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Zhang M, Wang C, Zhang R, Chen Y, Zhang C, Heidi H, Li M. Comparison of the guidelines on good agricultural and collection practices in herbal medicine of the European Union, China, the WHO, and the United States of America. Pharmacol Res 2021; 167:105533. [PMID: 33677104 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2021.105533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2021] [Revised: 02/22/2021] [Accepted: 03/02/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Owing to modern developments in the traditional medicine industry, more people now acknowledge the efficacy of traditional medicine. As the demand for herbal medicines gradually increases, the focus of the industry will shift to how to increase production while maintaining the high quality of raw materials and final products to promote the international trade in herbal medicines. In the long history of herbal medicine, many countries and regions have formulated relevant standards to regulate the cultivation of local herbs to ensure the safety and reliability of the products. Due to cultural and historical differences, the policies for formulating herbal cultivation standards vary greatly between regions, which hinders the international trade of herbal medicines. This paper collates the guidelines of good agricultural and collection practices of the European Union, China, World Health Organization and the United States, and makes a comprehensive comparison of its contents such as production environments, production area suitability, air, soil, and water standard regulations, inter alia. This article aims to explore the differences in good agriculture and collection practice in herbal medicine in various regions and provides a reference for the development of international guidelines for herbal quality management, which will aid with the development of herbal medicine quality standardization globally and exchange services in the trade of herbal medicines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingxu Zhang
- Baotou Medical College, Baotou 014040, Inner Mongolia, PR China
| | - Congcong Wang
- Baotou Medical College, Baotou 014040, Inner Mongolia, PR China
| | - Ru Zhang
- Baotou Medical College, Baotou 014040, Inner Mongolia, PR China
| | - Yuan Chen
- Inner Mongolia Medical University, Hohhot 010110, Inner Mongolia, PR China
| | - Chunhong Zhang
- Baotou Medical College, Baotou 014040, Inner Mongolia, PR China; Inner Mongolia Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Hohhot 010020, Inner Mongolia, PR China; Inner Mongolia Key Laboratory of Characteristic Geoherbs Resources Protection and Utilization, Baotou 014040, Inner Mongolia, PR China
| | - Heuberger Heidi
- Institute for Crop Science and Plant Breeding, Bavarian State Research Center for Agriculture (LfL), 85354 Freising, Germany.
| | - Minhui Li
- Baotou Medical College, Baotou 014040, Inner Mongolia, PR China; Inner Mongolia Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Hohhot 010020, Inner Mongolia, PR China; Inner Mongolia Key Laboratory of Characteristic Geoherbs Resources Protection and Utilization, Baotou 014040, Inner Mongolia, PR China; Key Laboratory of Resourceology of Chinese Medicinal Materials, Baotou 014040, Inner Mongolia, PR China; Inner Mongolia Medical University, Hohhot 010110, Inner Mongolia, PR China.
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Wei X, Cao P, Wang G, Han J. Microbial inoculant and garbage enzyme reduced cadmium (Cd) uptake in Salvia miltiorrhiza (Bge.) under Cd stress. Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 2020; 192:110311. [PMID: 32061988 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2020.110311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2019] [Revised: 02/05/2020] [Accepted: 02/05/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The uptake and accumulation of cadmium (Cd) in Salvia miltiorrhiza (Bge.) negatively affects the quality of its harvested roots, and seriously threatens human health. This study investigates the effect of a microbial inoculant (MI) and garbage enzyme (GE) on Cd uptake, the accumulation of bioactive compounds, and the community composition of microbes in the rhizosphere soil of S. miltiorrhiza under Cd stress. S. miltiorrhiza seedlings were transplanted to Cd-contaminated pots and irrigated with an MI, GE, a combination of an MI and GE (MIGE) or water (control). The results indicated that treatments with an MI, GE or MIGE can reduce Cd uptake in S. miltiorrhiza. The MIGE treatment had greater efficiency in reducing Cd uptake than the control (reduction by 37.90%), followed by the GE (25.31%) and MI (5.84%) treatments. Treatments with an MI, GE and MIGE had no significant impact on fresh and dry root biomass. Relative to the control, the MI treatment had the highest efficiency in increasing the accumulation of total tanshinones (an increase of 40.45%), followed by the GE treatment (40.08%), with the MIGE treatment (9.90%) treatment not having a more favorable effect than the separate application of an MI or GE. The salvianolic acid content for all groups was higher than the standard prescribed by Chinese pharmacopoeia, notwithstanding a slightly lower level in the treated groups relative to the control. In addition, metagenomic analysis indicated changes in the relative abundance of soil microbes associated with the bioremediation of heavy metals. The relative abundances of Brevundimonas, Microbacterium, Cupriavidus and Aspergillus were significantly greater in the treated groups than in the Control. These results suggest that using MI and GE, either separately or together, may not only improve the quality of S. miltiorrhiza but may also facilitate the microbial remediation of soil contaminated with Cd.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuemin Wei
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Pei Cao
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Gang Wang
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Jianping Han
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100193, China.
