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Loss J, Blume M, Neuperdt L, Flerlage N, Weihrauch T, Manz K, Thamm R, Poethko-Müller C, Mauz E, Rattay P, Allen J, Tschorn M. What is the health status of girls and boys in the COVID-19 pandemic? Selected results of the KIDA study. J Health Monit 2023; 8:39-56. [PMID: 37408715 PMCID: PMC10318563 DOI: 10.25646/11436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2023] [Accepted: 03/16/2023] [Indexed: 07/07/2023]
Abstract
Background It is well known that there are gender differences in the health behaviour and physical and mental health of children. The COVID-19 pandemic influenced the health and lifestyles of children and adolescents by changing their living conditions. The present work investigates whether gender differences in selected health indicators are evident more than two years after the onset of the pandemic. Methods In the study Kindergesundheit in Deutschland aktuell (KIDA) (German Children's Health Update), cross-sectional telephone surveys were conducted with parents of 3- to 15-year-olds (n=3,478). Parental information on the general and mental health of the child, on increased need for health care and mental health services, as well as on physical activity and utilisation of sports activities were queried in standardised manner. Gender differences were assessed using Chi2 tests. Results A total of 91% of the girls and 92% of the boys had their general health assessed as being (very) good by their parents (difference not significant, n.s.). An increased need for care and support was indicated for 10.6% of the 3- to 15-year-olds (girls: 9%, boys: 12%, n.s.). Boys met the physical activity recommendations of the WHO significantly more often (60%) than girls (54%). Good to excellent mental health was reported for 93% of both boys and girls. When changes during the pandemic were reported, no differences were found in the responses for girls compared to boys. Conclusions Gender differences were found for individual parameters and age groups. These differences must be assessed in the context of other social determinants of health, and need to be considered when planning preventive measures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julika Loss
- Robert Koch Institute, Berlin Department of Epidemiology and Health Monitoring
| | - Miriam Blume
- Robert Koch Institute, Berlin Department of Epidemiology and Health Monitoring
| | - Laura Neuperdt
- Robert Koch Institute, Berlin Department of Epidemiology and Health Monitoring
| | - Nadine Flerlage
- Robert Koch Institute, Berlin Department of Epidemiology and Health Monitoring
| | - Tim Weihrauch
- Robert Koch Institute, Berlin Department of Epidemiology and Health Monitoring
| | - Kristin Manz
- Robert Koch Institute, Berlin Department of Epidemiology and Health Monitoring
| | - Roma Thamm
- Robert Koch Institute, Berlin Department of Epidemiology and Health Monitoring
| | | | - Elvira Mauz
- Robert Koch Institute, Berlin Department of Epidemiology and Health Monitoring
| | - Petra Rattay
- Robert Koch Institute, Berlin Department of Epidemiology and Health Monitoring
| | - Jennifer Allen
- Robert Koch Institute, Berlin Department of Epidemiology and Health Monitoring
| | - Mira Tschorn
- Robert Koch Institute, Berlin Department of Epidemiology and Health Monitoring
- University of Potsdam, Social and Preventive Medicine, Department of Sports and Health Sciences
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Rivadeneira F, Loder RT, McGuire AC, Chitwood JR, Duffy K, Civitelli R, Kacena MA, Westendorf JJ. Gender and Geographic Origin as Determinants of Manuscript Publication Outcomes: JBMR® Bibliometric Analysis from 2017 to 2019. J Bone Miner Res 2022; 37:2420-2434. [PMID: 36063372 DOI: 10.1002/jbmr.4696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2022] [Revised: 07/29/2022] [Accepted: 09/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The Journal of Bone and Mineral Research (JBMR®), the flagship journal of the American Society for Bone and Mineral Research (ASBMR), enjoys a premiere position in its field and has a global reach. The journal uses a single-blind peer-review process whereby three editors are typically involved in assessing each submission for publication, in addition to external reviewers. Although emphasizing fairness, rigor, and transparency, this process is not immune to the influence of unconscious biases. The gender and geographic diversity of JBMR® authors, editors, and reviewers has increased over the last three decades, but whether such diversity has affected peer-review outcomes is unknown. We analyzed manuscript acceptance rates based on the gender and geographic origin of authors, reviewers, and Associate Editors. The analysis included 1662 original research articles submitted to JBMR® from September 2017 through December 2019. Gender was assigned using probabilities from an online tool and manually validated through internet searches. Predictor variables of manuscript outcome were determined with multivariate logistic regression analysis. The acceptance rate was highest when the first and last authors were of different genders, and lowest when both authors were men. Reviewer gender did not influence the outcome regardless of the genders of the first and last authors. Associate Editors from all geographical regions tended to select reviewers from their same region. The acceptance rate was highest when the Associate Editor was from Europe. Manuscripts with authors from North America and Australia/New Zealand had greater overall odds of acceptance than those from Europe and Asia. Manuscripts reviewed only by Editorial Board (EB) members had a lower acceptance rate than those refereed by non-EB reviewers or a mix of EB and non-EB reviewers. Overall, the geographical origin of authors, reviewers, and editors, as well as reviewers' EB membership may influence manuscript decisions. Yet, the JBMR® peer-review process remains largely free from gender bias. © 2022 American Society for Bone and Mineral Research (ASBMR).
