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Ahmed A, Ul Islam S, Khan AQ, Wahid A. Reduction of fluid forces for flow past side-by-side cylinders using downstream attached splitter plates. Comput Part Mech 2023; 10:1-19. [PMID: 37360015 PMCID: PMC9985092 DOI: 10.1007/s40571-023-00565-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2022] [Revised: 01/26/2023] [Accepted: 02/10/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023]
Abstract
A two-dimensional numerical simulation is performed to investigate the drag reduction and vortex shedding suppression behind three square cylinders with attached splitter plates in the downstream region at a low Reynolds number (Re = 150). Numerical calculations are carried out using the lattice Boltzmann method. The study is carried out for various values of gap spacing between the cylinders and different splitter plate lengths. The vortices are completely chaotic at very small spacing, as observed. The splitter plates are critical in suppressing shedding and reducing drag on the objects. The splitter plates with lengths greater than two fully control the jet interaction at low spacing values. There is maximum percentage reduction in CDmean for small spacing and the selected largest splitter plate length. Furthermore, systematic investigation reveals that splitter plates significantly suppress the fluctuating lift in addition to drastically reducing the drag.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Ahmed
- Department of Mathematics, University of Balochistan Quetta, Quetta, Pakistan
| | - Shams Ul Islam
- Department of Mathematics, COMSATS University Islamabad, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Abdul Quayam Khan
- Department of Mathematics, Balochistan University of Information Technology, Engineering and Management Science, Quetta, Pakistan
| | - Abdul Wahid
- Department of Mathematics, Balochistan University of Information Technology, Engineering and Management Science, Quetta, Pakistan
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2
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De Giorgi MG, Motta V, Suma A, Laforì A. Dataset of numerical simulations for aeroelastic control of an aero engine compressor cascade using plasma actuators. Data Brief 2021; 39:107584. [PMID: 34869803 PMCID: PMC8626667 DOI: 10.1016/j.dib.2021.107584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2021] [Revised: 09/24/2021] [Accepted: 11/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
The dataset presented here regard the analysis reported in the research article entitled “Comparison of different plasma actuation strategies for aeroelastic control on a linear compressor cascade” De Giorgi et al. (2021) [1]. These data are related to the Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) assessment of different plasma actuation strategies for the aeroelastic control of an aero engine compressor cascade in subsonic flow conditions. The authors evaluated the accuracy of numerical computations using experimental results. Here, both experimental and raw data of the CFD simulations are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Grazia De Giorgi
- Department Engineering for Innovation, University of Salento, Via per Monteroni, 73100 Lecce, Italy
| | - Valentina Motta
- General Electric, Advanced Technology & Sciences, Franklinstraße 14, 10587 Berlin, Germany
| | - Antonio Suma
- Department Engineering for Innovation, University of Salento, Via per Monteroni, 73100 Lecce, Italy
| | - Alessia Laforì
- Department Engineering for Innovation, University of Salento, Via per Monteroni, 73100 Lecce, Italy
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3
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You T, Jeong W, Lee H, Huh YS, Kim SM, Jeon TJ. A simple strategy for signal enhancement in lateral flow assays using superabsorbent polymers. Mikrochim Acta 2021; 188:364. [PMID: 34613450 DOI: 10.1007/s00604-021-05026-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2021] [Accepted: 09/11/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
To enhance the sensitivity of lateral flow assays (LFAs), a simple strategy is proposed using a nitrocellulose membrane modified with a superabsorbent polymer (SAP). SAP was incorporated into a nitrocellulose membrane for the flow control of detection probes. When absorbing aqueous solutions, SAP promoted the formation of biomolecule complexes to achieve up to a tenfold sensitivity improvement for the detection of human IgG. The assay time was optimized experimentally and numerically to within 20 min using this strategy. Moreover, fluid saturation in LFAs modified with SAP was mathematically simulated to better understand the underlying process, and molecular dynamics simulations were carried out to determine the effect of SAP. The proposed design was also applied to samples spiked with human immunoglobulin-depleted serum to test its applicability. The strategy presented is unique in that it preserves the characteristics of conventional LFAs, as it minimizes user intervention and is simple to manufacture at scale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taeyeong You
- Department of Biological Sciences and Bioengineering, Inha University, Incheon, 22212, South Korea.,Biohybrid Systems Research Center (BSRC), Inha University, Incheon, 22212, South Korea
| | - Woojin Jeong
- Department of Biological Sciences and Bioengineering, Inha University, Incheon, 22212, South Korea.,Biohybrid Systems Research Center (BSRC), Inha University, Incheon, 22212, South Korea
| | - Hwankyu Lee
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Dankook University, Yongin, 16890, South Korea
| | - Yun Suk Huh
- Department of Biological Sciences and Bioengineering, Inha University, Incheon, 22212, South Korea. .,Biohybrid Systems Research Center (BSRC), Inha University, Incheon, 22212, South Korea. .,Department of Biological Engineering, Inha University, Incheon, 22212, South Korea.
