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Yusuf HH, Pan X, Ye ZL, Cai G, Appels L, Cai J, Lv Z, Li Y, Ning J. Revolutionizing sanitation: Valorizing fecal slags through co-digesting food waste at high-solid content and dosing metallic nanomaterials for anaerobic digestion stability. J Environ Manage 2024; 353:120177. [PMID: 38278113 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2024.120177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2023] [Revised: 12/07/2023] [Accepted: 01/20/2024] [Indexed: 01/28/2024]
Abstract
To achieve the UN Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) and the China Toilet Revolution on a global scale, it is crucial to implement a decentralized sanitation management system in developing countries. Fecal slags (FS) generated from septic tanks of toilets pose a challenge for remote villages. This study sought to resourcefully utilize FS through co-digesting with food waste (FW) under high-solid anaerobic co-digestion (HSAD). Besides, two metallic nanomaterials, nano-zerovalent iron (nZVI) and magnetite (Fe3O4), were employed to demonstrate the practical improvement of HSAD. The results showed that nZVI-dosed digesters produced the highest cumulative methane of 295.72 mL/gVS, 371.36 mL/gVS, 360.53 mL/gVS and 296.64 mL/gVS in 10%, 15%, 20% and 25% TS content, respectively, which was 1.15, 1.22, 1.16, 1.12 times higher than Fe3O4 dosed digesters. This increment could be ascribed to the simultaneous production of H2 from Fe2+ release from nZVI and the enrichment of homoacetogen. Changes in carbon degradation and methanogenic pathways, which facilitated stability under high TS contents, were observed. At low solid digestion (10% TS), Syntrophomonas cooperated with Methanosarcina and Methanobacterium to metabolize butyrate and propionate. However, due to the buildup of total ammonia nitrogen and volatile fatty acids, acetoclastic methanogens were inhibited in the high-solid digesters (15%, 20% and 25% TS). Consequently, a more resilient and highly tolerant Syntrophaceticus, alongside hydrogenotrophic methanogens such as Methanoculleus and Methanobrevibacter, maintained stability in the harsh environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hamza Hassan Yusuf
- Key Laboratory of Urban Pollutant Conversion, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
| | - Xiaofang Pan
- Key Laboratory of Urban Pollutant Conversion, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
| | - Zhi-Long Ye
- Key Laboratory of Urban Pollutant Conversion, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China; Fujian Key Laboratory of Digital Technology for Territorial Space Analysis and Simulation, Fuzhou 350108, China.
| | - Guanjing Cai
- Key Laboratory of Urban Pollutant Conversion, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China
| | - Lise Appels
- KU Leuven, Department of Chemical Engineering, Process and Environmental Technology Lab, Jan Pieter De Nayerlaan 5, B-2860 Sint-Katelijne-Waver, Belgium
| | - Jiasheng Cai
- Key Laboratory of Urban Pollutant Conversion, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China
| | - Zunjing Lv
- Key Laboratory of Urban Pollutant Conversion, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yanlin Li
- Key Laboratory of Urban Pollutant Conversion, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Jing Ning
- KU Leuven, Department of Chemical Engineering, Process and Environmental Technology Lab, Jan Pieter De Nayerlaan 5, B-2860 Sint-Katelijne-Waver, Belgium
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Zhang Y, Gong H, Zhu D, Lu D, Zhou S, Wang Y, Dai X. A two-stage partial nitritation-denitritation/anammox (PN-DN/A) process to treat high-solid anaerobic digestion (HSAD) reject water: Verification based on pilot-scale and full-scale projects. Water Res X 2024; 22:100213. [PMID: 38414757 PMCID: PMC10897884 DOI: 10.1016/j.wroa.2024.100213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2023] [Revised: 01/27/2024] [Accepted: 01/29/2024] [Indexed: 02/29/2024]
Abstract
High-solid anaerobic digestion (HSAD) reject water, distinguished by elevated levels of chemical oxygen demand (COD), NH4+-N and an imbalanced COD/TIN, presents a significant challenge for treatment through conventional partial nitritation/ anammox (PN/A) process. This study introduced a revised two-stage PN/A process, namely partial nitritation/denitritation-anammox (PN-DN/A) process. Its effectiveness was investigated through both pilot-scale (12 t/d) and full-scale (400 t/d) operations, showcasing stable operation with an impressive total removal rate of over 90 % for total inorganic nitrogen (TIN) and exceeding 60 % for COD. Notably, 30 % of TIN was eliminated through heterotrophic denitritation in partial nitritation-denitritation (PN-DN) stage, while approximately 55 % of TIN removal occurred in the anammox stage with anaerobic ammonium oxidizing bacteria (AnAOB) enrichment (Candidatus Kuenenia, 25.9 % and 26.6 % relative abundance for pilot and full scale). In the PN-DN stage, aerobic-anaerobic alternation promoted organics elimination (around 50 % COD) and balanced nitrogen species. Microbial and metagenomic analysis verified the coupling between autotrophic and heterotrophic denitritation and demonstrated that PN-DN stage acted as a protective buffer for anammox stage. This comprehensive study highlights the PN-DN/A process's efficacy in stably treating HSAD reject water.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanyan Zhang
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Institute of Carbon Neutrality, State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Hui Gong
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Institute of Carbon Neutrality, State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Danyang Zhu