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Randall T Loder
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Anthony C McGuire
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Joseph R Chitwood
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Katie Duffy
- American Society for Bone and Mineral Research, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Roberto Civitelli
- Division of Bone and Mineral Diseases, Musculoskeletal Research Center, Washington University, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Melissa A Kacena
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
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Villegas E, Hartsock MJ, Aben BL, Lenahan KN, Hernández TD, Spencer RL. ASSOCIATION BETWEEN ALTERED CORTISOL PROFILES AND NEUROBEHAVIORAL IMPAIRMENT FOLLOWING mTBI IN COLLEGE STUDENTS. J Neurotrauma 2022; 39:809-820. [PMID: 35196881 DOI: 10.1089/neu.2021.0495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Mild Traumatic Brain Injury (mTBI) is the most common form of TBI, accounting for over 2.5 million TBI cases in the United States annually. Identification of easily obtainable biomarkers that track strongly with mTBI symptoms may improve our understanding of biological factors that contribute to mTBI symptom profiles and long-term outcomes. Notably, some individuals with mTBI exhibit circadian disruptions and elevated stress sensitivity, which in other clinical groups often correlate with disrupted secretion of cortisol, a glucocorticoid hormone that coordinates circadian and stress physiology. Here, we sought to determine whether cortisol profiles could serve as a biomarker to complement the assessment of neurobehavioral sequelae following mTBI. We partnered with our on-campus health clinic to recruit college students seeking medical care following mTBI (n=46) and compared this population to a well-matched non-injured student control group (n=44). We collected data at an initial visit (shortly after injury in mTBI subjects) and one week later. At each visit, we evaluated neurobehavioral function using the Automated Neuropsychological Assessment Metric (ANAM). Our subjects then provided cortisol samples through at-home saliva collection. We observed strong coherence between ANAM subjective and objective measures, indicating significant multidimensional impairment in those with mTBI. Further, female mTBI subjects exhibited diminished neurobehavioral function compared to males. Regardless of sex, decreased amplitude of diurnal cortisol and a blunted cortisol awakening response predicted mTBI symptom severity and neurobehavioral impairment. Taken together, these findings suggest that salivary cortisol profiles may be a sensitive biomarker for studying underlying biological factors that impact mTBI outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eduardo Villegas
- University of Colorado Boulder, 1877, Psychology and Neuroscience, Boulder, Colorado, United States;
| | - Matthew J Hartsock
- University of Colorado Boulder, 1877, Psychology and Neuroscience, Boulder, Colorado, United States;
| | - Bo Llg Aben
- University of Colorado Boulder, 1877, Psychology and Neuroscience, Boulder, Colorado, United States;
| | - Kristen Nicole Lenahan
- University of Colorado Boulder, 1877, Psychology and Neuroscience, Boulder, Colorado, United States;
| | - Theresa Dea Hernández
- University of Colorado Boulder, 1877, Psychology and Neuroscience, Boulder, Colorado, United States;
| | - Robert L Spencer
- University of Colorado Boulder, 1877, Psychology and Neuroscience, Boulder, Colorado, United States;
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Abu-Rmeileh NME, Alderete E, Husseini A, Livaudais-Toman J, Pérez-Stable EJ. Country and gender differences in the association between violence and cigarette smoking among youth. Confl Health 2020; 14:87. [PMID: 33317610 PMCID: PMC7734849 DOI: 10.1186/s13031-020-00332-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2020] [Accepted: 11/30/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Exposure to violence in youth may be associated with substance use and other adverse health effects. This study examined cigarette smoking in two middle-income areas with different levels and types of exposure to violence. METHODS Association of exposure to verbal and physical violence with cigarette smoking in the West Bank oPt (2008) and in Jujuy Argentina (2006) was examined using cross-sectional surveys of 14 to 17-year old youth in 7th to 10th grade using probabilistic sampling. RESULTS Violence exposure rates were more than double for Palestinian girls (99.6% vs. 41.2%) and boys (98.7% vs. 41.1%) compared with Argentinians. The rate of current cigarette smoking was significantly higher among Argentinian girls compared with Palestinian girls (33.1% vs. 7.1%, p < 0.001). Exposure to verbal violence from family and to physical violence increased the odds of current cigarette smoking, respectively, among Argentinian girls (aOR = 1.3, 95% CI = 1.0-1.7; aOR = 2.5, 95%CI = 1.7-3.8), Palestinian girls (aOR 2.2, 95%CI = 1.1-2.4; aOR = 2.0, 95%CI = 1.1-3.6) and Argentinian boys (aOR = 1.5, 95%CI = 1.1-2.0; aOR = 2.2, 95%CI = 1.6-3.0), but not among Palestinian boys. CONCLUSION Findings highlight the importance of producing context and gender specific evidence from exposure to violence, to inform and increase the impact of targeted smoking prevention strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niveen M. E. Abu-Rmeileh
- Institute of Community and Public Health- Birzeit University, West Bank, Occupied Palestinian Territory (oPt), Birzeit, Palestine
| | - Ethel Alderete
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Universidad Nacional de Jujuy, Instituto de Ciencia y Tecnología Regional (ICTER), Jujuy, Argentina
| | - Abdullatif Husseini
- Institute of Community and Public Health- Birzeit University, West Bank, Occupied Palestinian Territory (oPt), Birzeit, Palestine
| | - Jennifer Livaudais-Toman
- Division of General Internal Medicine, Department of Medicine, at the University of California, San Francisco, USA
| | - Eliseo J. Pérez-Stable
- Division of Intramural Research, National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, USA
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Bambra C, Riordan R, Ford J, Matthews F. The COVID-19 pandemic and health inequalities. J Epidemiol Community Health 2020; 74:964-968. [PMID: 32535550 PMCID: PMC7298201 DOI: 10.1136/jech-2020-214401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 590] [Impact Index Per Article: 147.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2020] [Accepted: 05/18/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
This essay examines the implications of the COVID-19 pandemic for health inequalities. It outlines historical and contemporary evidence of inequalities in pandemics—drawing on international research into the Spanish influenza pandemic of 1918, the H1N1 outbreak of 2009 and the emerging international estimates of socio-economic, ethnic and geographical inequalities in COVID-19 infection and mortality rates. It then examines how these inequalities in COVID-19 are related to existing inequalities in chronic diseases and the social determinants of health, arguing that we are experiencing a syndemicpandemic. It then explores the potential consequences for health inequalities of the lockdown measures implemented internationally as a response to the COVID-19 pandemic, focusing on the likely unequal impacts of the economic crisis. The essay concludes by reflecting on the longer-term public health policy responses needed to ensure that the COVID-19 pandemic does not increase health inequalities for future generations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clare Bambra
- Population Health Sciences Institute, Newcastle University Institute for Health and Society, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Ryan Riordan
- School of Clinical Medicine, Cambridge University, Cambridge, UK
| | - John Ford
- School of Clinical Medicine, Cambridge University, Cambridge, UK
| | - Fiona Matthews
- Population Health Sciences Institute, Newcastle University Institute for Health and Society, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
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Nowossadeck E, von der Lippe E, Lampert T. Developments in life expectancy in Germany. Current trends. J Health Monit 2019; 4:38-45. [PMID: 35146242 PMCID: PMC8822249 DOI: 10.25646/5873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2018] [Accepted: 02/01/2019] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Since the beginning of the 1990s, life expectancy in Germany has increased by 4.2 years among women (to 83.2 years), and by 5.9 years among men (to 78.4 years). This rise is related to the increasing convergence of life expectancy in Germany's new and old federal states. Recently, life expectancy among women in the new federal states has even risen slightly above the level found in the old federal states. In addition, differences between socioeconomic groups continue to be observed in Germany. Women in the highest income group have a 4.4-year longer life expectancy than women in the lowest income group. Similarly, an 8.6-year difference exists between men in the highest income group and men in the lowest income group. Influenza waves can adversely affect the development of life expectancy in certain calendar years. In comparison to other European countries, Germany has a mid-range life expectancy: the current difference between life expectancy in Germany and Switzerland (the European country with the highest life expectancy) is 2.7 years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enno Nowossadeck
- Corresponding author Enno Nowossadeck, Robert Koch Institute, Department of Epidemiology and Health Monitoring, General-Pape-Str. 62–66, D-12101 Berlin, Germany, E-mail:
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Wininger AE, Fischer JP, Likine EF, Gudeman AS, Brinker AR, Ryu J, Maupin KA, Lunsford S, Whipple EC, Loder RT, Kacena MA. Bibliometric Analysis of Female Authorship Trends and Collaboration Dynamics Over JBMR's 30-Year History. J Bone Miner Res 2017; 32:2405-2414. [PMID: 28777473 PMCID: PMC5732055 DOI: 10.1002/jbmr.3232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2017] [Revised: 07/27/2017] [Accepted: 08/02/2017] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
In academia, authorship is considered a currency and is important for career advancement. As the Journal of Bone and Mineral Research (JBMR) is the highest-ranked journal in the field of bone, muscle, and mineral metabolism and is the official publication of the American Society for Bone and Mineral Research, we sought to examine authorship changes over JBMR's 30-year history. Two bibliometric methods were used to collect the data. The "decade method" included all published manuscripts throughout 1 year in each decade over the past 30 years starting with the inaugural year, yielding 746 manuscripts for analysis. The "random method" examined 10% of published manuscripts from each of the 30 years, yielding 652 manuscripts for analysis. Using both methods, the average number of authors per manuscript, numerical location of the corresponding author, number of collaborating institutions, number of collaborating countries, number of printed manuscript pages, and the number of times each manuscript was cited all significantly increased between 1986 and 2015 (p < 10-4 ). Using the decade method, there was a significant increase in the percentage of female first authors over time from 35.8% in 1986 to 47.7% in 2015 (p = 0.02), and this trend was confirmed using the random method. The highest percentage of female first authors in 2015 was in Europe (60.0%), and Europe also had the most dramatic increase in female first authors over time (more than double in 2015 compared with 1986). Likewise, the overall number of female corresponding authors significantly increased during the past 30 years. With the increasing demands of publishing in academic medicine, understanding changes in publishing characteristics over time and by geographical region is important. These findings highlight JBMR's authorship trends over the past 30 years and demonstrate those countries having the most changes and where challenges still exist. © 2017 American Society for Bone and Mineral Research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Austin E Wininger
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - James P Fischer
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Elive F Likine
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Andrew S Gudeman
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Alexander R Brinker
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Jonathan Ryu
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Kevin A Maupin
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Shatoria Lunsford
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Elizabeth C Whipple
- Ruth Lilly Medical Library, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Randall T Loder
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Melissa A Kacena
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
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Pota V, Quagliariello V, Armenia E, Aurilio C, Passavanti MB, Sansone P, Iannotti M, Catauro M, Coaccioli S, Barbarisi M, Pace MC. CGRP and Visceral Pain: The Role of Sex Hormones in In Vitro Experiment. J Cell Biochem 2016; 118:510-517. [PMID: 27579553 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.25680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2016] [Accepted: 08/29/2016] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
A large number of studies have showed that women reported feeling pain more acutely than men. In support of this hypothesis, many research groups proved that in different animals model of pain the sex hormones regulate the somatic and visceral sensitivity to different noxious stimuli. Therefore, in this study, we went to evaluate if estrogen hormones by regulating the CGRP levels are implicated during the visceral pain transmission. Toward this aim, we have investigated the effect of 17β-estradiol in regulating the synthesis and release of CGRP, as well as the expression levels of the opioid receptor of type K. In order to gain information about the potential effects of 17β-estradiol on K-opioid receptor expression and activity, we have cultured F11 cells. Our results revealed that, when F11 cells were short-term exposed (30 min) to 17β-estradiol, the expression of the opioid K receptor was not significantly modified. We carried out enzyme immunoassay analysis to evaluate the potential effects of short-term exposure to 17-estradiol (30 min) on the release of CGRP in F11 cells. The results obtained showed that 17β-estradiol at the dose of 100 nM is able to induce the release of CGRP from F11 cells; whereas, a higher dose of 17β-estradiol (200 nM) did not produce significant effects when compared to control. In conclusion, all these findings suggest that the 17β-estradiol-regulated release of CGRP could at least in part provide a rational explanation for the difference of gender in the visceral pain sensitivity. J. Cell. Biochem. 118: 510-517, 2017. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincenzo Pota
- Department of Anaesthesiological, Surgical and Emergency Sciences, Second University of Naples, Naples, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Quagliariello
- Department of Anaesthesiological, Surgical and Emergency Sciences, Second University of Naples, Naples, Italy
| | - Emilia Armenia
- Department of Anaesthesiological, Surgical and Emergency Sciences, Second University of Naples, Naples, Italy
| | - Caterina Aurilio
- Department of Anaesthesiological, Surgical and Emergency Sciences, Second University of Naples, Naples, Italy
| | - Maria Beatrice Passavanti
- Department of Anaesthesiological, Surgical and Emergency Sciences, Second University of Naples, Naples, Italy
| | - Pasquale Sansone
- Department of Anaesthesiological, Surgical and Emergency Sciences, Second University of Naples, Naples, Italy
| | - Mario Iannotti
- Department of Anaesthesiology, ASL Salerno, Salerno, Italy
| | | | - Stefano Coaccioli
- Perugia University School of Medicine-District of Terni, Institute of Internal Medicine, Rheumatology and Medical Pain Therapy, Perugia, Italy
| | - Manlio Barbarisi
- Department of Neurosurgery, Second University of Naples, Naples, Italy
| | - Maria Caterina Pace
- Department of Anaesthesiological, Surgical and Emergency Sciences, Second University of Naples, Naples, Italy
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9
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Mark KP, Smith RV, Young AM, Crosby R. Comparing 3-month recall to daily reporting of sexual behaviours. Sex Transm Infect 2016; 93:196-201. [PMID: 27678061 DOI: 10.1136/sextrans-2016-052556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2016] [Revised: 09/02/2016] [Accepted: 09/05/2016] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES This study aimed to examine discrepancies between self-report methods and methodological issues related to sexual risk taking. We examined sexual behaviour assessed via 3-month electronic recall and by daily electronic reporting among a large cohort of patients attending STI clinics. METHODS STI clinic attenders (N= 628) aged 15 to 60 years reported on demographic information (at baseline), penile-vaginal sex acts, condom-unprotected penile-vaginal sex and STI history using 3-month recall and daily reports. Additionally, interviewer-participant match related to race and gender, as well as study site were considered as covariates. RESULTS Concordance between recall and daily reports on penile-vaginal sex was moderately strong (Spearman's r (rs)=0.62; p<0.001). Comparison for reports for condom-unprotected penile-vaginal sex resulted in a correlation coefficient of 0.61 (p<0.001), also indicating moderately strong agreement between the two methods. Two generalised logit models were conducted to explain lack of strong concordance in penile-vaginal sex acts and condom-unprotected penile-vaginal sex. The odds of a female reporting higher frequency of sex in daily reports compared with recall were more than two times that of a male. Every five person increase in the number of lifetime sexual partners was associated with five times the odds of a discrepancy in reporting methods. Age was also significantly associated with unequal daily versus recall sex frequency reporting. CONCLUSIONS Shifting focus to methodological considerations of technological reports can help ensure better investment of resources into sexual health research due to greater understanding of the methodological properties of data collection methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristen P Mark
- Department of Kinesiology & Health Promotion, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, USA
| | - Rachel V Smith
- Departments of Epidemiology & Biostatistics, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, USA
| | - April M Young
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, USA
| | - Richard Crosby
- Department of Health Behavior, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, USA
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10