| | - Sun Min Kim
- Department of Biological Sciences and Bioengineering, Inha University, Incheon, 22212, South Korea. .,Biohybrid Systems Research Center (BSRC), Inha University, Incheon, 22212, South Korea. .,Department of Mechanical Engineering, Inha University, Incheon, 22212, South Korea.
| | - Tae-Joon Jeon
- Department of Biological Sciences and Bioengineering, Inha University, Incheon, 22212, South Korea. .,Biohybrid Systems Research Center (BSRC), Inha University, Incheon, 22212, South Korea. .,Department of Biological Engineering, Inha University, Incheon, 22212, South Korea.
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4
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Holder-Pearson L, Lerios T, Chase JG. Physiologic-range three/two-way valve for respiratory circuits. HardwareX 2021; 10:e00234. [PMID: 35607685 PMCID: PMC9123468 DOI: 10.1016/j.ohx.2021.e00234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
A 3D-printed three/two-way valve compatible with respiratory circuits is presented. It is actuated by a servo motor (HXT12K), which is able to be controlled by any PWM-capable micro controller. The valve sufficiently isolates respiratory circuits to deliver fully customisable mechanical ventilation breathing cycles, with differences in driving and end-expiratory pressures of up to 30 cmH 2 O successfully demonstrated. It is suitable for multiplexing ventilators for in-series breathing, or providing separate ventilation to each individual lung in a single patient. Each switching valve costs approximately $16USD, $10 of which is the servo motor which can be reused, allowing subsequent devices for only $6USD of 3D printing and common engineering components. The valve has proven reliable for at least 50,000 state changes over at least one month.
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5
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Modha S, Shen Y, Chamouni H, Mulchandani A, Tsutsui H. Laser-etched grooves for rapid fluid delivery for a paper-based chemiresistive biosensor. Biosens Bioelectron 2021; 180:113090. [PMID: 33662845 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2021.113090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2020] [Accepted: 02/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Paper-based microfluidic devices are an attractive option for developing low-cost, point-of-care diagnostic tools. To incorporate more complex assays into paper, these devices must become more sophisticated, through the sequential delivery of different liquids or reagents without user intervention. Many flow control strategies focus on slowing the fluid down. However, this can lead to increased assay times and sample loss due to evaporation. We report the use of a CO2 laser to create etched grooves on paper to accelerate wicking speeds in paper-based microfluidic devices. We explored different laser settings to determine the optimal configuration. Our findings showed that simply cutting a slit into the paper created the fastest wicking channels. The slit acted as a macro capillary, allowing fluid to bypass the paper and speed it up. Further studies determined an ideal groove pitch of 0.75 mm (spacing in between grooves) for a paper channel. Additional experiments documented how sealing grooved channels with different adhesives can influence wicking. Overall, sealing the channels with tape made them wick faster. However, sealing methods such as lamination had a negative effect on wicking. Laser-etched grooves were successfully used to design a fluid-handling architecture for a chemiresistive paper-based biosensor. The grooves facilitated rapid, sequential delivery of sample and wash buffer. Human serum albumin spiked in phosphate buffer, artificial urine, and artificial saliva was successfully detected at as low as 15 pM. Etching grooves in paper is a simple process that requires no additional materials or chemicals, allowing single-step fabrication of paper-based microfluidic channels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sidharth Modha
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, CA, 92521, USA
| | - Yu Shen
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, CA, 92521, USA
| | - Hussein Chamouni
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, CA, 92521, USA
| | - Ashok Mulchandani
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, CA, 92521, USA; Center for Environmental Research and Technology (CE-CERT), University of California, Riverside, Riverside, CA, 92507, USA
| | - Hideaki Tsutsui
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, CA, 92521, USA; Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, CA, 92521, USA; Stem Cell Center, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, CA, 92521, USA.