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Institute of Carbon Neutrality, State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Dandan Lu
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Institute of Carbon Neutrality, State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Shuyan Zhou
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Institute of Carbon Neutrality, State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Yayi Wang
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Institute of Carbon Neutrality, State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Xiaohu Dai
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Institute of Carbon Neutrality, State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
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3
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Gao W, Li A, Ding G, Zhang K, Zhi S. Investigating changes in the characteristics of antibiotic resistance genes at different reaction stages of high solid anaerobic digestion with pig manure. Environ Pollut 2022; 312:120032. [PMID: 36030955 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2022.120032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2022] [Revised: 07/20/2022] [Accepted: 08/20/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Contamination of antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) from animals is a serious issue as they may spread to human pathogenic bacteria. The reduction of ARG contamination from livestock waste is thus essential. High solid anaerobic digestion (HSAD) is a new and effective technology although some aspects, such as change characteristics of ARGs at different reaction stages, have not been fully investigated. This study focused firstly on the variations in ARGs at different reaction stages in HSAD systems with five different starting methods: 1 natural start (the control) and 4 rapid starts by changing leachate reflux forms. The results showed that the rapid starting methods could accelerate start-up and increase biogas production by 312.5%. The starting and acidification stages showed higher microbial richness and diversity compared with the other stages. ARGs found to be reduced at acidification stage. Variation in ARGs at the starting and acidification stages was mainly driven by a combination of microbial community, mobile genetic elements (MGEs), and environmental factors; while the main contributory factors at the gas production stage were biomass and several unexplained factors. At the ending stage, the main driving factors were biomass and microbial communities. Most of the potential hosts (16/20) of the ARGs belonged to the Firmicutes phylum, which showed the lowest connections with the ARGs at the gas production stage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenxuan Gao
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, China; Agro-Environmental Protection Institute, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Tianjin, 300191, China
| | - Ao Li
- Agro-Environmental Protection Institute, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Tianjin, 300191, China
| | - Gongyao Ding
- Agro-Environmental Protection Institute, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Tianjin, 300191, China
| | - Keqiang Zhang
- Agro-Environmental Protection Institute, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Tianjin, 300191, China
| | - Suli Zhi
- Agro-Environmental Protection Institute, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Tianjin, 300191, China.
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4
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Xu S, Duan Y, Zou S, Liu H, Luo L, Wong JWC. Evaluations of biochar amendment on anaerobic co-digestion of pig manure and sewage sludge: waste-to-methane conversion, microbial community, and antibiotic resistance genes. Bioresour Technol 2022; 346:126400. [PMID: 34822984 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2021.126400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2021] [Revised: 11/13/2021] [Accepted: 11/17/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Effects of biochar on co-digestion of pig manure and dewatered sewage sludge under different total solids (TS) were investigated. Biochar could accelerate the start-up of methanogenesis and shorten the adaptation phase. At TS5%, the methane daily production in biochar group was 60.6% higher than the control; nevertheless, when TS increased, the gap between two groups gradually narrowed. Additionally, the change on antibiotics resistance genes (ARGs) was also affected by TS and the biochar addition. Moreover, biochar was beneficial to reduce ARGs in liquid phase. At TS14%, the total ARGs abundance in the liquid phase of biochar group was 41.4% lower than the control, among which the reduction rates of etB(P), sul1, rpoB2, macA, mupA and mupB were more prominent. These findings could provide useful guidance for developing ARGs elimination strategy before their release into the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suyun Xu
- School of Environment and Architecture, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai 200093, PR China
| | - Yuting Duan
- School of Environment and Architecture, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai 200093, PR China
| | - Simin Zou
- School of Environment and Architecture, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai 200093, PR China
| | - Hongbo Liu
- School of Environment and Architecture, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai 200093, PR China
| | - Liwen Luo
- Institute of Bioresource and Agriculture, Department of Biology, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong SAR, PR China
| | - Jonathan W C Wong
- Institute of Bioresource and Agriculture, Department of Biology, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong SAR, PR China.
