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Wei D, Lyu J, Wang B, He Y, Bi L. Hirudin enhances perforator flap survival: Clinical application report and mechanistic exploration. J Stomatol Oral Maxillofac Surg 2024:101868. [PMID: 38588856 DOI: 10.1016/j.jormas.2024.101868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2024] [Accepted: 04/03/2024] [Indexed: 04/10/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Hirudin, a potent anticoagulant, is used in traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) to treat thrombotic conditions and prevent postoperative thrombosis. Coagulation-related vascular complications are a common cause of perforator flaps failure. This study explores hirudin's potential to enhance flap growth by mitigating coagulation-related issues. MATERIALS AND METHODS Patients were divided into GroupⅠ(hirudin group) and GroupⅡ(control). Laboratory tests covered red blood cell count (RBC), hematocrit (HCT), platelet count (PLT), monocyte count (MONO), prothrombin time (PT), activated partial thromboplastin time (APTT), fibrinogen (FIB), and D-Dimer. Clinical parameters, including capillary refill time (CRT), flap swelling, and survival status, were evaluated. Animal experiments used Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats to establish random skin flaps. The experimental side received hirudin injection, while the control side received saline. Flaps were photographed to calculate survival rate, and CD31 immunohistochemical (IHC) analysis was performed to calculate microvessel density (MVD). RESULTS The study, with 29 patients, found significant CRT differences between groups on postoperative days 2 and 6 (p = 0.027; p = 0.019), favoring GroupⅠ. Swelling severity varied significantly over time; GroupⅡhad more pronounced swelling. GroupⅠshowed superior flap growth with fewer complications, statistically significant (p = 0.033). Specific lab indicators (MONO, PT, and FIB) were significant at certain times. In animal experiments, the experimental side consistently had higher flap survival and slightly increased CD31 expression at various times, with higher MVD on days 2 and 6. CONCLUSIONS Hirudin enhances flap survival through diverse mechanisms, supporting its role as a complementary approach in perforator flap surgeries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong Wei
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, PR China
| | - Jiong Lyu
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, PR China
| | - Bo Wang
- Department of Pathology, the First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, PR China
| | - Yong He
- Laboratory Animal Center, the First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, PR China
| | - Ling Bi
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, PR China.
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Luo G, Chen L, Chen M, Mao L, Zeng Q, Zou Y, Xue J, Liu P, Wu Q, Yang S, Liu M. Hirudin inhibit the formation of NLRP3 inflammasome in cardiomyocytes via suppressing oxidative stress and activating mitophagy. Heliyon 2024; 10:e23077. [PMID: 38163129 PMCID: PMC10754874 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e23077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2023] [Revised: 11/26/2023] [Accepted: 11/27/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024] Open
Abstract
Context Cardiomyocyte hypertrophy due to hemodynamic overload eventually leads to heart failure. Hirudin has been widely used in the treatment of cardiovascular diseases and NLRP3 inflammasome was proven to induce cardiomyocyte pyroptosis. However, the mechanism by which it inhibits cardiomyocyte hypertrophy remains unclear. Objective To explore the mechanism of hirudin inhibiting cardiomyocyte hypertrophy based on NLRP3 inflammasome activation and mitophagy. Materials & methods 1 μM AngII was used for cardiac hypertrophy modeling in H9C2 cells, and cell viability was quantified by CCK-8 assay to screen the appropriate action concentrations of hirudin. After that, we cultured AngII induced-H9C2 cells for 24 h with 0, 0.3, 0.6, and 1.2 mM hirudin, respectively. Next, we marked H9C2 cells with phalloidine and observed them using fluorescence microscope. IL-1β, IL-18, IL-6, TNF-α, ANP, BNP, β-MHC, and mtDNA were analyzed by qRT-PCR; ROS were quantified by Flow cytometry; SOD, MDA, and GSH-Px were detected by ELISA; and proteins including NLRP3, ASC, caspase-1, pro-caspase-1, IL-1β, IL-18, PINK-1, Parkin, beclin-1, LC3-Ⅰ, LC3-Ⅱ, p62, were quantified by western blotting. Results It was discovered that hirudin reduced the superficial area of AngII-induced H9C2 cells and inhibited the AngII-induced up-regulation of ANP, BNP, and β-MHC. Besides, hirudin down-regulated the expressions of NLRP3 inflammasome-related cytokines, containing IL-1β, IL-18, IL-6, TNF-α. It also down-regulated the expression of mtDNA and ROS, decreased the expression levels of NLRP3 inflammasome activation related proteins, including NLRP3, ASC, caspase-1, pro-caspase-1, IL-1β, IL-18; and increased the expressions of PINK-1, Parkin, beclin-1, LC3-Ⅱ/LC3-Ⅰ, p62 in AngII-induced H9C2 cells. Discussion Hirudin promoted the process of mitophagy, inhibited the development of inflammation and oxidative stress, and inhibited the activation of the NLRP3 inflammasome and the PINK-1/Parkin pathway. Conclusion Hirudin has the activity to suppress cardiac hypertrophy may benefit from the inhibition of NLRP3 inflammasome and activating of PINK-1/Parkin related-mitophagy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gang Luo
- National Traditional Chinese Medicine Clinical Research Base and Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, the Affiliated Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan, PR China
| | - Li Chen
- National Traditional Chinese Medicine Clinical Research Base and Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, the Affiliated Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan, PR China