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6
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Modha S, Castro C, Tsutsui H. Recent developments in flow modeling and fluid control for paper-based microfluidic biosensors. Biosens Bioelectron 2021; 178:113026. [PMID: 33545552 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2021.113026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2020] [Revised: 12/31/2020] [Accepted: 01/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Over the last 10 years, researchers have shown that paper is a promising substrate for affordable biosensors. The field of paper-microfluidics has evolved rapidly in that time, with simple colorimetric assays giving way to more complex electrochemical devices that can handle multiple samples at a given time. As paper devices become more complex, the ability to precisely control different fluids simultaneously becomes a challenge. Specifically, automated flow control is a necessary attribute to make paper-based devices more useable in resource-limited settings. Flow control strategies on paper are typically developed experimentally through trial-and-error, with little focus on theory. This is because flow behavior in paper is not well understood and sometimes difficult to predict precisely. Additionally, popular theoretical models are too simplistic, making them unsuitable for complex device designs and application conditions. A better understanding of flow theory would allow devices conceived straight from theoretical models. This could save time and resources by reducing experimental work. In this review, we provide an overview of different theoretical models used to characterize imbibition in paper substrates and document the latest flow control strategies that have been applied to automated fluid control on paper. Additionally, we look at current efforts to commercialize paper-based devices along with challenges facing this industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sidharth Modha
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, CA, 92521, USA
| | - Carlos Castro
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, California State Polytechnic University, Pomona, Pomona, CA, 91768, USA
| | - Hideaki Tsutsui
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, CA, 92521, USA; Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, CA, 92521, USA; Stem Cell Center, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, CA, 92521, USA.
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7
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Huang Y, Xu T, Wang W, Wen Y, Li K, Qian L, Zhang X, Liu G. Lateral flow biosensors based on the use of micro- and nanomaterials: a review on recent developments. Mikrochim Acta 2019; 187:70. [PMID: 31853644 DOI: 10.1007/s00604-019-3822-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2019] [Accepted: 09/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
This review (with 187 refs.) summarizes the progress that has been made in the design of lateral flow biosensors (LFBs) based on the use of micro- and nano-materials. Following a short introduction into the field, a first section covers features related to the design of LFBs, with subsections on strip-based, cotton thread-based and vertical flow- and syringe-based LFBs. The next chapter summarizes methods for sample pretreatment, from simple method to membrane-based methods, pretreatment by magnetic methods to device-integrated sample preparation. Advances in flow control are treated next, with subsections on cross-flow strategies, delayed and controlled release and various other strategies. Detection conditionst and mathematical modelling are briefly introduced in the following chapter. A further chapter covers methods for reliability improvement, for example by adding other validation lines or adopting different detection methods. Signal readouts are summarized next, with subsections on color-based, luminescent, smartphone-based and SERS-based methods. A concluding section summarizes the current status and addresses challenges in future perspectives. Graphical abstractRecent development and breakthrough points of lateral flow biosensors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Huang
- Research Center for Bioengineering and Sensing Technology, University of Science & Technology Beijing, Beijing, 100083, People's Republic of China.,Institute of Biomedical and Health, School of Life and Health Science, Anhui Science and Technology University, Fengyang, Anhui, 233100, People's Republic of China.,Department of Chemistry and biochemistry, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND, 58105, USA
| | - Tailin Xu
- Research Center for Bioengineering and Sensing Technology, University of Science & Technology Beijing, Beijing, 100083, People's Republic of China
| | - Wenqian Wang
- Research Center for Bioengineering and Sensing Technology, University of Science & Technology Beijing, Beijing, 100083, People's Republic of China
| | - Yongqiang Wen
- Research Center for Bioengineering and Sensing Technology, University of Science & Technology Beijing, Beijing, 100083, People's Republic of China
| | - Kun Li
- Institute of Biomedical and Health, School of Life and Health Science, Anhui Science and Technology University, Fengyang, Anhui, 233100, People's Republic of China
| | - Lisheng Qian
- Institute of Biomedical and Health, School of Life and Health Science, Anhui Science and Technology University, Fengyang, Anhui, 233100, People's Republic of China.