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5
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Abid M, Wu J, Seyedsalehi M, Hu YY, Tian G. Novel insights of impacts of solid content on high solid anaerobic digestion of cow manure: Kinetics and microbial community dynamics. Bioresour Technol 2021; 333:125205. [PMID: 33932808 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2021.125205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2021] [Revised: 04/17/2021] [Accepted: 04/18/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
High solid anaerobic digestion has become the mainstream technology for sustainable on-farm treatment of solid wastes but has not been optimized with respect to increasing solid content in cow manure (CM). In the present study, CM was batch digested at total solid (TS) of 5%, 10%, 15% and 20% and microbial communities were investigated. The process remained stable up to 15% TS. The biomethane production rate at TS of 10% and 15% was reported to be 352.2 mL g-1 VS and 318.6 mL g-1 VS, reaching up to 83% and 75% of TS 5% biomethane, respectively. Kinetics results disclosed that the biodegradable organics could be utilized at increasing solid content with decreasing hydrolysis rate. The abundances of hydrogenotrophic and methylotrophic methanogens increased significantly with increasing solid content. This study is of great importance for understanding and application of high solid anaerobic digestion of cow manure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Abid
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Jing Wu
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China.
| | - Mahdi Seyedsalehi
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Yu-Ying Hu
- School of Civil Engineering and Architecture, East China Jiao Tong University, Nanchang 330013, China
| | - Guangliang Tian
- Institute of New Rural Development, Guizhou University, Guizhou Province 550025, China
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6
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Zhang C, Liu YP, Du JL, Liu H, Zhu SL, Chen L, Wang XX, Yang XS, Tian S. High-solid digestion from cellulosic ethanol stillage with activated sludge of simultaneous propionate degradation and methanogenesis. Bioresour Technol 2021; 330:124951. [PMID: 33735734 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2021.124951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2021] [Revised: 03/03/2021] [Accepted: 03/03/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
High solid anaerobic digestion (HSAD) was an emerging bioconversion technology which had the advantages of small digester, less digestate and low heating energy. A one-stage anaerobic system in CSTR by inoculating activated sludge of simultaneous propionate degradation and methanogenesis was proposed to improve the high-solid digestion performance and to stabilize the reaction process. Semi-continuous mode was successfully used to perform HSAD from cellulosic ethanol whole stillage at an initial substrate loading of 15.4% (w/w) dry matter content with different OLRs from 1.5 to 5.0 gVS·L-1 d-1 at an HRT of 30 days. The average methane yield during whole digestion reached 349.9 mL⋅gVS-1 with a total VS removal rate of 61.3%. The acclimation mechanism of multifunctional activated sludge was also explored by analyzing the functional property, physiological activity and microbial community structure. The results indicated the feasibility and efficiency of multifunctional activated sludge in a semi-continuous high-solid stirred tank reactor system.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Zhang
- College of Life Science, Capital Normal University, Beijing 100048, China
| | - Y P Liu
- Department of Environmental Science & Engineering, Beijing 100029, China
| | - J L Du
- College of Life Science, Capital Normal University, Beijing 100048, China
| | - H Liu
- College of Life Science, Capital Normal University, Beijing 100048, China
| | - S L Zhu
- College of Life Science, Capital Normal University, Beijing 100048, China
| | - L Chen
- College of Life Science, Capital Normal University, Beijing 100048, China
| | - X X Wang
- College of Life Science, Capital Normal University, Beijing 100048, China
| | - X S Yang
- College of Life Science, Capital Normal University, Beijing 100048, China
| | - S Tian
- College of Life Science, Capital Normal University, Beijing 100048, China.