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Arcas MM, Delclos GL, Torá-Rocamora I, Martínez JM, Benavides FG. Gender differences in the duration of non-work-related sickness absence episodes due to musculoskeletal disorders. J Epidemiol Community Health 2016; 70:1065-1073. [PMID: 27177580 DOI: 10.1136/jech-2014-204331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2014] [Accepted: 04/26/2016] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND There is wide evidence that women present longer duration of sickness absence (SA) than men. Musculoskeletal disorders are influenced by gender due to the sexual division of work. METHODS 354 432 episodes of non-work-related SA due to musculoskeletal disorders, which were registered in Catalonia between 2005 and 2008, were selected. The outcome variable was the duration of SA. Frailty survival models, stratified by sex and adjusted for explanatory variables (age, employment status, case management, economic activity and repeated episode), were fitted to study the association between each variable and the duration of SA, obtaining HRs. RESULTS Women presented longer SA episodes than men in all variable categories. A trend from shorter to longer duration of SA with increasing age was observed in men, whereas in women, it had a fluctuating pattern. Analysing most frequent diagnostic subgroups from the sample, only 'non-specific lumbago' and 'sciatic lumbago' showed these age patterns. Frailty survival models applied to these 2 subgroups confirmed the described age patterns in SA duration. CONCLUSIONS Women have longer non-work-related SA due to musculoskeletal disorders than men. However, while men have longer absences as their age increases, in women some older groups have shorter absences than younger ones. These findings could be explained by gender differences in the interaction between paid work and family demands. Our results highlight the need for continued research on SA from a gender perspective, in order to improve management of SA in terms of clinical practice and public policies.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Marta Arcas
- Department of Preventive Medicine and Public Health, Educational Unit Hospital del Mar- Universitat Pompeu Fabra - Agència de Salut Pública de Barcelona, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - George L Delclos
- Center for Research in Occupational Health, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain CIBER de Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain The University of Texas School of Public Health, Houston, Texas, USA IMIM (Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute), Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Isabel Torá-Rocamora
- Center for Research in Occupational Health, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain CIBER de Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain IMIM (Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute), Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - José Miguel Martínez
- Center for Research in Occupational Health, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain CIBER de Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain IMIM (Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute), Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Fernando G Benavides
- Center for Research in Occupational Health, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain CIBER de Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain IMIM (Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute), Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
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11
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Cho KI, Shin ES, Ann SH, Garg S, Her AY, Kim JS, Han JH, Jeong MH. Gender differences in risk factors and clinical outcomes in young patients with acute myocardial infarction. J Epidemiol Community Health 2016; 70:1057-1064. [PMID: 27146351 DOI: 10.1136/jech-2015-207023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2015] [Accepted: 04/20/2016] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND There are limited data on the influence of gender on risk factors and clinical outcomes in young patients with acute myocardial infarction (AMI). METHODS This prospective study stratified outcomes according to gender in patients of age ≤50 years with a diagnosis of AMI, and who were enrolled in the nationwide registry of the Korea Working Group of Myocardial Infarction. The end point was the incidence of major adverse cardiovascular events (MACEs) defined as the composite of cardiac death, recurrent myocardial infarction (MI), and repeat revascularisation at 30 days and 1 year after admission. RESULTS The registry enrolled 30 001 patients with AMI, of whom 5200 met the study inclusion criteria; 4805 patients were male and 395 were female. Current smoking was significantly higher in men, while hypertension and diabetes mellitus were significantly more common in women. Women underwent less coronary revascularisation, and were less likely to be on optimal medical therapy compared with men despite having a higher Killip class at presentation and higher risk angiographic findings. Although women had higher rates of MACEs (3.8% vs 1.8%, p=0.018 at 30 days and 7.8% vs 4.7%, p=0.004 at 1-year follow-up) compared with men, female gender was not an independent predictor of MACEs after adjusting for propensity score. CONCLUSIONS There were significant gender differences in the risk factors for coronary artery disease and the short-term and long-term clinical outcomes of young patients with AMI. Continued preventive strategies should be focused on gender-different risk factor reduction in these young patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyoung Im Cho
- Department of Cardiology, Kosin University School of Medicine, Busan, South Korea
| | - Eun-Seok Shin
- Department of Cardiology, Ulsan University Hospital, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Ulsan, South Korea
| | - Soe Hee Ann
- Department of Cardiology, Ulsan University Hospital, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Ulsan, South Korea
| | - Scot Garg
- East Lancashire Hospitals NHS Trust, Blackburn, Lancashire, UK
| | - Ae-Young Her
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, South Korea
| | - Jeong Su Kim
- Department of Cardiology, Pusan National University School of Medicine, Yangsan, South Korea
| | - Jun Hee Han
- Division of Biostatistics, Research Institute of Convergence for Biomedical Science and Technology, Pusan National University School of Medicine, Yangsan, South Korea
| | - Myung Ho Jeong
- The Heart Center of Chonnam National University Hospital, Gwangju, South Korea
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12
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Logie CH, Daniel C, Wang Y. Factors associated with consistent condom use among internally displaced women in Leogane, Haiti: results from a cross-sectional tablet-based survey. Sex Transm Infect 2016; 92:520-524. [PMID: 27034426 DOI: 10.1136/sextrans-2015-052400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2015] [Revised: 02/26/2016] [Accepted: 03/12/2016] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Scant research has examined factors associated with condom use among internally displaced women in postdisaster settings, such as in postearthquake Haiti. The study objective was to examine social ecological factors associated with consistent condom use among internally displaced women in postearthquake Haiti. METHODS A cross-sectional survey was conducted in 2012 with a peer-driven recruitment sample of internally displaced women in Leogane, Haiti. Peer health workers administered tablet-based structured interviews to a convenience sample of 175 internally displaced women. RESULTS The 128 participants who reported being sexually active in the last 4 weeks were included in the analyses. Two-thirds (65.2%) reported consistent condom use in the last month. In multivariate logistic regression analyses controlled for age and income, participants that reported sex work, depression, higher number of sex partners and shorter relationship duration had lower odds of consistent condom use in the past month. Participants who reported no experiences of intimate partner violence, lower self-rated health, higher sexual relationship power and more meals per day, had a higher likelihood of reporting consistent condom use. CONCLUSIONS This research provides the first assessment of contextual factors associated with consistent condom use among women displaced from a natural disaster such as Haiti's 2010 earthquake. Findings demonstrate the importance of social ecological approaches to understand intrapersonal (eg, sex work and depression), interpersonal (eg, relationship power, intimate partner violence and relationship duration) and structural (eg, food insecurity) factors associated with internally displaced women's condom use. Results can inform future sexual health research and interventions in international disaster contexts. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER NCT01492829, pre-results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmen H Logie
- Factor-Inwentash Faculty of Social Work, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Women's College Research Institute, Women's College Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - CarolAnn Daniel
- Faculty of Social Work, Adelphi University, Garden City, New York, USA
| | - Ying Wang
- Factor-Inwentash Faculty of Social Work, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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13