| | - Xueji Zhang
- Research Center for Bioengineering and Sensing Technology, University of Science & Technology Beijing, Beijing, 100083, People's Republic of China. .,Institute of Biomedical and Health, School of Life and Health Science, Anhui Science and Technology University, Fengyang, Anhui, 233100, People's Republic of China. .,School of Biomedical Engineering, Shenzhen University Healthy Science Center, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518060, People's Republic of China.
| | - Guodong Liu
- Institute of Biomedical and Health, School of Life and Health Science, Anhui Science and Technology University, Fengyang, Anhui, 233100, People's Republic of China. .,Department of Chemistry and biochemistry, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND, 58105, USA.
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8
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Ren Z, Zhou Z, Xu C, Wu Z, Chen T. Computational bilinear optimal control for a class of one-dimensional MHD flow systems. ISA Trans 2019; 85:129-140. [PMID: 30390997 DOI: 10.1016/j.isatra.2018.10.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2018] [Revised: 08/12/2018] [Accepted: 10/15/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
In this paper, we consider a bilinear optimal control problem arising in a one-dimensional (1-D) MHD flow modeled by an array of coupled partial differential equations (PDEs). The external control input (external induction of magnetic field) in the model takes the multiplicative effect on both state variables (i.e., momentum and magnetic components). Our aim is to drive the flow velocity to within close proximity of a desired target flow velocity at the pre-indicated terminal time. We first use the Galerkin method combined with a set of basis quadratic B-spline functions to obtain a semi-discrete approximation problem. Next, the convergence of the semi-discrete approximation problem is proved. Then the control parameterization method combined with the time-scaling transformation technique is utilized to obtain an approximate optimal parameter selection problem, in which the exact gradients of the cost function with respect to the decision parameters are computed based on our analytical equations. The approximate problem are then solved by using the gradient-based optimization techniques such as the sequential quadratic programming (SQP). Finally, the numerical results validate the effectiveness of our method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhigang Ren
- School of Automation, Guangdong University of Technology, and Guangdong Key Laboratory of IoT Information Technology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhongcheng Zhou
- School of Mathematics and Statistics, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Chao Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Industrial Control Technology and Institute of Cyber-Systems & Control, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China.
| | - Zongze Wu
- School of Automation, Guangdong University of Technology, and Guangdong Key Laboratory of IoT Information Technology, Guangzhou, China.
| | - Tehuan Chen
- Faculty of Mechanical Engineering and Mechanics, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang, China
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9
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Hirama H, Satoh T, Sugiura S, Shin K, Onuki-Nagasaki R, Kanamori T, Inoue T. Glass-based organ-on-a-chip device for restricting small molecular absorption. J Biosci Bioeng 2018; 127:641-646. [PMID: 30473393 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiosc.2018.10.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2018] [Revised: 10/04/2018] [Accepted: 10/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The use of organ-on-a-chip (OOC) devices is a promising alternative to existing cell-based assays and animal testing in drug discovery. A rapid prototyping method with polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) is widely used for developing OOC devices. However, because PDMS tends to absorb small hydrophobic molecules, the loss of test compounds in cell-based assays and increases in background fluorescence during observation often lead to biased results in cell-based assays. To address this issue, we have fabricated a glass-based OOC device and characterized the medium flow and molecular absorption properties in comparison with PDMS-based devices. Consequently, we revealed that the glass device generated a stable medium flow, restricted the absorption of small hydrophobic molecules, and showed enhanced cell adhesiveness. This glass device is expected to be applicable to precise cell-based assays to evaluate small hydrophobic molecules, for which PDMS devices cannot be applied because of their absorption of small hydrophobic molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hirotada Hirama
- Research Center for Ubiquitous MEMS and Micro Engineering, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, 1-2-1 Namiki, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8564, Japan.