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7
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Zhi S, Ding G, Li A, Guo H, Shang Z, Ding Y, Zhang K. Fate of antibiotic resistance genes during high solid anaerobic digestion with pig manure: Focused on different starting modes. Bioresour Technol 2021; 328:124849. [PMID: 33611018 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2021.124849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2021] [Revised: 02/08/2021] [Accepted: 02/09/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
As an emerging technology, high solid anaerobic digestion (HSAD) was usually hampered by the long lag phase of methane production. A reasonable starting mode enabled fast startup in HSAD, which was scarcely reported. This study established 5 starting modes for HSAD with pig manure. The results showed that system T4 (biogas slurry once and then autologous leachate reflux) had the shortest lag phase. Starting modes had a total effect of 36.6% on gas production, among which 17.1% affected gas production directly and 19.5% affected it through other factors. About 12/17 of antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) and 3 mobile genetic elements (MGEs) were effectively reduced during HSAD. System T4 had the highest microbial diversity and the largest number of unique OTUs. MGEs explained most for ARGs variation (>50%), followed by microbial community. Most of the potential host genera for ARGs belonged to Firmicutes phyla, which could be decreased by starting modes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suli Zhi
- Agro-Environmental Protection Institute, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Tianjin 300191, China
| | - Gongyao Ding
- College of Resources and Environment, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150036, China
| | - Ao Li
- Agro-Environmental Protection Institute, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Tianjin 300191, China
| | - Haigang Guo
- College of Life Sciences and Food Engineering, Hebei University of Engineering, Handan 056038, China
| | - Zhiyuan Shang
- College of Life Sciences, Tianjin Normal University, Tianjin 300387, China
| | - Yongzhen Ding
- Agro-Environmental Protection Institute, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Tianjin 300191, China
| | - Keqiang Zhang
- Agro-Environmental Protection Institute, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Tianjin 300191, China.
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Hu Y, Zheng X, Zhang S, Ye W, Wu J, Poncin S, Li HZ. Investigation of hydrodynamics in high solid anaerobic digestion by particle image velocimetry and computational fluid dynamics: Role of mixing on flow field and dead zone reduction. Bioresour Technol 2021; 319:124130. [PMID: 32977097 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2020.124130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2020] [Revised: 09/07/2020] [Accepted: 09/12/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
High solid anaerobic digestion (HSAD) was a potential organic waste treatment. Compared with low solid anaerobic digestion, it had the advantages of small footprint, less digestate, and low heating energy. However, HSAD's methane production is poor, mainly due to the complex hydrodynamics. In this study, computational fluid dynamics were utilized for HSAD's hydrodynamics investigation at 14.3% solid content and compared to the particle image velocimetry measurement. Then, effects of mixing on hydrodynamics were investigated. The results indicated that the diameter of impeller was critical for the radial mixing, and the distance between the impellers dictated the axial mixing. Besides, rotating speed affected flow velocities significantly, but displayed less effect on expanding the mixing range. Furthermore, HSAD's treating capacity could be increased at large extent by optimizing mixing. The visualization of the hydrodynamics in this study could potentially offer conceptual basis for HSAD's design in practical engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuying Hu
- School of Civil Engineering and Architecture, East China Jiao Tong University, Nanchang 330013, China; State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China; Laboratory of Reactions and Process Engineering, Université de Lorraine, CNRS, 1, rue Grandville, BP 20451, 54001 Nancy cedex, France
| | - Xiaohuan Zheng
- School of Civil Engineering and Architecture, East China Jiao Tong University, Nanchang 330013, China
| | - Shihao Zhang
- School of Civil Engineering and Architecture, East China Jiao Tong University, Nanchang 330013, China
| | - Wenjie Ye
- School of Civil Engineering and Architecture, East China Jiao Tong University, Nanchang 330013, China
| | - Jing Wu
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Souhila Poncin
- Laboratory of Reactions and Process Engineering, Université de Lorraine, CNRS, 1, rue Grandville, BP 20451, 54001 Nancy cedex, France
| | - Huai Z Li
- Laboratory of Reactions and Process Engineering, Université de Lorraine, CNRS, 1, rue Grandville, BP 20451, 54001 Nancy cedex, France.