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Abramsky T, Devries KM, Michau L, Nakuti J, Musuya T, Kyegombe N, Watts C. The impact of SASA!, a community mobilisation intervention, on women's experiences of intimate partner violence: secondary findings from a cluster randomised trial in Kampala, Uganda. J Epidemiol Community Health 2016. [PMID: 26873948 DOI: 10.1136/jech-2015-206665.] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Intimate partner violence (IPV) is a global public health and human rights concern, though there is limited evidence on how to prevent it. This secondary analysis of data from the SASA! Study assesses the potential of a community mobilisation IPV prevention intervention to reduce overall prevalence of IPV, new onset of abuse (primary prevention) and continuation of prior abuse (secondary prevention). METHODS A pair-matched cluster randomised controlled trial was conducted in 8 communities (4 intervention, 4 control) in Kampala, Uganda (2007-2012). Cross-sectional surveys of community members, 18-49 years old, were undertaken at baseline (n=1583) and 4 years postintervention implementation (n=2532). Outcomes relate to women's past year experiences of physical and sexual IPV, emotional aggression, controlling behaviours and fear of partner. An adjusted cluster-level intention-to-treat analysis compared outcomes in intervention and control communities at follow-up. RESULTS At follow-up, all types of IPV (including severe forms of each) were lower in intervention communities compared with control communities. SASA! was associated with lower onset of abuse and lower continuation of prior abuse. Statistically significant effects were observed for continued physical IPV (adjusted risk ratio 0.42, 95% CI 0.18 to 0.96); continued sexual IPV (0.68, 0.53 to 0.87); continued emotional aggression (0.68, 0.52 to 0.89); continued fear of partner (0.67, 0.51 to 0.89); and new onset of controlling behaviours (0.38, 0.23 to 0.62). CONCLUSIONS Community mobilisation is an effective means for both primary and secondary prevention of IPV. Further support should be given to the replication and scale up of SASA! and other similar interventions. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER NCT00790959.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanya Abramsky
- Gender Violence and Health Centre, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Karen M Devries
- Gender Violence and Health Centre, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | | | | | - Tina Musuya
- Centre for Domestic Violence Prevention, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Nambusi Kyegombe
- Gender Violence and Health Centre, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Charlotte Watts
- Gender Violence and Health Centre, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
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14
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Abramsky T, Devries KM, Michau L, Nakuti J, Musuya T, Kyegombe N, Watts C. The impact of SASA!, a community mobilisation intervention, on women's experiences of intimate partner violence: secondary findings from a cluster randomised trial in Kampala, Uganda. J Epidemiol Community Health 2016; 70:818-25. [PMID: 26873948 PMCID: PMC4975800 DOI: 10.1136/jech-2015-206665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2015] [Accepted: 01/24/2016] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Intimate partner violence (IPV) is a global public health and human rights concern, though there is limited evidence on how to prevent it. This secondary analysis of data from the SASA! Study assesses the potential of a community mobilisation IPV prevention intervention to reduce overall prevalence of IPV, new onset of abuse (primary prevention) and continuation of prior abuse (secondary prevention). METHODS A pair-matched cluster randomised controlled trial was conducted in 8 communities (4 intervention, 4 control) in Kampala, Uganda (2007-2012). Cross-sectional surveys of community members, 18-49 years old, were undertaken at baseline (n=1583) and 4 years postintervention implementation (n=2532). Outcomes relate to women's past year experiences of physical and sexual IPV, emotional aggression, controlling behaviours and fear of partner. An adjusted cluster-level intention-to-treat analysis compared outcomes in intervention and control communities at follow-up. RESULTS At follow-up, all types of IPV (including severe forms of each) were lower in intervention communities compared with control communities. SASA! was associated with lower onset of abuse and lower continuation of prior abuse. Statistically significant effects were observed for continued physical IPV (adjusted risk ratio 0.42, 95% CI 0.18 to 0.96); continued sexual IPV (0.68, 0.53 to 0.87); continued emotional aggression (0.68, 0.52 to 0.89); continued fear of partner (0.67, 0.51 to 0.89); and new onset of controlling behaviours (0.38, 0.23 to 0.62). CONCLUSIONS Community mobilisation is an effective means for both primary and secondary prevention of IPV. Further support should be given to the replication and scale up of SASA! and other similar interventions. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER NCT00790959.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanya Abramsky
- Gender Violence and Health Centre, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Karen M Devries
- Gender Violence and Health Centre, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | | | | | - Tina Musuya
- Centre for Domestic Violence Prevention, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Nambusi Kyegombe
- Gender Violence and Health Centre, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Charlotte Watts
- Gender Violence and Health Centre, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
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15
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Neuburger J, Wakeman R. Is the incidence of hip fracture increasing among older men in England? J Epidemiol Community Health 2016; 70:1049-50. [PMID: 26797820 PMCID: PMC5036200 DOI: 10.1136/jech-2015-207114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2015] [Accepted: 12/24/2015] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jenny Neuburger
- Department of Health Services Research & Policy, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Robert Wakeman
- Basildon & Thurrock University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Basildon, Essex, UK
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16
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Abstract
Improving the effectiveness of public health interventions relies as much on the attention paid to their design and feasibility as to their evaluation. Yet, compared to the vast literature on how to evaluate interventions, there is little to guide researchers or practitioners on how best to develop such interventions in practical, logical, evidence based ways to maximise likely effectiveness. Existing models for the development of public health interventions tend to have a strong social-psychological, individual behaviour change orientation and some take years to implement. This paper presents a pragmatic guide to six essential Steps for Quality Intervention Development (6SQuID). The focus is on public health interventions but the model should have wider applicability. Once a problem has been identified as needing intervention, the process of designing an intervention can be broken down into six crucial steps: (1) defining and understanding the problem and its causes; (2) identifying which causal or contextual factors are modifiable: which have the greatest scope for change and who would benefit most; (3) deciding on the mechanisms of change; (4) clarifying how these will be delivered; (5) testing and adapting the intervention; and (6) collecting sufficient evidence of effectiveness to proceed to a rigorous evaluation. If each of these steps is carefully addressed, better use will be made of scarce public resources by avoiding the costly evaluation, or implementation, of unpromising interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Wight
- MRC/CSO Social and Public Health Sciences Unit, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | | | - Ruth Jepson
- MRC/CSO Scottish Collaboration for Public Health Research and Policy, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Lawrence Doi
- MRC/CSO Scottish Collaboration for Public Health Research and Policy, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
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17
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Derraik JGB, Ahlsson F, Lundgren M, Jonsson B, Cutfield WS. First-borns have greater BMI and are more likely to be overweight or obese: a study of sibling pairs among 26,812 Swedish women. J Epidemiol Community Health 2015; 70:78-81. [PMID: 26311896 DOI: 10.1136/jech-2014-205368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2014] [Accepted: 07/27/2015] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND A number of large studies have shown phenotypic differences between first-borns and later-borns among adult men. In this study, we aimed to assess whether birth order was associated with height and BMI in a large cohort of Swedish women. METHODS Information was obtained from antenatal clinic records from the Swedish National Birth Register over 20 years (1991-2009). Maternal anthropometric data early in pregnancy (at approximately 10-12 weeks of gestation) were analysed on 13,406 pairs of sisters who were either first-born or second-born (n=26,812). RESULTS Early in pregnancy, first-born women were of BMI that was 0.57 kg/m(2) (2.4%) greater than their second-born sisters (p<0.0001). In addition, first-borns had greater odds of being overweight (OR 1.29; p<0.0001) or obese (OR 1.40; p<0.0001) than second-borns. First-borns were also negligibly taller (+1.2 mm) than their second-born sisters. Of note, there was a considerable increase in BMI over the 18-year period covered by this study, with an increment of 0.11 kg/m(2) per year (p<0.0001). CONCLUSIONS Our study corroborates other large studies on men, and the steady reduction in family size may contribute to the observed increase in adult BMI worldwide.