| | - Taku Satoh
- Biotechnology Research Institute for Drug Discovery, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, 1-1-1 Higashi, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8565, Japan
| | - Shinji Sugiura
- Biotechnology Research Institute for Drug Discovery, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, 1-1-1 Higashi, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8565, Japan
| | - Kazumi Shin
- Biotechnology Research Institute for Drug Discovery, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, 1-1-1 Higashi, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8565, Japan
| | - Reiko Onuki-Nagasaki
- Biotechnology Research Institute for Drug Discovery, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, 1-1-1 Higashi, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8565, Japan
| | - Toshiyuki Kanamori
- Biotechnology Research Institute for Drug Discovery, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, 1-1-1 Higashi, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8565, Japan
| | - Tomoya Inoue
- Research Center for Ubiquitous MEMS and Micro Engineering, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, 1-2-1 Namiki, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8564, Japan
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10
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Barnes T, van Asseldonk D, Enk D. Minimisation of dissipated energy in the airways during mechanical ventilation by using constant inspiratory and expiratory flows - Flow-controlled ventilation (FCV). Med Hypotheses 2018; 121:167-176. [PMID: 30396474 DOI: 10.1016/j.mehy.2018.09.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2018] [Revised: 09/16/2018] [Accepted: 09/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
It has been suggested that energy dissipation in the airways during mechanical ventilation is associated with an increased probability of ventilator induced lung injury (VILI). We hypothesise that energy dissipation in the airways may be minimised by ventilating with constant flow during both the inspiration and expiration phases of the respiratory cycle. We present a simple analysis and numerical calculations that support our hypothesis and show that for ventilation with minimum dissipated energy not only should the flows during inspiration and expiration be controlled to be constant and continuous, but the ventilation should also be undertaken with an I:E ratio that is close to 1:1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tom Barnes
- University of Greenwich, Park Row, London SE10 9LE, United Kingdom.
| | - Dirk van Asseldonk
- Ventinova Medical, Meerenakkerplein 7, 5652 BJ Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Dietmar Enk
- Department of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, University Hospital Münster (UKM), Albert-Schweitzer-Campus 1, 48149 Münster, Germany; University of Greenwich, Park Row, London SE10 9LE, United Kingdom
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11
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Mao S, Zhang Y, Zhang Q, Lin JM, Uchiyama K. Local surface modification at precise position using a chemical pen. Talanta 2018; 187:246-251. [PMID: 29853042 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2018.05.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2018] [Revised: 05/10/2018] [Accepted: 05/11/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Push-pull cannula system, which was first proposed by Gaddum, has grown to be an important method for the perfusion of brain and region-selective surface treatment. However, reported push-pull cannula systems only concerned on single reagent applications. Microfluidic system was then an exciting tool for multi-reagent treatment on substrate in closed microchannels. Nowadays, it is still a challenge to apply online mixing and reaction for surface pattern in an open environment. Here, we present a novel method using a chemical pen that enables region-selective online chemical reactions for the micro-surface modification/patterning. We utilized this method to fabricate labeling protein array using an online labeling strategy. Moreover, the device was applied for local modification of biomaterials surface by using a three-component reaction at precise position. This tool was the first demonstration of design to perform online reaction of two different reagents on a real solid sample in an open environment. It was demonstrated a useful method for protein array fabrication with online labeled protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sifeng Mao
- Department of Chemistry, Beijing Key Laboratory of Microanalytical Methods and Instrumentation, MOE Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry & Chemical Biology, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Yong Zhang
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Urban Environmental Sciences, Tokyo Metropolitan University, Minamiohsawa, Hachioji 192-0362, Tokyo
| | - Qiang Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, Beijing Key Laboratory of Microanalytical Methods and Instrumentation, MOE Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry & Chemical Biology, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Jin-Ming Lin
- Department of Chemistry, Beijing Key Laboratory of Microanalytical Methods and Instrumentation, MOE Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry & Chemical Biology, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China.
| | - Katsumi Uchiyama
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Urban Environmental Sciences, Tokyo Metropolitan University, Minamiohsawa, Hachioji 192-0362, Tokyo.
