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Mao Y, Yuan W, Gai J, Zhang Y, Wu S, Xu EY, Wang L, Zhang X, Guan J, Mao S. Enhanced brain distribution of Ginsenoside F1 via intranasal administration in combination with absorption enhancers. Int J Pharm 2024; 654:123930. [PMID: 38387820 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2024.123930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2023] [Revised: 01/31/2024] [Accepted: 02/19/2024] [Indexed: 02/24/2024]
Abstract
Ginsenoside F1 (GF1) is a potential drug candidate for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease. Nevertheless, its low oral bioavailability and poor solubility limit clinical application. By utilizing either a direct or indirect approach, intranasal administration is a non-invasive drug delivery method that can deliver drugs to the brain rapidly. But large molecule drug delivered to the brain through intranasal administration may be insufficient to reach required concentration for therapeutic effect. In this study, using GF1 as a model drug, the feasibility of intranasal administration in combination with absorption enhancers to increase brain distribution of GF1 was explored. First of all, the appropriate absorption enhancers were screened by in situ nasal perfusion study. GF1-HP-β-CD inclusion complex was prepared and characterized. Thereafter, in vivo absorption of GF1 after intranasal or intravenous administration of its inclusion complex with/without absorption enhancers was investigated, and safety of the formulations was evaluated. The results showed that 2% Solutol HS 15 was a superior absorption enhancer. HP-β-CD inclusion complex improved GF1 solubility by 150 fold. Following intranasal delivery, the absolute bioavailability of inclusion complex was 46%, with drug brain targeting index (DTI) 247% and nose-to-brain direct transport percentage (DTP) 58%. Upon further addition of 2% Solutol HS 15, the absolute bioavailability was increased to 75%, with DTI 315% and DTP 66%. Both nasal cilia movement and biochemical substances (total protein and lactate dehydrogenase) leaching studies demonstrated 2% Solutol HS 15 was safe to the nasal mucosa. In conclusion, intranasal administration combining with safe absorption enhancers is an effective strategy to enhance drug distribution in the brain, showing promise for treating disorders related to the central nervous system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Mao
- School of Pharmacy, Shenyang Key Laboratory of Intelligent Mucosal Drug Delivery Systems, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Weihua Yuan
- School of Pharmacy, Shenyang Key Laboratory of Intelligent Mucosal Drug Delivery Systems, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Jiayi Gai
- School of Pharmacy, Shenyang Key Laboratory of Intelligent Mucosal Drug Delivery Systems, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Yixuan Zhang
- School of Life Science and Biopharmaceutics, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China
| | | | - En-Yu Xu
- Department of Forensic Toxicological Analysis, School of Forensic Medicine, China Medical University, Shenyang 110122, China.
| | - Luyao Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Shenyang Key Laboratory of Intelligent Mucosal Drug Delivery Systems, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Xin Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Shenyang Key Laboratory of Intelligent Mucosal Drug Delivery Systems, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China; Joint International Research Laboratory of Intelligent Drug Delivery Systems, Ministry of Education, China
| | - Jian Guan
- School of Pharmacy, Shenyang Key Laboratory of Intelligent Mucosal Drug Delivery Systems, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China; Joint International Research Laboratory of Intelligent Drug Delivery Systems, Ministry of Education, China
| | - Shirui Mao
- School of Pharmacy, Shenyang Key Laboratory of Intelligent Mucosal Drug Delivery Systems, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China; Joint International Research Laboratory of Intelligent Drug Delivery Systems, Ministry of Education, China.
