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia.
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Hafez Hetta M, Moawad AS, Abdel-Aziz Hamed M, Sabri AI. In-vitro and In-vivo Hypolipidemic Activity of Spinach Roots and Flowers. Iran J Pharm Res 2017; 16:1509-1519. [PMID: 29552059 PMCID: PMC5843312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
This study was designed in order to correlate the flavonoid and lipoidal matters content of Spinach roots and flowers to their hypolipidemic potential. The total flavonoid content was measured via complexation with aluminum chloride while determination of fatty acids methyl esters and unsaponifiable matters in both organs was performed using GC/MS. In an in-vitro study, the crude ethanol extracts of both organs and their different fractions were separately examined for inhibition of β-hydroxy-β-methyl glutaryl coenzyme A reductase (HMG-CoA reductase); the rate limiting enzyme of cholesterol biosynthesis. The percentage inhibition of alcohol extracts of roots and flowers were 78.19% and 72.68% respectively when compared to the control. The crude alcohol extracts of both organs were further examined in-vivo. Results showed that both extracts improved the investigated parameters by variable degrees compared to fenofibrate reference drug. The root extract showed significant improvement of TC, HDL-C, LDL-C, TG and total lipids (52.75, 209.85, 21.84, 49.26 and 29.62% respectively) when compared to hypercholesterolemic rats. The histopathological picture of liver showed a noticeable amelioration after treatment with root extract. The flavonoid content was higher in flower than root (983.4 and 300.2 mg/kg respectively) while the percentage of sterols and triterpenes in roots was greater than flowers (22.47% and 17.02 % respectively). In conclusion, the root ethanolic extract recorded more potent activity than flower as hypolipidemic agent either in-vitro or in-vivo examination which was more correlated to the sterol content than to the flavonoid content.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mona Hafez Hetta
- Pharmacognosy Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Fayoum University, Fayoum, 63514, Egypt.
| | - Abeer Sayed Moawad
- Pharmacognosy Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef, 62514, Egypt.
| | | | - Ahmed Ismail Sabri
- Pharmacognosy Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Fayoum University, Fayoum, 63514, Egypt.
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Liu Y, Qian C, Ding S, Shang X, Yang W, Fang S. Effect of light regime and provenance on leaf characteristics, growth and flavonoid accumulation in Cyclocarya paliurus (Batal) Iljinskaja coppices. Bot Stud 2016; 57:28. [PMID: 28597438 PMCID: PMC5432901 DOI: 10.1186/s40529-016-0145-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2016] [Accepted: 10/11/2016] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND As a highly valued and multiple function tree species, Cyclocarya paliurus is planted and managed for timber production and medical use. However, limited information is available on its genotype selection and cultivation for growth and phytochemicals. Responses of growth and secondary metabolites to light regimes and genotypes are useful information to determine suitable habitat conditions for the cultivation of medicinal plants. RESULTS Both light regime and provenance significantly affected the leaf characteristics, leaf flavonoid contents, biomass production and flavonoid accumulation per plant. Leaf thickness, length of palisade cells and chlorophyll a/b decreased significantly under shading conditions, while leaf areas and total chlorophyll content increased obviously. In the full light condition, leaf flavonoid contents showed a bimodal temporal variation pattern with the maximum observed in August and the second peak in October, while shading treatment not only reduced the leaf content of flavonoids but also delayed the peak appearing of the flavonoid contents in the leaves of C. paliurus. Strong correlations were found between leaf thickness, palisade length, monthly light intensity and measured flavonoid contents in the leaves of C. paliurus. Muchuan provenance with full light achieved the highest leaf biomass and flavonoid accumulation per plant. CONCLUSIONS Cyclocarya paliurus genotypes show diverse responses to different light regimes in leaf characteristics, biomass production and flavonoid accumulation, highlighting the opportunity for extensive selection in the leaf flavonoid production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Liu