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12
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Bird J, Santer M, Morrison JF. Experimental Control of Turbulent Boundary Layers with In-plane Travelling Waves. Flow Turbul Combust 2018; 100:1015-1035. [PMID: 30069149 PMCID: PMC6044235 DOI: 10.1007/s10494-018-9926-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2017] [Accepted: 04/06/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The experimental control of turbulent boundary layers using streamwise travelling waves of spanwise wall velocity, produced using a novel active surface, is outlined in this paper. The innovative surface comprises a pneumatically actuated compliant structure based on the kagome lattice geometry, supporting a pre-tensioned membrane skin. Careful design of the structure enables waves of variable length and speed to be produced in the flat surface in a robust and repeatable way, at frequencies and amplitudes known to have a favourable influence on the boundary layer. Two surfaces were developed, a preliminary module extending 152 mm in the streamwise direction, and a longer one with a fetch of 2.9 m so that the boundary layer can adjust to the new surface condition imposed by the forcing. With a shorter, 1.5 m portion of the surface actuated, generating an upstream-travelling wave, a drag reduction of 21.5% was recorded in the boundary layer with Reτ = 1125. At the same flow conditions, a downstream-travelling produced a much smaller drag reduction of 2.6%, agreeing with the observed trends in current simulations. The drag reduction was determined with constant temperature hot-wire measurements of the mean velocity gradient in the viscous sublayer, while simultaneous laser Doppler vibrometer measurements of the surface recorded the wall motion. Despite the mechanics of the dynamic surface resulting in some out-of-plane motion (which is small in comparison to the in-plane streamwise movement), the positive drag reduction results are encouraging for future investigations at higher Reynolds numbers.
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Affiliation(s)
- James Bird
- Department of Aeronautics, Imperial College London, London, SW7 2AZ UK
| | - Matthew Santer
- Department of Aeronautics, Imperial College London, London, SW7 2AZ UK
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13
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Val J, Chinarro D, Pino MR, Navarro E. Global change impacts on river ecosystems: A high-resolution watershed study of Ebro river metabolism. Sci Total Environ 2016; 569-570:774-783. [PMID: 27392332 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.06.098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2016] [Revised: 06/14/2016] [Accepted: 06/14/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Global change is transforming freshwater ecosystems, mainly through changes in basin flow dynamics. This study assessed how the combination of climate change and human management of river flow impacts metabolism of the Ebro River (the largest river basin in Spain, 86,100km(2)), assessed as gross primary production-GPP-and ecosystem respiration-ER. In order to investigate the influence of global change on freshwater ecosystems, an analysis of trends and frequencies from 25 sampling sites of the Ebro river basin was conducted. For this purpose, we examined the effect of anthropogenic flow control on river metabolism with a Granger causality study; simultaneously, took into account the effects of climate change, a period of extraordinary drought (largest in past 140years). We identified periods of sudden flow changes resulting from both human management and global climate effects. From 1998 to 2012, the Ebro River basin was trending toward a more autotrophic condition indicated by P/R ratio. Particularly, the results show that floods that occurred after long periods of low flows had a dramatic impact on the respiration (i.e., mineralization) capacity of the river. This approach allowed for a detailed characterization of the relationships between river metabolism and drought impacts at the watershed level. These findings may allow for a better understanding of the ecological impacts provoked by flow management, thus contributing to maintain the health of freshwater communities and ecosystem services that rely on their integrity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonatan Val
- FACOPS Foundation, Calle Pineta 17, 50410 Cuarte de Huerva, Zaragoza, Spain; Research Institute for Environment and Sustainability of San Jorge University, Villanueva de Gállego, 50830, Zaragoza, Spain; Pyrenean Institute of Ecology (CSIC), Av. Montañana 1005, 50059 Zaragoza, Spain.
| | - David Chinarro
- Research Institute for Environment and Sustainability of San Jorge University, Villanueva de Gállego, 50830, Zaragoza, Spain.
| | - María Rosa Pino
- Research Institute for Environment and Sustainability of San Jorge University, Villanueva de Gállego, 50830, Zaragoza, Spain.
| | - Enrique Navarro
- Pyrenean Institute of Ecology (CSIC), Av. Montañana 1005, 50059 Zaragoza, Spain.