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Meng X, Sui Q, Liu J, Yu D, Wang Y, Wei Y. Relieving ammonia inhibition by zero-valent iron (ZVI) dosing to enhance methanogenesis in the high solid anaerobic digestion of swine manure. Waste Manag 2020; 118:452-462. [PMID: 32977305 DOI: 10.1016/j.wasman.2020.08.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2019] [Revised: 07/20/2020] [Accepted: 08/15/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Relieving from ammonia inhibition and enhancing the utilization of thermodynamically unfavorable propionate are crucial for methane harvest in the high solid anaerobic digestion (HSAD) of ammonia-rich swine manure. In this study, the potential of dosing zero-valent iron (ZVI, 150 um) for enhancing the methanogenesis to resist total ammonia (TAN) over 5.0 g-N·L-1 was investigated via batch experiments under mesophilic condition. The cumulative methane production was enhanced by 22.2% at ≥160 mM ZVI dosage and the HSAD duration was further shortened by 50.6% at ≥320 mM ZVI dosage. The enhanced methanogenesis was mainly resulted from the full utilization of propionate and the accelerated collapse of posterior-biodegradable organics which might be driven by ZVI. Results of microbial community and qPCR (mcrA) showed that ZVI might trigger the blooming of Methanosarcina (from 27.9% to 78.3%) and Syntrophomonas (0.5% to 3.7%) and attribute to their possible direct interspecies electron transfer (DIET) to enhance propionate utilization. Besides, the main methanogenesis might remain in the effective aceticlastic pathway even under free ammonia (FAN) almost 1.0 g-N·L-1 because syntrophic acetate oxidizing bacteria (SAOB) decreased to almost none at 320 mM ZVI dosage. Dosing ZVI could relieve HSAD from TAN inhibition and more dosage was required to resist FAN inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoshan Meng
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; Department of Water Pollution Control Technology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; School of Chemical & Environmental Engineering, China University of Mining & Technology (Beijing), Beijing 100083, China
| | - Qianwen Sui
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; Department of Water Pollution Control Technology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Jibao Liu
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; Department of Water Pollution Control Technology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Dawei Yu
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; Department of Water Pollution Control Technology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Yawei Wang
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; Department of Water Pollution Control Technology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Yuansong Wei
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; Department of Water Pollution Control Technology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China; Institute of Energy, Jiangxi Academy of Sciences, Nanchang 330029, China.
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Li X, Chen S, Dong B, Dai X. New insight into the effect of thermal hydrolysis on high solid sludge anaerobic digestion: Conversion pathway of volatile sulphur compounds. Chemosphere 2020; 244:125466. [PMID: 32050325 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2019.125466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2019] [Revised: 11/22/2019] [Accepted: 11/24/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Untreated sludge (total solids = 10%) and thermally hydrolysed sludge (total solids = 10%) were subjected to high-solid anaerobic digestion (HSAD) to study the effect of thermal hydrolysis pre-treatment (THP) on the conversion pathways of volatile sulphur compounds (VSCs). Typical VSCs were detected in the gas produced by THP at 160 °C for 30 min, including H2S, methyl mercaptan (MM), dimethyl sulphide (DMS) and dimethyl disulphide (DMDS). After THP, the organic sulphide ratio in the treated sludge had decreased from 96% to 90%, and inorganic sulphide had increased from 4% to 10%. In the THS (THP + HSAD) group, the productivity and total volume of VSCs were significantly increased. These results suggest that THP directly promotes converting organic sulphur (OS) into VSCs. Further tests revealed that THP increased the activity of reductases (adenine phosphate sulphate reductase and sulphite reductase), OS hydrolysis was the main source of VSCs in biogas, and MM could be converted into H2S (78%), DMS (18%) and DMDS (4%). These findings are used to elucidate the conversion pathway of sulphides in HSAD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Li
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, 1239 Siping Road, Shanghai, 200092, PR China.
| | - Sisi Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, 1239 Siping Road, Shanghai, 200092, PR China.
| | - Bin Dong
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, 1239 Siping Road, Shanghai, 200092, PR China; Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security, Shanghai, PR China.
| | - Xiaohu Dai
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, 1239 Siping Road, Shanghai, 200092, PR China; Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security, Shanghai, PR China.