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Zhang Y, Ma J, Liu S, Chen C, Li Q, Qin M, Ren L. Ginsenoside F1 attenuates pirarubicin-induced cardiotoxicity by modulating Nrf2 and AKT/Bcl-2 signaling pathways. J Ginseng Res 2023; 47:106-116. [PMID: 36644383 PMCID: PMC9834006 DOI: 10.1016/j.jgr.2022.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2022] [Revised: 06/22/2022] [Accepted: 06/28/2022] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Pirarubicin (THP) is an anthracycline antibiotic used to treat various malignancies in humans. The clinical usefulness of THP is unfortunately limited by its dose-related cardiotoxicity. Ginsenoside F1 (GF1) is a metabolite formed when the ginsenosides Re and Rg1 are hydrolyzed. However, the protective effects and underlying mechanisms of GF1 on THP-induced cardiotoxicity remain unclear. Methods We investigated the anti-apoptotic and anti-oxidative stress effects of GF1 on an in vitro model, using H9c2 cells stimulated by THP, plus trigonelline or AKT inhibitor imidazoquinoxaline (IMQ), as well as an in vivo model using THP-induced cardiotoxicity in rats. Using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent test, the levels of malondialdehyde (MDA), brain natriuretic peptide (BNP), creatine kinase (CK-MB), cardiac troponin (c-TnT), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione (GSH) were determined. Nuclear factor (erythroid-derived2)-like 2 (Nrf2) and the expression of Nrf2 target genes, including heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1), glutathione-S-transferase (Gst), glutamate-cysteine ligase modifier subunit (GCLM), and expression levels of AKT/Bcl-2 signaling pathway proteins were detected using Western blot analysis. Results THP-induced myocardial histopathological damage, electrocardiogram (ECG) abnormalities, and cardiac dysfunction were reduced in vivo by GF1. GF1 also decreased MDA, BNP, CK-MB, c-TnT, and LDH levels in the serum, while raising SOD and GSH levels. GF1 boosted Nrf2 nuclear translocation and Nrf2 target gene expression, including HO-1, Gst, and GCLM. Furthermore, GF1 regulated apoptosis by activating AKT/Bcl-2 signaling pathways. Employing Nrf2 inhibitor trigonelline and AKT inhibitor IMQ revealed that GF1 lacked antioxidant and anti-apoptotic effects. Conclusion In conclusion, GF1 was found to alleviate THP-induced cardiotoxicity via modulating Nrf2 and AKT/Bcl-2 signaling pathways, ultimately alleviating myocardial oxidative stress and apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Zhang
- Department of Experimental Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, Jilin University, Jilin, China,Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Jiulong Ma
- Department of Experimental Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, Jilin University, Jilin, China
| | - Shan Liu
- Department of Experimental Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, Jilin University, Jilin, China
| | - Chen Chen
- Department of Experimental Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, Jilin University, Jilin, China
| | - Qi Li
- Department of Experimental Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, Jilin University, Jilin, China
| | - Meng Qin
- Department of Experimental Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, Jilin University, Jilin, China
| | - Liqun Ren
- Department of Experimental Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, Jilin University, Jilin, China,Corresponding author. Department of Experimental Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, Jilin University, 1266 Fujin Road, Changchun, Jilin, 130021, China.
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Abstract
Ginseng has been shown to produce a cognitive improvement effect. The key molecular components in ginseng that produce pharmacological effects are ginsenosides. Previous studies reported a memory improvement effect of a few major ginsenosides. However, the identity of specific minor ginsenosides mediating such function remains unknown. Here, we report that a minor ginsenoside F1 improves memory function in APPswe/PSEN1dE9 (APP/PS1) double-transgenic Alzheimer's disease (AD) model mice. After 8-wk oral administration of F1 jelly, we observed that spatial working memory, but not context-dependent fear memory, was restored in AD mice. To search for a possible underlying molecular and cellular mechanism, we investigated the effect of F1 on Aβ plaque. We observed F1 administration reduced the Aβ plaque area and density in the cortex, but not in the hippocampus of AD mice. Next, we tested for the effect of F1 on the expression level of key molecules involved in learning and memory. Results from Western blot assay revealed that an abnormally reduced level of a phosphorylated form of CREB in the hippocampus of AD mice was restored to a normal level by F1 administration. Moreover, in the same animals, BDNF level was augmented in the cortex. Our results, therefore, suggest that minor ginsenoside F1 constitutes a promising target to develop therapeutic agents for AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junho Han
- Department of Biological Sciences, KAIST Institute for the BioCentury, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon, 34141, South Korea
| | - Jung-Pyo Oh
- Department of Biological Sciences, KAIST Institute for the BioCentury, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon, 34141, South Korea
| | - Miran Yoo
- Department of Biological Sciences, KAIST Institute for the BioCentury, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon, 34141, South Korea
| | - Chang-Hao Cui
- Intelligent Synthetic Biology Center, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon, 34141, South Korea
| | - Byeong-Min Jeon
- Department of Biological Sciences, KAIST Institute for the BioCentury, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon, 34141, South Korea
| | - Sun-Chang Kim
- Department of Biological Sciences, KAIST Institute for the BioCentury, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon, 34141, South Korea.
| | - Jin-Hee Han
- Department of Biological Sciences, KAIST Institute for the BioCentury, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon, 34141, South Korea.