- College of Forestry, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, 210037 People’s Republic of China
| | - Chenyun Qian
- College of Forestry, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, 210037 People’s Republic of China
| | - Sihui Ding
- College of Forestry, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, 210037 People’s Republic of China
| | - Xulan Shang
- College of Forestry, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, 210037 People’s Republic of China
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, 210037 People’s Republic of China
| | - Wanxia Yang
- College of Forestry, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, 210037 People’s Republic of China
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, 210037 People’s Republic of China
| | - Shengzuo Fang
- College of Forestry, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, 210037 People’s Republic of China
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, 210037 People’s Republic of China
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Pombal S, Rodrigues CF, Araújo JP, Rocha PM, Rodilla JM, Diez D, Granja ÁP, Gomes AC, Silva LA. Antibacterial and antioxidant activity of Portuguese Lavandula luisieri (Rozeira) Rivas-Martinez and its relation with their chemical composition. Springerplus 2016; 5:1711. [PMID: 27777848 PMCID: PMC5050179 DOI: 10.1186/s40064-016-3415-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2016] [Accepted: 09/28/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Lavandula luisieri (Rozeira) Rivas-Martinez is an endemic aromatic Labiatae the Iberian Peninsula, common in semi-arid regions of southern Portugal and southwestern Spain, that produces an active antibacterial essential oil from the leaves and flowers. This work presents the study of the chemical variation in various stages of growth of leaves and flowers of L. luisieri. It has been found that the essential oils are mainly constituted by 1,8-cineol, camphor, linalool and trans-α-necrodil acetate. It was also studied the total phenol content and the antioxidant activity on leaves and flowers. The ethanol extraction from de leaves contents the highest total phenol, important factor for the antioxidant activity of the plant, extract. It has been studied too, the antibacterial activity against Escherichia coli, Salmonella spp. and Staphylococcus aureus. In accordance with the obtained results, the antibacterial activities stand out against Staphylococcus, of the oil of L. luisieri (leaves and flowers).
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Affiliation(s)
- Sofia Pombal
- FibEnTech- Materiais Fibrosos e Tecnologias Ambientais, Departamento de Química, Universidade da Beira Interior, Rua Marquês d'Ávila e Bolama, 6201-001 Covilhã, Portugal
| | - Cleide F Rodrigues
- FibEnTech- Materiais Fibrosos e Tecnologias Ambientais, Departamento de Química, Universidade da Beira Interior, Rua Marquês d'Ávila e Bolama, 6201-001 Covilhã, Portugal
| | - João P Araújo
- FibEnTech- Materiais Fibrosos e Tecnologias Ambientais, Departamento de Química, Universidade da Beira Interior, Rua Marquês d'Ávila e Bolama, 6201-001 Covilhã, Portugal
| | - Pedro M Rocha
- FibEnTech- Materiais Fibrosos e Tecnologias Ambientais, Departamento de Química, Universidade da Beira Interior, Rua Marquês d'Ávila e Bolama, 6201-001 Covilhã, Portugal
| | - Jesus M Rodilla
- FibEnTech- Materiais Fibrosos e Tecnologias Ambientais, Departamento de Química, Universidade da Beira Interior, Rua Marquês d'Ávila e Bolama, 6201-001 Covilhã, Portugal
| | - David Diez
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, University of Salamanca, Plaza los Caidos s/n, 37008 Salamanca, Spain
| | - Ángela P Granja
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, University of Salamanca, Plaza los Caidos s/n, 37008 Salamanca, Spain
| | - Arlindo C Gomes
- FibEnTech- Materiais Fibrosos e Tecnologias Ambientais, Departamento de Química, Universidade da Beira Interior, Rua Marquês d'Ávila e Bolama, 6201-001 Covilhã, Portugal
| | - Lúcia A Silva
- FibEnTech- Materiais Fibrosos e Tecnologias Ambientais, Departamento de Química, Universidade da Beira Interior, Rua Marquês d'Ávila e Bolama, 6201-001 Covilhã, Portugal
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14