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Peng W, Lü F, Hao L, Zhang H, Shao L, He P. Digestate management for high-solid anaerobic digestion of organic wastes: A review. Bioresour Technol 2020; 297:122485. [PMID: 31810738 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2019.122485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2019] [Revised: 11/20/2019] [Accepted: 11/21/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Digestate management for anaerobic digestion (AD) is becoming a bottleneck of the sustainability of AD plants when the use of digestate for agricultural application is restricted due to nutrient surplus and low market acceptance. Digestate quality and treatment in high solid anaerobic digestion (HSAD) can be better than conventional low-solid system. The rheological behavior of digestate in high solid anaerobic digestion (HSAD) can have a great impact on the energy consumption of digestate management. After post-conditioning guided by rheological parameters, the solid digestate can be further treated based on the integrated solutions to enhance the energy efficiency or nutrients recovery. The environmental impacts for some core parts of those integrated systems were also evaluated in this study. This article presented a critical review of recent investigations of digestate management for HSAD, especially focusing on the rheology of HSAD digestate, integrated solutions and their environmental performances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control & Resource Reuse, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, PR China; Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security, Shanghai 200092, PR China
| | - Fan Lü
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control & Resource Reuse, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, PR China; Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security, Shanghai 200092, PR China
| | - Liping Hao
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control & Resource Reuse, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, PR China; Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security, Shanghai 200092, PR China
| | - Hua Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control & Resource Reuse, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, PR China; Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security, Shanghai 200092, PR China
| | - Liming Shao
- Institute of Waste Treatment and Reclamation, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, PR China
| | - Pinjing He
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control & Resource Reuse, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, PR China; Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security, Shanghai 200092, PR China; Institute of Waste Treatment and Reclamation, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, PR China.
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12
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Zhi S, Li Q, Yang F, Yang Z, Zhang K. How methane yield, crucial parameters and microbial communities respond to the stimulating effect of antibiotics during high solid anaerobic digestion. Bioresour Technol 2019; 283:286-296. [PMID: 30921581 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2019.03.083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2019] [Revised: 03/14/2019] [Accepted: 03/16/2019] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
To comprehensively understand how antibiotics affect anaerobic digestion, their stimulating effects on methane production cannot be ignored; however, few studies have evaluated these effects. This study investigated the stimulating effects of three typical antibiotics (oxytetracycline, sulfadimethoxine, and norfloxacin) on high solid anaerobic digestion. The results showed that 100 mg/L antibiotics exhibited a strong stimulating effect on CH4 yield; while other external carbon sources had no obvious effects. The stimulating effect was more obvious under low inoculation ratios, which could improve the system processing capacity of feed sludge. Lower lag phases were given by the modified Gompertz model when stimulating effects occurred. The variations of physicochemical parameters and microbial Venn maps both showed that day 5 was a critical point for digestion time. The relative abundance of Methanosarcina was enhanced when the stimulating effect occurred, whereas Methanoculleus decreased. Different microbial characteristics were obtained for different samples from the heat maps.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suli Zhi
- Agro-Environmental Protection Institute, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Tianjin 300191, China
| | - Qian Li
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300354, China
| | - Fengxia Yang
- Agro-Environmental Protection Institute, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Tianjin 300191, China
| | - Zengjun Yang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300354, China
| | - Keqiang Zhang
- Agro-Environmental Protection Institute, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Tianjin 300191, China.
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13
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Hu YY, Wu J, Li HZ, Poncin S, Wang KJ, Zuo JE. Novel insight into high solid anaerobic digestion of swine manure after thermal treatment: Kinetics and microbial community properties. J Environ Manage 2019; 235:169-177. [PMID: 30682669 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2019.01.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2018] [Revised: 12/24/2018] [Accepted: 01/16/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Compared to traditional anaerobic digestion (AD), high solid anaerobic digestion (HSAD) had the advantages of small digester, low heating energy and less digestate. However, the methane production was poor. In our previous study, thermal treatment (70 ± 1 °C, 3 days) without any dilution could satisfactorily enhance the methane production rate of HSAD by up to 39.5%. However, effects of solid content on HSAD after thermal treatment were not yet studied. In this study, HSAD was conducted at 11.7-17.6% solid content, and the control experiment was conducted at low solid content (4.4% solid content). Results showed that HSAD's methane production rate was the highest at 11.7% solid content (158 mL CH4/g VS), and could reach up to 89.2% of that at 4.4% solid content. The utilization of organics was revealed by kinetics analysis that the readily biodegradable organics could be utilized at increasing solid content with decreasing hydrolysis rate. Furthermore, it was notable that methylotrophic methanogens predominated in HSAD with the abundance of 82.6%. This was quite unique from the general belief that AD system was usually dominated by acetoclastic or hydrogenotrophic methanogenic pathways. In this study, the microbial community structure of HSAD after thermal treatment was firstly studied, its unique specific methanogenic pathways was firstly revealed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Ying Hu
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China; School of Civil Engineering and Architecture, East China Jiao Tong University, Nanchang, 330013, China
| | - Jing Wu
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China.