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Cui CH, Jeon BM, Fu Y, Im WT, Kim SC. High-density immobilization of a ginsenoside-transforming β-glucosidase for enhanced food-grade production of minor ginsenosides. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2019; 103:7003-7015. [PMID: 31289903 PMCID: PMC6690934 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-019-09951-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2019] [Revised: 05/26/2019] [Accepted: 05/28/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Use of recombinant glycosidases is a promising approach for the production of minor ginsenosides, e.g., Compound K (CK) and F1, which have potential applications in the food industry. However, application of these recombinant enzymes for food-grade preparation of minor ginsenosides are limited by the lack of suitable expression hosts and low productivity. In this study, Corynebacterium glutamicum ATCC13032, a GRAS strain that has been used extensively for the industrial-grade production of additives for foodstuffs, was employed to express a novel β-glucosidase (MT619) from Microbacterium testaceum ATCC 15829 with high ginsenoside-transforming activity. A cellulose-binding module was additionally fused to the N-terminus of MT619 for immobilization on cellulose, which is an abundant and safe material. Via one-step immobilization, the fusion protein in cell lysates was efficiently immobilized on regenerated amorphous cellulose at a high density (maximum 984 mg/g cellulose), increasing the enzyme concentration by 286-fold. The concentrated and immobilized enzyme showed strong conversion activities against protopanaxadiol- and protopanaxatriol-type ginsenosides for the production of CK and F1. Using gram-scale ginseng extracts as substrates, the immobilized enzyme produced 7.59 g/L CK and 9.42 g/L F1 in 24 h. To the best of our knowledge, these are the highest reported product concentrations of CK and F1, and this is the first time that a recombinant enzyme has been immobilized on cellulose for the preparation of minor ginsenosides. This safe, convenient, and efficient production method could also be effectively exploited in the preparation of food-processing recombinant enzymes in the pharmaceutical, functional food, and cosmetics industries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chang-Hao Cui
- Intelligent Synthetic Biology Center, 291 Daehak-Ro, Yuseong-Gu, Daejeon, 305-701, Korea.,The Key Laboratory of Biotechnology for Medicinal Plant of Jiangsu Province, Jiangsu Normal University, No. 101 Shanghai Road, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, 221116, People's Republic of China
| | - Byeong-Min Jeon
- Department of Biological Sciences, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, 291 Daehak-Ro, Yuseong-Gu, Daejeon, 305-701, Korea
| | - Yaoyao Fu
- The Key Laboratory of Biotechnology for Medicinal Plant of Jiangsu Province, Jiangsu Normal University, No. 101 Shanghai Road, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, 221116, People's Republic of China
| | - Wan-Taek Im
- Department of Biological Sciences, Hankyong National University, 327 Chungang-Ro, Anseong City, Kyonggi-Do, 456-749, Korea
| | - Sun-Chang Kim
- Intelligent Synthetic Biology Center, 291 Daehak-Ro, Yuseong-Gu, Daejeon, 305-701, Korea. .,Department of Biological Sciences, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, 291 Daehak-Ro, Yuseong-Gu, Daejeon, 305-701, Korea. .,KAIST Institute for Biocentury, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, 291 Daehak-Ro, Yuseong-Gu, Daejeon, 305-701, Korea.
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Zhang J, Liu M, Huang M, Chen M, Zhang D, Luo L, Ye G, Deng L, Peng Y, Wu X, Liu G, Ye W, Zhang D. Ginsenoside F1 promotes angiogenesis by activating the IGF-1/IGF1R pathway. Pharmacol Res 2019; 144:292-305. [PMID: 31048033 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2019.04.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2019] [Revised: 04/06/2019] [Accepted: 04/18/2019] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Ischemic stroke is one of the most lethal and highly disabling diseases that seriously affects the human health and quality of life. A therapeutic angiogenic strategy has been proposed to alleviate ischemia-induced injury by promoting angiogenesis and improving cerebrovascular function in the ischemic regions. The insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1)/insulin-like growth factor 1 receptor (IGF1R) axis is crucial for cerebral angiogenesis and neurogenesis. However, effective drugs that prevent cerebral ischemic injury by inducing cerebral angiogenesis via activation of the IGF1R pathway are lacking. Here, we screened a pro-angiogenic agent ginsenoside F1 (GF1), a ginseng saponin isolated from a traditional Chinese medicine that was widely used in ischemic stroke treatment. It promoted the proliferation, mobility and tube formation of human umbilical vein endothelial cells and human brain microvascular endothelial cells, as well as pericytes recruitment to the endothelial tubes. GF1 stimulated vessel sprouting in the rat arterial ring and facilitated neovascularization in chicken embryo chorioallantoic membrane (CAM). In the in vivo experiments, GF1 rescued the axitinib-induced vascular defect in zebrafish. It also increased the microvessel density (MVD) and improved focal cerebral blood perfusion in the rat middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) model. Mechanism studies revealed that GF1-induced angiogenesis depended on IGF1R activation mediated by the autocrine IGF-1 loop in endothelial cells. Based on our findings, GF1-induced activation of the IGF-1/IGF1R pathway to promote angiogenesis is an effective approach to alleviate cerebral ischemia, and GF1 is a potential agent that improves cerebrovascular function and promotes recovery from ischemic stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiayan Zhang