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Singh M, Pandey N, Agnihotri V, Singh KK, Pandey A. Antioxidant, antimicrobial activity and bioactive compounds of Bergenia ciliata Sternb.: A valuable medicinal herb of Sikkim Himalaya. J Tradit Complement Med 2016; 7:152-157. [PMID: 28417084 PMCID: PMC5388066 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtcme.2016.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2016] [Revised: 04/09/2016] [Accepted: 04/14/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Bergenia ciliata Sternb., commonly known as Paashaanbhed, is a well known herb of Sikkim Himalaya with various pharmaceutical properties. However, scientific exploration of B. ciliata, growing in the Sikkim Himalaya, for phytochemicals and pharmacological properties is in infancy. With this view, the present study was undertaken to investigate B. ciliata leaf extracts for antioxidant, antimicrobial activity and bioactive compounds. Three solvents viz., methanol, ethyl acetate and hexane were used for extraction and the respective leaf extracts were analyzed for total phenolic and flavonoid contents along with the antioxidant and antimicrobial activities. Amongst the tested solvents, methanol was found to be the best solvent for extraction with highest total phenolic contents and the lowest IC50 values for the 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and 2,2′-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS) assays. Methanol extract also exhibited effective antimicrobial activity, particularly against bacteria and actinomycetes. Further, high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis revealed that methanolic extract contains the highest amount of all the three analyzed bioactive compounds viz. bergenin, catechin and gallic acid. The current study suggests that the methanol extract of B. ciliata is a potential source of natural antioxidant and antimicrobial compounds that can be used in food and drug industries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mithilesh Singh
- G.B. Pant Institute of Himalayan Environment and Development, Sikkim Unit, Pangthang, Gangtok, Sikkim 737101, India
| | - Neha Pandey
- G.B. Pant Institute of Himalayan Environment and Development, Kosi-Katarmal, Almora, Uttarakhand 263643, India
| | - Vasudha Agnihotri
- G.B. Pant Institute of Himalayan Environment and Development, Kosi-Katarmal, Almora, Uttarakhand 263643, India
| | - K K Singh
- G.B. Pant Institute of Himalayan Environment and Development, Sikkim Unit, Pangthang, Gangtok, Sikkim 737101, India
| | - Anita Pandey
- G.B. Pant Institute of Himalayan Environment and Development, Kosi-Katarmal, Almora, Uttarakhand 263643, India
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15
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Marrelli M, Cristaldi B, Menichini F, Conforti F. Inhibitory effects of wild dietary plants on lipid peroxidation and on the proliferation of human cancer cells. Food Chem Toxicol 2015; 86:16-24. [PMID: 26408343 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2015.09.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2015] [Revised: 09/04/2015] [Accepted: 09/20/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Thirteen hydroalcoholic extracts of edible plants from Southern Italy were evaluated for their in vitro antioxidant and antiproliferative activity on three human cancer cell lines: breast cancer MCF-7, hepatic cancer HepG2 and colorectal cancer LoVo. After 48 h of incubation the most antiproliferative plant extract was rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis L.) on LoVo cell line with IC50 of 16.60 µg/ml. Oregano (Origanum vulgare L. subsp. viridulum) showed a selective antiproliferative activity on hepatic cancer with IC50 of 32.59 µg/ml. All the extracts, with the exception of Diplotaxis tenuifolia (L.) DC., exerted antioxidant properties, the most active plants being dewberry (Rubus caesius L.) and "laprista" (Rumex conglomerates Murray) with IC50 of 4.91 and 5.53 µg/ml, respectively. Rumex conglomeratus contained the highest amount of flavonoids (15.5 mg/g) followed by Portulaca oleracea L. (11.8 mg/g). Rosmarinus officinalis contained the highest number of terpenes. Among them ketoursene (14.7%) and aristolone (11.3%) were found to be the major constituents. P. oleracea and Raphanus raphanistrum L. subsp. landra contained the highest number of sterols.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariangela Marrelli
- Department of Pharmacy, Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Calabria, I-87036 Rende (CS), Italy
| | - Brigida Cristaldi
- Department of Pharmacy, Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Calabria, I-87036 Rende (CS), Italy
| | - Francesco Menichini
- Department of Pharmacy, Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Calabria, I-87036 Rende (CS), Italy
| | - Filomena Conforti
- Department of Pharmacy, Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Calabria, I-87036 Rende (CS), Italy.