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Li D, Zhou L, Wang Q, He Y. Determination of organic acids for quality evaluation in Coptis herbs by ion chromatography. 3 Biotech 2018; 8:285. [PMID: 29881663 PMCID: PMC5986664 DOI: 10.1007/s13205-018-1300-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2018] [Accepted: 05/21/2018] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Coptis herbs are important herbal medicinal materials. The bioactive composition, the quality and medicinal efficacy of these herbs, are determined significantly by their geo-authentic features. Among the effective components of these herbs are seven organic acids (quinic, acetic, formic, tartaric, malic, succinic, and oxalic acids). However, no quantitative data of these seven acids in these herbs are available. Therefore, we developed a method for simultaneous separation and determination of the seven organic acids in Coptis herbs using gradient ion chromatography (mobile phase and gradient were shown in Table 1). The seven acids were separated and determined in no more than 35 min. We found that the organic acid levels in C. teeta was obviously higher than in C. chinensis and C. deltoidea, in particular, the content of quinic acid in C. teeta was about eight times than that in C. chinensis and C. deltoidea. Furthermore, we analyzed the relationships between the contents of organic acids and clinical effects, and found that organic acids (content of total acids or content of quinic acid) could act as an reference ingredient for quality evaluation in Coptis herbs. Our studies would lay the foundation for effective quality evaluation of these herbs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongmei Li
- College of Medical Technology, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 611137 China
| | - Lili Zhou
- National Institute of Measurement and Testing Technology, Chengdu, 610021 China
| | - Qingwei Wang
- Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu, 610041 China
| | - Yang He
- College of Medical Technology, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 611137 China
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Tong K, Li ZL, Sun X, Yan S, Jiang MJ, Deng MS, Chen J, Li JW, Tian ML. Metabolomics approach reveals annual metabolic variation in roots of Cyathula officinalis Kuan based on gas chromatography-mass spectrum. Chin Med 2017; 12:12. [PMID: 28469699 PMCID: PMC5414129 DOI: 10.1186/s13020-017-0133-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2016] [Accepted: 04/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Herbal quality is strongly influenced by harvest time. It is therefore one of crucial factors that should be well respected by herbal producers when optimizing cultivation techniques, so that to obtain herbal products of high quality. In this work, we paid attention on one of common used Chinese herbals, Cyathula officinalis Kuan. According to previous studies, its quality may be related with growth years because of the variation of several main bioactive components in different growth years. However, information about the whole chemical composition is still scarce, which may jointly determine the herbal quality. METHODS Cyathula officinalis samples were collected in 1-4 growth years after sowing. To obtain a global insight on chemical profile of herbs, we applied a metabolomics approach based on gas chromatography-mass spectrum. Analysis of variance, principal component analysis, partial least squares discriminant analysis and hierarchical cluster analysis were combined to explore the significant difference in different growth years. RESULTS 166 metabolites were identified by using gas chromatography-mass spectrum method. 63 metabolites showed significant change in different growth years in terms of analysis of variance. Those metabolites then were grouped into 4 classes by hierarchical cluster analysis, characterizing the samples of different growth ages. Samples harvested in the earliest years (1-2) were obviously differ with the latest years (3-4) as reported by principal component analysis. Further, partial least squares discriminant analysis revealed the detail difference in each growth year. Gluconic acid, xylitol, glutaric acid, pipecolinic acid, ribonic acid, mannose, oxalic acid, digalacturonic acid, lactic acid, 2-deoxyerythritol, acetol, 3-hydroxybutyric acid, citramalic acid, N-carbamylglutamate, and cellobiose are the main 15 discrimination metabolites between different growth years. CONCLUSION Harvest time should be well considered when producing C. officinalis. In order to boost the consistency of herbal quality, C. officinalis is recommended to harvest in 4th growth year. The method of GC-MS combined with multivariate analysis was a powerful tool to evaluate the herbal quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Tong
- College of Agronomy, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130 People’s Republic of China
| | - Zhao-ling Li
- Maize Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130 People’s Republic of China
| | - Xu Sun
- College of Agronomy, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130 People’s Republic of China
| | - Shen Yan
- College of Agronomy, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130 People’s Republic of China
| | - Mei-jie Jiang
- College of Agronomy, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130 People’s Republic of China
| | - Meng-sheng Deng
- College of Agronomy, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130 People’s Republic of China
| | - Ji Chen
- College of Agronomy, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130 People’s Republic of China
| | - Jing-wei Li
- Institute for New Rural Development, Sichuan Agricultural University, 608 Room, No. 1 building, 211 Huiming Road, Wenjiang District, Chengdu City, 611130 Sichuan Province People’s Republic of China
| | - Meng-liang Tian
- College of Agronomy, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130 People’s Republic of China
- Institute for New Rural Development, Sichuan Agricultural University, 608 Room, No. 1 building, 211 Huiming Road, Wenjiang District, Chengdu City, 611130 Sichuan Province People’s Republic of China
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Chen H, Fan G, He Y. Species evolution and quality evaluation of four Coptis herbal medicinal materials in Southwest China. 3 Biotech 2017; 7:62. [PMID: 28444606 DOI: 10.1007/s13205-017-0679-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2017] [Accepted: 02/27/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Coptis herbs, which are important herbal medicinal materials, are the dried rhizomes of various plants. In China's herbal market, drying herbs can severely influence morphological markers such as shape, color, and odor, which make consumers difficult to precisely identify the herbs and effectively evaluate the quality. Here, we present the phylogenetic analysis of four Coptis herbal medicinal materials based on internal transcribed spacer sequences. C. chinensis, C. omeiensis, C. deltoidea and C. teeta constituted a monophyletic group. In this group, C. omeiensis and C. deltoidea cluster together, and they form the sister group with C. teeta, and C. chinensis locate the outermost of C. omeiensis, C. deltoidea and C. teeta. At the same time, the HPLC-DAD method was applied to simultaneously analyze main alkaloids from seventeen different samples. On the basis of the robust phylogenetic topology, the parsimony reconstructions of six effective medicinal constituents were implemented to elucidate the evolutionary history in Coptis herbs, and thus evaluate the herbal quality. The results showed that C. chinensis had been considered to be the best herb, not only the high content in single constituent but also in total alkaloids. In addition, all the samples from seventeen habitats were considered as qualified herbs, and they could meet the requirements of national quality standards for Coptis herbs in China.
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