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Affiliation(s)
- José G B Derraik
- Liggins Institute, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Fredrik Ahlsson
- Department of Women's and Children's Health, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Maria Lundgren
- Department of Women's and Children's Health, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Björn Jonsson
- Department of Women's and Children's Health, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Wayne S Cutfield
- Liggins Institute, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
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18
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Ohlsson A, Lindahl B, Hanning M, Westerling R. Inequity of access to ACE inhibitors in Swedish heart failure patients: a register-based study. J Epidemiol Community Health 2015; 70:97-103. [PMID: 26261264 PMCID: PMC4717380 DOI: 10.1136/jech-2015-205738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2015] [Accepted: 06/20/2015] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
Background Several international studies suggest inequity in access to evidence-based heart failure (HF) care. Specifically, studies of ACE inhibitors (ACEIs) point to reduced ACEI access related to female sex, old age and socioeconomic position. Thus far, most studies have either been rather small, lacking diagnostic data, or lacking the possibility to account for several individual-based sociodemographic factors. Our aim was to investigate differences, which could reflect inequity in access to ACEIs based on sex, age, socioeconomic status or immigration status in Swedish patients with HF. Methods Individually linked register data for all Swedish adults hospitalised for HF in 2005–2010 (n=93 258) were analysed by multivariate regression models to assess the independent risk of female sex, high age, low employment status, low income level, low educational level or foreign country of birth, associated with lack of an ACEI dispensation within 1 year of hospitalisation. Adjustment for possible confounding was made for age, comorbidity, Angiotensin receptor blocker therapy, period and follow-up time. Results Analysis revealed an adjusted OR for no ACEI dispensation for women of 1.31 (95% CI 1.27 to 1.35); for the oldest patients of 2.71 (95% CI 2.53 to 2.91); and for unemployed patients of 1.59 (95% CI 1.46 to 1.73). Conclusions Access to ACEI treatment was reduced in women, older patients and unemployed patients. We conclude that access to ACEIs is inequitable among Swedish patients with HF. Future studies should include clinical data, as well as mortality outcomes in different groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Ohlsson
- Department of Public Health and Caring Sciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Bertil Lindahl
- Department of Medical Sciences, Uppsala Clinical Research Center, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Marianne Hanning
- Department of Public Health and Caring Sciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden National Board of Health and Welfare, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Ragnar Westerling
- Department of Public Health and Caring Sciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
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Doherty IA, Myers B, Zule WA, Minnis AM, Kline TL, Parry CD, El-Bassel N, Wechsberg WM. Seek, Test and Disclose: knowledge of HIV testing and serostatus among high-risk couples in a South African township. Sex Transm Infect 2015; 92:5-11. [PMID: 26175479 DOI: 10.1136/sextrans-2014-051882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2014] [Accepted: 06/20/2015] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES HIV testing and disclosure of results to partners is an important strategy in HIV prevention but is under-researched within heterosexual partnerships. To address this gap, we describe patterns of HIV testing, discrepancies between beliefs and biologically confirmed HIV status of each partner, and characteristics of mutually correct knowledge of HIV status among heterosexual couples in a high-prevalence community. METHODS The study recruited 290 high-risk heterosexual couples in stable relationships from a township in Cape Town, South Africa. Male patrons of shebeens (drinking establishments) were approached to participate with their main partner in an intervention designed to reduce substance use, violence and unsafe sex. All participants were tested for HIV at baseline and asked about their partner's past HIV testing and current status. Using the couple as the unit of analysis, we conducted logistic regression to identify partnership and individual characteristics associated with having mutually correct knowledge of partner's HIV status. RESULTS Half (52%) of women and 41% of men correctly knew whether their partner had ever been tested for HIV. 38% of women, 28% of men and in 17% of couples, both members reported mutually correct knowledge of their partner's HIV status. Correlates of correct knowledge included married/cohabitating (aOR 2.69, 95% CI 1.35 to 5.40), both partners HIV-negative (aOR 3.32 (1.38 to 8.00)), women's acceptance of traditional gender roles (aOR 1.17 (1.01 to 1.40)) and men's relationship satisfaction (aOR 2.22 (1.01 to 4.44)). CONCLUSIONS Findings highlight the need to improve HIV testing uptake among men and to improve HIV disclosure among women in heterosexual partnerships. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER ClinicalTrials.gov registration NCT01121692.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irene A Doherty
- Substance Abuse Treatment Evaluation & Interventions, RTI International, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
| | - Bronwyn Myers
- Alcohol, Tobacco & Other Drug Research Unit, South African Medical Research Council, Cape Town, South Africa Department of Psychiatry and Mental Health, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - William A Zule
- Substance Abuse Treatment Evaluation & Interventions, RTI International, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
| | - Alexandra M Minnis
- Substance Abuse Treatment Evaluation & Interventions, RTI International, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
| | - Tracy L Kline
- Substance Abuse Treatment Evaluation & Interventions, RTI International, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
| | - Charles D Parry
- Alcohol, Tobacco & Other Drug Research Unit, South African Medical Research Council, Cape Town, South Africa Department of Psychiatry, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Nabila El-Bassel
- Columbia University, School of Social Work, New York, New York, USA
| | - Wendee M Wechsberg
- Substance Abuse Treatment Evaluation & Interventions, RTI International, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA Department of Psychology in the Public Interest, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA
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20
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Sjölund S, Hemmingsson T, Gustafsson JE, Allebeck P. IQ and alcohol-related morbidity and mortality among Swedish men and women: the importance of socioeconomic position. J Epidemiol Community Health 2015; 69:858-64. [PMID: 26163557 PMCID: PMC4552921 DOI: 10.1136/jech-2014-204761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2014] [Accepted: 01/25/2015] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Aims To investigate the association between intelligence in childhood and later risk of alcohol-related disease and death by examining (1) the mediating effect of social position as an adult and (2) gender as a possible moderator. Design Cohort study. Setting and participants 21 809 Swedish men and women, born in 1948 and 1953, from the Swedish “Evaluation Through Follow-up” database were followed until 2006/2007. Measurements IQ was measured in school at the age of 13 and alcohol-related disease and death (International Classification of Disease codes) were followed from 1971 and onwards. Findings We found an increased crude HR of 1.23 (95% CI 1.18 to 1.29) for every decrease in group of IQ test results for alcohol-related admissions and 1.14 (95% CI 1.04 to 1.24) for alcohol-related death. Social position as an adult was found to mediate both outcomes. Gender was not found to moderate the association. However, adjusting for socioeconomic position lowered the risk more among men than among women. Conclusions There was an inverse, graded association between IQ and alcohol-related disease and death, which at least partially was mediated by social position as an adult. For alcohol-related death, complete mediation by socioeconomic position as an adult was found. Gender does not moderate this association. The role of socioeconomic position may differ between the genders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Sjölund
- Division of Social Medicine, Department of Public Health Sciences, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Tomas Hemmingsson
- Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden Centre for Social Research on Alcohol and Drugs, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | | | - Peter Allebeck
- Division of Social Medicine, Department of Public Health Sciences, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
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Skhosana NL, Struthers H, Gray GE, McIntyre JA. HIV disclosure and other factors that impact on adherence to antiretroviral therapy: the case of Soweto, South Africa. Afr J AIDS Res 2015; 5:17-26. [PMID: 25875143 DOI: 10.2989/16085900609490363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Some authors argue that there are no predictors of adherence to medication, while others proffer indicators of likely adherence. These contextual factors are wide-ranging and may be interdependent. There are few studies of adherence in resource-poor settings. Of these, many were linked to particular trials whose conditions were highly controlled. For instance, the number of participants in the trial was small, the participants were strictly selected and they were offered much adherence support. These conditions will largely fall away with wider access to antiretroviral drugs (ARVs) such as South Africa is undertaking. Poor adherence remains one of the challenges to scaling-up access to ARVs, and, as such, the likely barriers to adherence need to be understood and countered. This study explores contextual factors - such as disclosure, preparation for treatment, treatment meaning and treatment acceptance - as aspects of lifestyle that can bear on adherence. Those who had disclosed were largely supported at household level, and after initial problems with adherence, participants adjusted and were able to include ARV treatment in their daily repertoire. Although the anticipation of stigma remains an obstacle to wide disclosure, antiretroviral therapy offers new hope and has the potential to impact on stigma.