- College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China; Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Pharmacodynamic Constituents of Traditional Chinese Medicine and New Drugs Research, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Mingqun Liu
- College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China; Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Pharmacodynamic Constituents of Traditional Chinese Medicine and New Drugs Research, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Maohua Huang
- College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China; Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Pharmacodynamic Constituents of Traditional Chinese Medicine and New Drugs Research, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Minfeng Chen
- College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China; Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Pharmacodynamic Constituents of Traditional Chinese Medicine and New Drugs Research, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Dong Zhang
- Department of Medical Imaging Centre, The First Affiliated Hospital, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Liangping Luo
- Department of Medical Imaging Centre, The First Affiliated Hospital, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Geni Ye
- College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China; Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Pharmacodynamic Constituents of Traditional Chinese Medicine and New Drugs Research, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Lijuan Deng
- Formula-pattern Research Center, School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yinghui Peng
- College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China; Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Pharmacodynamic Constituents of Traditional Chinese Medicine and New Drugs Research, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Xin Wu
- Guangxi Engineering Research Center of Innovative Preparations for Natural Medicine, Guangxi Wuzhou Pharmaceutical (Group) Co., Ltd, Wuzhou 543000, China
| | - Guanping Liu
- Guangxi Engineering Research Center of Innovative Preparations for Natural Medicine, Guangxi Wuzhou Pharmaceutical (Group) Co., Ltd, Wuzhou 543000, China
| | - Wencai Ye
- College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China; Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Pharmacodynamic Constituents of Traditional Chinese Medicine and New Drugs Research, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China.
| | - Dongmei Zhang
- College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China; Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Pharmacodynamic Constituents of Traditional Chinese Medicine and New Drugs Research, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China.
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Hou J, Cui C, Kim S, Sung C, Choi C. Ginsenoside F1 suppresses astrocytic senescence-associated secretory phenotype. Chem Biol Interact 2018; 283:75-83. [PMID: 29412148 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2018.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2017] [Revised: 12/31/2017] [Accepted: 02/01/2018] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Senescence is one of the hallmarks of aging and identified as a potential therapeutic target in the treatment of aging and aging-related diseases. Senescent cells accumulate with age in a variety of human tissues where they develop a complex senescence-associated secretory phenotype (SASP). SASP in brain could contribute to age-related inflammation and chronic neurodegenerative diseases. We confirmed that senescent astrocytes express a characteristic of SASP in vitro by human cytokine antibody array. Ginsenoside F1 suppresses the SASP from astrocytes induced by d-galactose via suppressing p38MAPK-dependent NF-κB activity. A specific inhibitor of p38MAPK, SB203580 significantly decreased the secretion of IL-6 and IL-8, the major components of SASPs. Additionally, treatment of senescent astrocytes with NF-κB inhibitor, BAY 11-7092, also suppressed the secretion of IL-6 and IL-8, suggesting NF-κB was required for SASP. Importantly, conditioned media from senescent astrocytes promoted the migration of glioblastoma cells, such as U373-MG, U251-MG and U87-MG assessed by scratch wound healing. This migration was significantly decreased by F1 treatment in senescent astrocytes. Interestingly, IL-8, the main mediator regulating glioblastoma cell invasion, was suppressed in both transcriptional and protein level. Herein, we propose ginsenoside F1 as a potential therapeutic strategy for reducing the deleterious contribution of senescent astrocytes in aged brain and related diseases.