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14
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Abstract
An inclined plate for flow control was installed at the lower edge of the sash of an inclined air-curtain fume hood to reduce the effects of the wake around a worker standing in front of the fume hood. Flow inside the fume hood is controlled by the inclined air-curtain and deflection plates, thereby forming a quad-vortex flow structure. Controlling the face velocity of the fume hood resulted in convex, straight, concave, and attachment flow profiles in the inclined air-curtain. We used the flow visualization and conducted a tracer gas test with a mannequin to determine the performance of two sash geometries, namely, the half-cylinder and inclined plate designs. When the half-cylinder design was used, the tracer gas test registered a high leakage concentration at Vf ≦ 57.1 fpm or less. This concentration occurred at the top of the sash opening, which was close to the breathing zone of the mannequin placed in front of the fume hood. When the inclined plate design was used, the containment was good, with concentrations of 0.002-0.004 ppm, at Vf ≦ 63.0 fpm. Results indicate that an inclined plate effectively reduces the leakage concentration induced by recirculation flow structures that form in the wake of a worker standing in front of an inclined air-curtain fume hood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia-Kun Chen
- a Institute of Occupational Medicine and Industrial Hygiene , National Taiwan University , Taipei , Taiwan
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15
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Masoumi F, Afshar A, Palatkaleh ST. Selective withdrawal optimization in river-reservoir systems; trade-offs between maximum allowable receiving waste load and water quality criteria enhancement. Environ Monit Assess 2016; 188:390. [PMID: 27260530 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-016-5386-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2015] [Accepted: 05/25/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
In this paper, a new systematic approach is designed to maximize the demand coverage and receiving waste load by river-reservoir systems while enhancing water quality criteria. The approach intends to control the reservoir eutrophication while developing a trade-off between the maximum receiving load and shortage on demand coverage. To simulate the system, a hybrid process-based and data-driven model is tailored. Initially, the two-dimensional hydrodynamics and water quality simulation model (CE-QUAL-W2) is linked with an effective single and/or multiple optimization algorithms (PSO) to evaluate the proposed scenarios. To increase the computational efficiencies, the simulation model is substituted with a surrogate model (ANN) in an adaptive-dynamically refined routine. The proposed method is illustrated by a case study in Iran, namely, Karkheh River Reservoir, for 180-monthly periods. The results showed the applicability of the methodology especially to solve high-dimensional multi-period complex water resource optimization problems. Also, the results demonstrated that eutrophication could be reduced under the optimal inflow phosphate control and reservoir operation, regulating the total phosphorous concentration in the reservoir.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fariborz Masoumi
- Water Resource Management Engineering, School of Civil Engineering, Iran University of Science and Technology, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Abbas Afshar
- Department of Civil Engineering and Center of Excellence for Enviro-Hydroinformatics Research, Iran University of Science and Technology, Tehran, Iran
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16
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Mishra P, Kumar V, Rana KPS. An online tuned novel nonlinear PI controller for stiction compensation in pneumatic control valves. ISA Trans 2015; 58:434-445. [PMID: 26051964 DOI: 10.1016/j.isatra.2015.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2014] [Revised: 04/17/2015] [Accepted: 05/11/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
A novel Nonlinear PI Controller (NPIC) has been proposed for effective control of flow process employing a sticky pneumatic control valve. The proposed control scheme has been inherited from a classical PI control structure with a difference that the integral gain has been varied in accordance with the instantaneous error and the rate of change of error. The tuning of controller has been carried out online using Differential Evolution algorithm. To evaluate the effectiveness of the proposed controller, a comparative study with the conventional PI controller has also been carried out for the setpoint tracking, disturbance rejection and robustness to parameter uncertainties on account of operating point change on a laboratory scale nonlinear flow process. Based on these intensive experimental evidences, it has been concluded that the NPIC performed far better than the conventional PI controller for all the case studies and suppressed effectively any stiction induced oscillations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Puneet Mishra
- Division of Instrumentation and Control Engineering, Netaji Subhas Institute of Technology, New Delhi 110078, India.