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22
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Tuttle CSL, Van Dantzig T, Brady S, Ward J, Maguire G. The epidemiology of gonococcal arthritis in an Indigenous Australian population. Sex Transm Infect 2015; 91:497-501. [PMID: 25792538 DOI: 10.1136/sextrans-2014-051893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2014] [Accepted: 02/22/2015] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Disseminated Gonococcal Infection (DGI) is caused by Neisseria gonorrhoeae bacteraemia. Typically the primary source is a sexually acquired mucosal infection. If not recognised and treated promptly DGI can be associated with significant morbidity and, in rare cases, death. Central Australia has one of the highest rates of gonococcal notifications in Australia. Despite this, the nature and prevalence of complications arising from gonococcal infections within this at-risk population is unknown. METHODS Enhanced surveillance and audit of patients with DGI discharged from Alice Springs Hospital between 2003 and 2012. Patient demographics and clinical management data were extracted from healthcare records and investigation databases. RESULTS DGI cases were significantly more likely to present in young (≤29 years) Indigenous women compared with young Indigenous men (χ(2), p=0.020). Overall Indigenous women had nearly twice the risk of DGI compared with men (relative risk 1.92 (95% CI 1.45 to 2.53)). The incidence of DGI per all gonococcal notifications on average was 911/100 000 (95% CI 717 to 1142) gonococcal notifications. CONCLUSIONS DGI represents a severe complication of N. gonorrhoeae infection. In Central Australia DGI is not a rare oddity but rather an important differential when dealing with patients with undefined sepsis and associated joint disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camilla S L Tuttle
- Baker IDI Central Australia, Alice Springs Hospital, Alice Springs, Northern Territory, Australia
| | | | - Stephen Brady
- Alice Springs Hospital, Alice Springs, Northern Territory, Australia
| | - James Ward
- Baker IDI Central Australia, Alice Springs Hospital, Alice Springs, Northern Territory, Australia
| | - Graeme Maguire
- Baker IDI Central Australia, Alice Springs Hospital, Alice Springs, Northern Territory, Australia Alice Springs Hospital, Alice Springs, Northern Territory, Australia School of Medicine, James Cook University, Cairns, Queensland, Australia
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Abstract
The perception that certain body cavities and spaces that are heavily inhabited by micro-organisms should be regarded as 'external' to the body function is no longer valid. Extensive research during recent years has demonstrated the importance of those microbes to normal physiology, which means that the human body and those tiny organisms are actually symbiotic. The major point of interaction between the human body and the microbiome is the gut. There are also gender-specific aspects for this symbiosis: bacterial vaginosis has serious implications for female morbidity, including reports of pelvic inflammatory disease, adverse pregnancy outcomes, increased susceptibility to sexually transmitted infections and infertility. Re-establishing a normal flora might be beneficial and therefore the use of probiotics and re-colonization by 'healthy' bacteria have become very popular. Probiotics may serve as an adjunct for treating recurrences of urogenital infections and vaginal atrophy. Some animal studies have pointed at potential beneficial effects of Lactobacilli species on bone health.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Pines
- a Sackler School of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University , Tel-Aviv , Israel
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24
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Hammarström A, Johansson K, Annandale E, Ahlgren C, Aléx L, Christianson M, Elwér S, Eriksson C, Fjellman-Wiklund A, Gilenstam K, Gustafsson PE, Harryson L, Lehti A, Stenberg G, Verdonk P. Central gender theoretical concepts in health research: the state of the art. J Epidemiol Community Health 2013; 68:185-90. [PMID: 24265394 DOI: 10.1136/jech-2013-202572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
Despite increasing awareness of the importance of gender perspectives in health science, there is conceptual confusion regarding the meaning and the use of central gender theoretical concepts. We argue that it is essential to clarify how central concepts are used within gender theory and how to apply them to health research. We identify six gender theoretical concepts as central and interlinked-but problematic and ambiguous in health science: sex, gender, intersectionality, embodiment, gender equity and gender equality. Our recommendations are that: the concepts sex and gender can benefit from a gender relational theoretical approach (i.e., a focus on social processes and structures) but with additional attention to the interrelations between sex and gender; intersectionality should go beyond additive analyses to study complex intersections between the major factors which potentially influence health and ensure that gendered power relations and social context are included; we need to be aware of the various meanings given to embodiment, which achieve an integration of gender and health and attend to different levels of analyses to varying degrees; and appreciate that gender equality concerns absence of discrimination between women and men while gender equity focuses on women's and men's health needs, whether similar or different. We conclude that there is a constant need to justify and clarify our use of these concepts in order to advance gender theoretical development. Our analysis is an invitation for dialogue but also a call to make more effective use of the knowledge base which has already developed among gender theorists in health sciences in the manner proposed in this paper.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Hammarström
- Department of Public Health and Clinical Medicine, Family Medicine, Umeå University, , Umeå, Sweden
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Farmer GW, Bucholz KK, Flick LH, Burroughs TE, Bowen DJ. CVD risk among men participating in the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) from 2001 to 2010: differences by sexual minority status. J Epidemiol Community Health 2013; 67:772-8. [PMID: 23766523 PMCID: PMC3836258 DOI: 10.1136/jech-2013-202658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Recent research indicates that sexual minority women are at increased risk for cardiovascular disease (CVD) compared with heterosexual women; however, few studies of CVD risk exist for sexual minority men (SMM). This study aimed to determine whether disparities in CVD risk exist for SMM and if CVD risk is consistent across subgroups of SMM. METHODS This study utilised publicly available data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES), pooled from 2001 to 2010. CVD risk was calculated using the Framingham General CVD Risk Score and operationalised as the ratio of a participant's vascular and chronological age. Differences in this ratio were examined between heterosexual and SMM as a whole, and within subgroups of SMM. RESULTS SMM had vascular systems that were, on average, 4% (95% CI -7.5% to -0.4%) younger than their heterosexual counterparts; however, adjustment for education and history of hard drug use rendered this difference statistically insignificant. Analysis of SMM subgroups revealed increased CVD risk for bisexual men and decreased CVD risk for both gay and homosexually experienced heterosexual men when compared with heterosexual men. Differences in CVD risk persisted for only bisexual and homosexually experienced heterosexual men after adjustment for education and history of hard drug use. CONCLUSIONS Subgroups of SMM are at increased risk for CVD compared with heterosexual men, and this increased risk cannot be completely attributed to differences in demographic characteristics or negative health behaviours.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grant W Farmer
- Department of Epidemiology, Saint Louis University College for Public Health & Social Justice, St Louis, Missouri 63104, USA.