| | - Huai-Zhi Li
- Laboratory of Reactions and Process Engineering, Université de Lorraine, CNRS, 1, rue Grandville, BP 20451, 54001, Nancy Cedex, France
| | - Souhila Poncin
- Laboratory of Reactions and Process Engineering, Université de Lorraine, CNRS, 1, rue Grandville, BP 20451, 54001, Nancy Cedex, France
| | - Kai-Jun Wang
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Jian-E Zuo
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
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Sui Q, Meng X, Wang R, Zhang J, Yu D, Chen M, Wang Y, Wei Y. Effects of endogenous inhibitors on the evolution of antibiotic resistance genes during high solid anaerobic digestion of swine manure. Bioresour Technol 2018; 270:328-336. [PMID: 30241066 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2018.09.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2018] [Revised: 09/07/2018] [Accepted: 09/09/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Livestock manure is a reservoir of antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs). The endogenous inhibitors that emerge during high solid anaerobic digestion (HSAD) greatly influence the bioprocess performance and the ARGs. The effect of endogenous inhibitors including volatile fatty acids (VFAs) and free ammonia (FA) on the ARG occurrences during HSAD of swine manure was investigated in this study. The ARG properties during HSAD (8%-14% total solids (TS)) largely differed from the low TS control (4%). The endogenous inhibitors and microbial communities greatly contributed to the three-phase changes in ARGs. The concentrations of VFAs and abundances of Proteobacteria and intI1 were correlated with the changes in ARGs. FA inhibition and VFA accumulation (especially propionate) delayed and restricted the decline of ARGs. The relatively slow rate of changes in ARGs and high ARGs in the end product suggested the high risk of the HSAD digestate for land application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qianwen Sui
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; Department of Water Pollution Control, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Xiaoshan Meng
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; Department of Water Pollution Control, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; School of Chemical & Environmental Engineering, China University of Mining & Technology (Beijing), Beijing 100083, China
| | - Rui Wang
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; Department of Water Pollution Control, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Junya Zhang
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; Department of Water Pollution Control, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Dawei Yu
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; Department of Water Pollution Control, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Meixue Chen
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; Department of Water Pollution Control, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Yawei Wang
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; Department of Water Pollution Control, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Yuansong Wei
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; Department of Water Pollution Control, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
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15
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Zhuo Y, Han Y, Qu Q, Cao Y, Peng D, Li Y. Pre-separation of ammonium content during high solid thermal-alkaline pretreatment to mitigate ammonia inhibition: Kinetics and feasibility analysis. Water Res 2018; 139:363-371. [PMID: 29665508 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2018.03.064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2018] [Revised: 03/23/2018] [Accepted: 03/26/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The feasibility of ammonia pre-separation during the thermal-alkaline pretreatment (TAP) of waste activated sludge was evaluated to mitigate ammonia inhibition during high solid anaerobic digestion (HSAD). The results showed that the TAP increased the organics hydrolysis rate as much as 77% compared to the thermal hydrolysis pretreatment (THP). The production and separation of the ammonia during the TAP exhibited a linear relationship with the hydrolysis of organics and the Emerson model. The pre-separation ratio of the free ammonia nitrogen exceeded 98.00% at a lime dosage exceeding 0.021 g CaO/g TS. However, the separation ratio of the total ammonia nitrogen (TAN) was hindered by its production ratio. Compared to the THP, the TAP increased the methane production rate under similar production yield. A mass flow analysis indicated that the TAP-HSAD process reduced the volume of the digester compared to the THP-HSAD process and the recirculated HSAD-TAP process recovered 45% of the nitrogen in the waste activated sludge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Zhuo
- School of Municipal and Environmental Engineering, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an 710055, China; Key Laboratory of Membrane Separation of Shaanxi Province, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an 710055, China
| | - Yun Han
- School of Municipal and Environmental Engineering, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an 710055, China; Key Laboratory of Membrane Separation of Shaanxi Province, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an 710055, China.