| | - Vineet Kumar
- Division of Instrumentation and Control Engineering, Netaji Subhas Institute of Technology, New Delhi 110078, India.
| | - K P S Rana
- Division of Instrumentation and Control Engineering, Netaji Subhas Institute of Technology, New Delhi 110078, India.
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17
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Park Y, Cho KH, Kang JH, Lee SW, Kim JH. Developing a flow control strategy to reduce nutrient load in a reclaimed multi-reservoir system using a 2D hydrodynamic and water quality model. Sci Total Environ 2014; 466-467:871-880. [PMID: 23973549 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2013.07.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2013] [Revised: 07/02/2013] [Accepted: 07/13/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Blocking the natural bi-directional flow in an estuarine system using an artificial dyke has commonly caused serious water quality problems. In the southwestern part of South Korea, a parallel triple-reservoir system was constructed by blocking the mouth of three different rivers (Yeongsan, Okcheon, and Kumja), which were then interconnected using two open channels. This system has experienced a deterioration in water quality due to pollutants accumulated from the upper watershed, and has continually discharged pollutant loads to the outer ocean. Therefore, the objective of this study is to establish an effective dam operation plan for reducing nutrient loads released from the integrated reservoir. In this study, the CE-QUAL-W2 model, which is a 2-dimentional hydrodynamic and water quality model, was applied to predict the pollutant load released from each reservoir in response to different flow scenarios for the interconnecting channel. The model was calibrated using two novel methods: a sensitivity analysis to determine meaningful model parameters, and a pattern search to optimize the parameters. From the scenario analysis using flow control, it was determined that the total nitrogen (TN) and total phosphorus (TP) loadings could be reduced by 27.2% and 6.6%, respectively, under the optimal channel flow scenario by regulating the chlorophyll-a concentration in the reservoir. The results confirm that effective dam operation could contribute to a decrease in pollutant loads in the receiving seawater body. As such, this study suggests operational strategies for a multi-reservoir system that can be used to reduce the nutrient load being discharged from reservoirs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongeun Park
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST), 261 Cheomdan-gwagiro, Buk-gu, Gwangju 500-712, South Korea
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18
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Gaddum NR, Stevens M, Lim E, Fraser J, Lovell N, Mason D, Timms D, Salamonsen R. Starling-like flow control of a left ventricular assist device: in vitro validation. Artif Organs 2013; 38:E46-56. [PMID: 24372519 DOI: 10.1111/aor.12221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The application of rotary left ventricular (LV) assist devices (LVADs) is expanding from bridge to transplant, to destination and bridge to recovery therapy. Conventional constant speed LVAD controllers do not regulate flow according to preload, and can cause over/underpumping, leading to harmful ventricular suction or pulmonary edema, respectively. We implemented a novel adaptive controller which maintains a linear relationship between mean flow and flow pulsatility to imitate native Starling-like flow regulation which requires only the measurement of VAD flow. In vitro controller evaluation was conducted and the flow sensitivity was compared during simulations of postural change, pulmonary hypertension, and the transition from sleep to wake. The Starling-like controller's flow sensitivity to preload was measured as 0.39 L/min/mm Hg, 10 times greater than constant speed control (0.04 L/min/mm Hg). Constant speed control induced LV suction after sudden simulated pulmonary hypertension, whereas Starling-like control reduced mean flow from 4.14 to 3.58 L/min, maintaining safe support. From simulated sleep to wake, Starling-like control increased flow 2.93 to 4.11 L/min as a response to the increased residual LV pulsatility. The proposed controller has the potential to better match device outflow to patient demand in comparison with conventional constant speed control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas R Gaddum
- Division of Imaging Sciences and Biomedical Engineering, St. Thomas' Hospital, King's College London, London, UK
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