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Rosenstock S, Katz J, Mullany LC, Khatry SK, LeClerq SC, Darmstadt GL, Tielsch JM. Sex differences in neonatal mortality in Sarlahi, Nepal: the role of biology and environment. J Epidemiol Community Health 2013; 67:986-91. [PMID: 23873992 DOI: 10.1136/jech-2013-202646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Studies in South Asia have documented increased risk of neonatal mortality among girls, despite evidence of a biological survival advantage. Associations between gender preference and mortality are cited as reasons for excess mortality among girls. This has not, however, been tested in statistical models. METHODS A secondary analysis of data from a population-based randomised controlled trial of newborn infection prevention conducted in rural southern Nepal was used to estimate sex differences in early and late neonatal mortality, with girls as the reference group. The analysis investigated which underlying biological factors (immutable factors specific to the newborn or his/her mother) and environmental factors (mutable external factors) might explain observed sex differences in mortality. RESULTS Neonatal mortality was comparable by sex (Ref=girls; OR 1.06, 95% CI 0.92 to 1.22). When stratified by neonatal period, boys were at 20% (OR 1.20, 95% CI 1.02% to 1.42%) greater risk of early and girls at 43% (OR 0.70, 95% CI 0.51% to 0.94%) greater risk of late neonatal mortality. Biological factors, primarily respiratory depression and unconsciousness at birth, explained excess early neonatal mortality among boys. Increased late neonatal mortality among girls was explained by a three-way environmental interaction between ethnicity, sex and prior sibling composition (categorised as primiparous newborns, infants born to families with prior living boys or boys and girls, and infants born to families with only prior living girls). CONCLUSIONS Risk of neonatal mortality inverted between the early and late neonatal periods. Excess risk of early neonatal death among boys was consistent with biological expectations. Excess risk for late neonatal death among girls was not explained by overarching gender preference or preferential care-seeking for boys as hypothesised, but was driven by increased risk among Madeshi girls born to families with only prior girls.
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Affiliation(s)
- Summer Rosenstock
- Department of International Health, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, , Baltimore, Maryland, USA
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Hollander AC, Bruce D, Ekberg J, Burström B, Ekblad S. Hospitalisation for depressive disorder following unemployment--differentials by gender and immigrant status: a population-based cohort study in Sweden. J Epidemiol Community Health 2013; 67:875-81. [PMID: 23868528 DOI: 10.1136/jech-2013-202701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The association between unemployment and poor mental health in general is explained by both causation and selection. The aim was to study whether experiencing unemployment was a risk factor for hospitalisation for depressive disorder specifically, and whether gender and immigrant status modified the hypothesised risk. METHODS A register-based prospective cohort study, 2000-2006, of persons aged 18-64 with a strong connection to the Swedish labour market. OUTCOME hospital admission for a depressive episode; F32 in International Classification of Diseases, 10th revision. EXPOSURE employment status. Explanatory variables: gender and immigrant status. Confounders: age group, education and marital status. Cox regression models were used to estimate HRs with 95% CIs. RESULTS The cohort comprised 3 284 896 adults, 47.5% women. An excess relative risk for hospitalisation was found among those who became unemployed (HR=1.94, 95% CI 1.85 to 2.03). Foreign-born women who experienced unemployment had the highest relative risk (HR=3.47 95% CI 3.02 to 3.98). CONCLUSIONS Among persons with a strong connection to the labour market experiencing unemployment, is a risk factor for hospitalisation for depressive disorders. Unemployed foreign-born women had the highest relative risk compared with all Swedish born, all foreign-born men and to employed foreign-born women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna-Clara Hollander
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Division of Social Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, , Stockholm, Sweden
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Vassalle C, Maffei S, Bianchi S, Landi P, Carpeggiani C. Prognostic role of heart rate in patients referred for coronary angiography: age and sex differences. Climacteric 2013; 17:260-7. [PMID: 23826782 DOI: 10.3109/13697137.2013.819329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED OBJECTIVE To evaluate the predictive value of resting heart rate (RHR) for cardiac and total mortality in a large population of patients referred for coronary angiography with an extended follow-up, stratified in four subpopulations according to gender and age (50th percentile corresponding to 67 years). METHODS We studied 3559 subjects (2603 males, age: 66 ± 11 years, mean ± SD), obtaining patient data from the Institute electronic databank which saves demographic, clinical, instrumental and follow-up data of patients admitted to our department. RESULTS During a mean follow-up period of 35 ± 25 months, 296 (8%) patients died; there were 173 (5%) cardiac deaths. In female patients irrespective of age, RHR (≥ 76 bpm, 75th percentile) did not appear predictive for cardiac death. In females, RHR was predictive for overall mortality after multivariate adjustment only in those aged ≥ 67 years (hazard ratio (HR) 1.7, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1-2.8, p ≤ 0.05). In male patients aged < 67 years, RHR remained as an independent predictive factor for overall mortality at the multivariate analysis (HR 2.5, 95% CI 1.5-4.2, p < 0.001), and as an independent predictor for both cardiac mortality (HR 1.8, 95% CI 1.2-2.7, p < 0.01) and total mortality (HR 1.6, 95% CI 1.2-2.3, p < 0.01) in male patients over 67 years. CONCLUSION The current study suggests that the prognostic importance of RHR may differ according to the patient's gender and age, suggesting significant differences in cardiovascular physiopathology between female and male patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Vassalle
- Fondazione G. Monasterio CNR-Regione Toscana and Institute of Clinical Physiology-CNR , Pisa , Italy
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