| | - Qiliang Qu
- School of Municipal and Environmental Engineering, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an 710055, China
| | - Yuqin Cao
- School of Municipal and Environmental Engineering, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an 710055, China
| | - Dangcong Peng
- School of Municipal and Environmental Engineering, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an 710055, China; Key Laboratory of Membrane Separation of Shaanxi Province, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an 710055, China
| | - Yuyou Li
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Tohoku University, Sendai 9808579, Japan
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16
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Chen S, Li N, Dong B, Zhao W, Dai L, Dai X. New insights into the enhanced performance of high solid anaerobic digestion with dewatered sludge by thermal hydrolysis: Organic matter degradation and methanogenic pathways. J Hazard Mater 2018; 342:1-9. [PMID: 28822244 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2017.08.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2017] [Revised: 08/04/2017] [Accepted: 08/06/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Two lab-scale high solid anaerobic digesters fed with untreated sludge (R1) and thermally hydrolyzed sludge (R2) were operated to investigate the influence of thermal hydrolysis pretreatment (THP) on the degradation of individual macromolecular organic components (MOCs), as well as the functional and metabolic responses of microbes during anaerobic digestion (AD). The degradation of MOCs was improved by THP at different rates, in which improved degradation of proteins (by 49.0%) and hemicelluloses (by 25.0%) were the main factors contributing to the increase in volatile solids (VS) reduction. However, no enhancement of final degradation extent of MOCs was observed. With a more densified microbial population, R2 was also enriched in genes involved in amino acid and carbohydrate metabolism, reflected in the enhanced degradation of proteins and carbohydrates. After THP, the methanogenic pathway shifted from strict acetoclastic methanogenesis to acetoclastic/hydrogenotrophic methanogenesis, consistent with the enhanced methane production and the increase of methane content.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sisi Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, 1239 Siping Road, Shanghai 200092, PR China
| | - Ning Li
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, 1239 Siping Road, Shanghai 200092, PR China.
| | - Bin Dong
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, 1239 Siping Road, Shanghai 200092, PR China
| | - Wentao Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, 1239 Siping Road, Shanghai 200092, PR China
| | - Lingling Dai
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, 1239 Siping Road, Shanghai 200092, PR China
| | - Xiaohu Dai
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, 1239 Siping Road, Shanghai 200092, PR China.
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17
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Wu J, Hu YY, Wang SF, Cao ZP, Li HZ, Fu XM, Wang KJ, Zuo JE. Effects of thermal treatment on high solid anaerobic digestion of swine manure: Enhancement assessment and kinetic analysis. Waste Manag 2017; 62:69-75. [PMID: 28283224 DOI: 10.1016/j.wasman.2017.02.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2016] [Revised: 01/11/2017] [Accepted: 02/17/2017] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Anaerobic digestion (AD), which is a process for generating biogas, can be applied to the treatment of organic wastes. Owing to its smaller footprint, lower energy consumption, and less digestate, high solid anaerobic digestion (HSAD) has attracted increasing attention. However, its biogas production is poor. In order to improve biogas production and decrease energy consumption, an improved thermal treatment process was proposed. Raw swine manure (>20% solid content) without any dilution was thermally treated at 70±1°C for different retention times, and then its effect on HSAD was investigated via batch AD experiments at 8.9% solid content. Results showed that the main organic components of swine manure hydrolyzed significantly during the thermal treatment, and HSAD's methane production rate was improved by up to 39.5%. Analysis using two kinetic models confirmed that the treatment could increase biodegradable organics (especially the readily biodegradable organics) in swine manure rather than upgrading its hydrolysis rate. It is worth noting that the superimposed first-order kinetics model was firstly applied in AD, and was a good tool to reveal the AD kinetics mechanism of substrates with complex components.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Wu
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China.
| | - Yu-Ying Hu
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Shi-Feng Wang
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Zhi-Ping Cao
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Huai-Zhi Li
- Laboratory of Reactions and Process Engineering, Université de Lorraine, CNRS, 1, rue Grandville, BP 20451, 54001 Nancy Cedex, France
| | - Xin-Mei Fu
- Southwest University of Science and Technology, Mianyang 621010, China
| | - Kai-Jun Wang
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Jian-E Zuo
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
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