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16
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Paz M, Gúllon P, Barroso MF, Carvalho AP, Domingues VF, Gomes AM, Becker H, Longhinotti E, Delerue-Matos C. Brazilian fruit pulps as functional foods and additives: evaluation of bioactive compounds. Food Chem 2014; 172:462-8. [PMID: 25442579 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2014.09.102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2014] [Revised: 08/08/2014] [Accepted: 09/17/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Eight tropical fruit pulps from Brazil were simultaneously characterised in terms of their antioxidant and antimicrobial properties. Antioxidant activity was screened by DPPH radical scavenging activity (126-3987 mg TE/100g DW) and ferric reduction activity power (368-20819 mg AAE/100g DW), and complemented with total phenolic content (329-12466 mg GAE/100g DW) and total flavonoid content measurements (46-672 mg EE /100g DW), whereas antimicrobial activity was tested against the most frequently found food pathogens. Acerola and açaí presented the highest values for the antioxidant-related measurements. Direct correlations between these measurements could be observed for some of the fruits. Tamarind exhibited the broadest antimicrobial potential, having revealed growth inhibition of Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Escherichia coli, Listeria monocytogenes, Salmonella sp. and Staphylococcus aureus. Açaí and tamarind extracts presented an inverse relationship between antibacterial and antioxidant activities, and therefore, the antibacterial activity cannot be attributed (only) to phenolic compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mário Paz
- REQUIMTE, Instituto Superior de Engenharia do Porto, Instituto Politécnico do Porto, Rua Dr. António Bernardino de Almeida, 431, 4200-072 Porto, Portugal; Departamento de Química Analítica e Físico-Química, Universidade Federal do Ceará, Campus do Pici, s/n, 60455-760 Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil
| | - Patricia Gúllon
- Center for Biotechnology and Fine Chemistry (CBQF), Portuguese Catholic University, Rua Dr. António Bernardino de Almeida, 4200-072 Porto, Portugal
| | - M Fátima Barroso
- REQUIMTE, Instituto Superior de Engenharia do Porto, Instituto Politécnico do Porto, Rua Dr. António Bernardino de Almeida, 431, 4200-072 Porto, Portugal
| | - Ana P Carvalho
- REQUIMTE, Instituto Superior de Engenharia do Porto, Instituto Politécnico do Porto, Rua Dr. António Bernardino de Almeida, 431, 4200-072 Porto, Portugal.
| | - Valentina F Domingues
- REQUIMTE, Instituto Superior de Engenharia do Porto, Instituto Politécnico do Porto, Rua Dr. António Bernardino de Almeida, 431, 4200-072 Porto, Portugal
| | - Ana M Gomes
- Center for Biotechnology and Fine Chemistry (CBQF), Portuguese Catholic University, Rua Dr. António Bernardino de Almeida, 4200-072 Porto, Portugal
| | - Helena Becker
- Departamento de Química Analítica e Físico-Química, Universidade Federal do Ceará, Campus do Pici, s/n, 60455-760 Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil
| | - Elisane Longhinotti
- Departamento de Química Analítica e Físico-Química, Universidade Federal do Ceará, Campus do Pici, s/n, 60455-760 Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil
| | - Cristina Delerue-Matos
- REQUIMTE, Instituto Superior de Engenharia do Porto, Instituto Politécnico do Porto, Rua Dr. António Bernardino de Almeida, 431, 4200-072 Porto, Portugal
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17
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Zeng Y, Deng M, Lv Z, Peng Y. Evaluation of antioxidant activities of extracts from 19 Chinese edible flowers. Springerplus 2014; 3:315. [PMID: 25013750 PMCID: PMC4082252 DOI: 10.1186/2193-1801-3-315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2014] [Accepted: 06/19/2014] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Extracts of 19 selected edible flowers were investigated for their free radical scavenging activity (FRSA), polyphenolic contents and flavonoid contents in the paper. The results showed the extracts of Paeonia suffruticosa Andr., Paeonia lactiflora Pall., and Rosa rugosa Thunb. possessed obviously stronger DPPH FRSA (94.221 ± 0.102; 93.739 ± 0.424 and 94.244 ± 0.163%, respectively), superoxide FRSA (55.818 ± 1.518; 52.142 ± 1.374 and 57.321 ± 0.608%, respectively), hydroxyl FRSA (85.872 ± 0.873; 89.307 ± 0.803 and 88.560 ± 0.277%, respectively) and polyphenolic contents (96.208 ± 0.689; 87.938 ± 1.187 and 92.164 ± 0.799 mg CE/g, respectively) that were superior or comparable to black and green teas. Polyphenolic contents did correlate well with DPPH FRSA (r = 0.943, P < 0.01), superoxide FRSA (r = 0.833, P < 0.01), and hydroxyl FRSA (r = 0.500, P < 0.05). It indicated that this potent FRSA may be attributed to its phenolic compounds. These findings showed that the tested flowers could be considered as new sources of safe natural antioxidants and preservatives of food industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youwei Zeng