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Lee CS, Nam G, Bae IH, Park J. Whitening efficacy of ginsenoside F1 through inhibition of melanin transfer in cocultured human melanocytes-keratinocytes and three-dimensional human skin equivalent. J Ginseng Res 2018; 43:300-304. [PMID: 30962737 PMCID: PMC6437421 DOI: 10.1016/j.jgr.2017.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2017] [Revised: 12/18/2017] [Accepted: 12/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Chang-Seok Lee
- Amorepacific CO R&D Center, Yongin-si, Republic of Korea.,Department of Beauty and Cosmetic Science, College of Health Science, Eulji University, Seongnam-si, Republic of Korea
| | - Gibaeg Nam
- Amorepacific CO R&D Center, Yongin-si, Republic of Korea
| | - Il-Hong Bae
- Amorepacific CO R&D Center, Yongin-si, Republic of Korea
| | - Junseong Park
- Amorepacific CO R&D Center, Yongin-si, Republic of Korea.,Department of Engineering Chemistry, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju-si, Chungbuk, Republic of Korea
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Qin M, Luo Y, Lu S, Sun J, Yang K, Sun G, Sun X. Ginsenoside F1 Ameliorates Endothelial Cell Inflammatory Injury and Prevents Atherosclerosis in Mice through A20-Mediated Suppression of NF-kB Signaling. Front Pharmacol 2017; 8:953. [PMID: 29311947 PMCID: PMC5744080 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2017.00953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2017] [Accepted: 12/15/2017] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Atherosclerosis (AS) is a chronic inflammatory disease and endothelial cell injury is the initial event. In this study, we investigated the protective effects of ginsenoside F1 (GF1) on AS and the potential molecular mechanisms of ox-LDL induced endothelial injury. ApoE-/- mice were fed a high fat diet and orally treated with GF1 (50 mg/kg/day) for 8 weeks. Atherosclerotic plaque and LOX-1, TLR4, NF-κB expression levels in the aortic root and inflammatory factor MPO in whole body were measured. The treatment with GF1 induced a remarkable reduction in the atherosclerotic lesion area, LOX-1, TLR4 expression and decreased the MPO distribution. Meanwhile, in vitro study, we confirmed that GF1 treatment greatly increased ox-LDL-injured endothelial cell viability, ameliorated LOX-1, TLR4 expression levels and reduced monocytes adhesion. Protein microarray demonstrated that GF1 significantly inhibited G-CSF, ICAM-1, MIP-1δ, IL-1α, IL-15, IL-16 levels. Mechanistically, the GF1 treatment suppressed the NF-κB nuclear translocation. Furthermore, our data indicated that GF1 significantly increased A20 expression level and A20 siRNA markedly abolished the attenuation of GF1 on NF-κB nuclear translocation and inflammatory factors expression. Our results suggest that the GF1 may be a potential drug for anti-atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng Qin
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China.,Beijing Key Laboratory of Innovative Drug Discovery of Traditional Chinese Medicine (Natural Medicine) and Translational Medicine, Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China.,Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Resource Utilization of Chinese Herbal Medicine, Ministry of Education, Beijing, China.,Key Laboratory of Efficacy Evaluation of Chinese Medicine against Glyeolipid Metabolism Disorder Disease, State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Yun Luo
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China.,Beijing Key Laboratory of Innovative Drug Discovery of Traditional Chinese Medicine (Natural Medicine) and Translational Medicine, Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China.,Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Resource Utilization of Chinese Herbal Medicine, Ministry of Education, Beijing, China.,Key Laboratory of Efficacy Evaluation of Chinese Medicine against Glyeolipid Metabolism Disorder Disease, State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Shan Lu
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China.,Beijing Key Laboratory of Innovative Drug Discovery of Traditional Chinese Medicine (Natural Medicine) and Translational Medicine, Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China.,Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Resource Utilization of Chinese Herbal Medicine, Ministry of Education, Beijing, China.,Key Laboratory of Efficacy Evaluation of Chinese Medicine against Glyeolipid Metabolism Disorder Disease, State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Jing Sun
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Ke Yang
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Yangtze River Delta Region Green Pharmaceuticals, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, China
| | - Guibo Sun
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China.,Beijing Key Laboratory of Innovative Drug Discovery of Traditional Chinese Medicine (Natural Medicine) and Translational Medicine, Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China.,Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Resource Utilization of Chinese Herbal Medicine, Ministry of Education, Beijing, China.,Key Laboratory of Efficacy Evaluation of Chinese Medicine against Glyeolipid Metabolism Disorder Disease, State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaobo Sun
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China.,Beijing Key Laboratory of Innovative Drug Discovery of Traditional Chinese Medicine (Natural Medicine) and Translational Medicine, Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China.,Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Resource Utilization of Chinese Herbal Medicine, Ministry of Education, Beijing, China.,Key Laboratory of Efficacy Evaluation of Chinese Medicine against Glyeolipid Metabolism Disorder Disease, State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
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