- />Department of Food and Bio-engineering, Guangdong Light Industry Technical College, Guangzhou, 510300 Guangdong China
| | - Maocheng Deng
- />Department of Food and Bio-engineering, Guangdong Light Industry Technical College, Guangzhou, 510300 Guangdong China
- />Centre of Guangdong Higher Education of Engineering and Technological Development of Speciality Condiments, Guangdong Light Industry Technical College, Guangzhou, 510300 Guangdong China
| | - Zhencheng Lv
- />Department of Life Science, Huizhou University, Huizhou, 516007 Guangdong China
| | - Yonghong Peng
- />Department of Life Science, Huizhou University, Huizhou, 516007 Guangdong China
- />College of Life Science, Guangdong Key Lab of Biotechnology for Plant Development, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510631 Guangdong China
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18
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Abstract
Spectrophotometric assays assessing total phenol and flavonoid content in plant samples are cheaper and faster and thus more accessible methods than analytical chromatography techniques, although these identify compound categories rather than individual compounds. Most methods are used and are published in several varieties and their general (chemically unspecific) nature is often neglected. The aim of the present in vitro study was to compare five frequently used methods in terms of cross reactivity and sensitivity using pure phenolic substances. Test compounds were selected to represent categories of phenolic compounds of special interest in plant stress studies. Examining the classic Folin-Ciocalteu test we found that in addition to phenolics, it was also reactive to ascorbate. Three flavonoid assays were also examined. These are usually applied to quantify (i) flavonols using aluminium-chloride, (ii) flavanons and flavanonols using 2,4-dinitrophenyl-hydrazine or (iii) flavanols using 4-dimethylamino-cinnamaldehyde. We found that all three methods were unaffected by the presence of ascorbate, but only the last one was specific to the group of compounds aimed at. Our results show that cross reactivities to various flavonoid groups should be taken into account when interpreting data from these assays. Methods utilizing the UV absorption of phenolic compounds were also tested and analyses of whole spectra were found more accurate than estimates based on absorptions at single wavelengths.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Csepregi
- University of Pécs Department of Plant Biology, Institute of Biology Ifjúság u. 6 H-7624 Pécs Hungary
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Kubola J, Siriamornpun S. Phytochemicals and antioxidant activity of different fruit fractions (peel, pulp, aril and seed) of Thai gac (Momordica cochinchinensis Spreng). Food Chem 2011; 127:1138-45. [PMID: 25214106 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2011.01.115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2010] [Revised: 12/01/2010] [Accepted: 01/26/2011] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Three fractions (peel, pulp and aril) of gac fruit (Momordica cochinchinensis Spreng) were investigated for their phytochemicals (lycopene, beta-carotene, lutein and phenolic compounds) and their antioxidant activity. The results showed that the aril had the highest contents for both lycopene and beta-carotene, whilst peel (yellow) contained the highest amount of lutein. Two major phenolic acid groups: hydroxybenzoic acids and hydroxycinnamic were identified and quantified. Gallic acid and p-hydroxybenzoic acid were found in all fractions. Ferulic acid and p-hydroxybenzoic acid were most evident in pulp. Myricetin was the only flavonoid found in all fractions. Apigenin was the most predominant flavonoid in pulp (red), whereas rutin and luteolin gave the highest content in aril. The extracts of different fractions exhibited different levels of antioxidant activity in the systems tested. The aril extract showed the highest FRAP value. The greatest antioxidant activities of peel and pulp extracts were at immature stage, whereas those in the seed extracts increased from mature stage to ripe stage. The contents of total phenolic and total flavonoid in peel and pulp decreased during the fruit development stage (immature>ripe fruit) and subsequently displayed lower antioxidant capacity, except for the seed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jittawan Kubola
- Department of Food Technology and Nutrition, Mahasarakham University, Mahasarakham 44000, Thailand
| | - Sirithon Siriamornpun
- Department of Food Technology and Nutrition, Mahasarakham University, Mahasarakham 44000, Thailand.
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