| | - Mingtai Chen
- Faculty of Chinese Medicine and State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Macau University of Science and Technology, Tapai, Macau
- Department of Cardiovascular Disease, Shenzhen Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Linshen Mao
- National Traditional Chinese Medicine Clinical Research Base and Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, the Affiliated Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan, PR China
| | - Qihu Zeng
- National Traditional Chinese Medicine Clinical Research Base and Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, the Affiliated Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan, PR China
| | - Yuan Zou
- School of Integrated Traditional and Western Medicine, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan, China
| | - Jinyi Xue
- School of Integrated Traditional and Western Medicine, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan, China
| | - Ping Liu
- National Traditional Chinese Medicine Clinical Research Base and Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, the Affiliated Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan, PR China
| | - Qibiao Wu
- Faculty of Chinese Medicine and State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Macau University of Science and Technology, Tapai, Macau
| | - Sijin Yang
- National Traditional Chinese Medicine Clinical Research Base and Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, the Affiliated Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan, PR China
- Faculty of Chinese Medicine and State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Macau University of Science and Technology, Tapai, Macau
| | - Mengnan Liu
- National Traditional Chinese Medicine Clinical Research Base and Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, the Affiliated Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan, PR China
- Faculty of Chinese Medicine and State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Macau University of Science and Technology, Tapai, Macau
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Cao X, Luo Y, Liu X, Shang C, Lu J, Song G, Deng C. Aptamer-thrombin loaded magnetic microspheres for bio-specific extraction and precise detection of hirudin. Talanta 2024; 267:125244. [PMID: 37757694 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2023.125244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2023] [Revised: 09/21/2023] [Accepted: 09/22/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023]
Abstract
Hirudin, that is naturally occurring in leeches (Hirudo medicinalis) and known as the most potent natural inhibitor of thrombin, exerts double-edged effects in clinic application. It can be used as a therapeutic ingredient for cardiovascular disease, while it can be regarded as a toxic polypeptide with bleeding risk. Effective detection of hirudin in biological samples contributes greatly to reasonable therapy. In this study, we proposed a smart adsorbent based on affinity magnetic microspheres, where thrombin was immobilized for capturing hirudin in the animal serum. Aptamer was introduced as a ligand for linking the magnetic agarose microspheres and thrombin, thereby avoiding loss of biological activity of the enzyme to hirudin. Taken recombinant hirudin variant 2-Lys47 (rHV2) as a model, we established a rapid and bio-specific extraction method coupled with liquid chromatography and quadrupole-time-of-flight mass spectrometry (LC-QTOF/MS) for determination of hirudin in the serum. Owing to this strategy, a low limit of detection (LOD) of rHV2 (0.5 nM), a good linearity with correlation coefficient of 0.9975, an acceptable precision with relative standard deviation (RSD) below 3.6% (n = 6) and acceptable recoveries ranging from 85.7% to 90.2% were achieved. Moreover, the functionalized magnetic composite could be reused for at least nine cycles. Our work combined the merits of affinity separation and advanced instrument analysis for hirudin, providing a new vision to precise determination of hirudin in medical and pharmaceutical fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiujun Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 611137, PR China; Research Center of Analysis and Measurement, Fudan University, 2005 Songhu Road, Shanghai, 200438, PR China
| | - Yuan Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 611137, PR China
| | - Xueli Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 611137, PR China
| | - Chunqing Shang
- Enriching Biotechnology (Shanghai) Co. Ltd, 1688 North Guoquan Road, Shanghai, 200438, PR China
| | - Jun Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 611137, PR China.
| | - Guoxin Song
- Research Center of Analysis and Measurement, Fudan University, 2005 Songhu Road, Shanghai, 200438, PR China.
| | - Chunhui Deng
- Department of Chemistry, Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, 2005 Songhu Road, Shanghai, 200438, PR China.
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Kou J, Gao L, Ni L, Shao T, Ding J. Mechanism of Hirudin-Mediated Inhibition of Proliferation in Ovarian Cancer Cells. Mol Biotechnol 2024:10.1007/s12033-023-01003-7. [PMID: 38184808 DOI: 10.1007/s12033-023-01003-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2023] [Accepted: 11/22/2023] [Indexed: 01/08/2024]
Abstract
To investigate the inhibitory effect of hirudin on the cell proliferation of human ovarian cancer A2780 cells by preventing thrombin and its underlying molecular mechanism. Cell Counting Kit-8 (CCK-8) method was used to detect the effect of different concentrations of hirudin and thrombin on the cell proliferation of A2780 cells. PAR-1 wild-type overexpression plasmid was constructed utilizing enzyme digestion identification, and it was transferred to A2780 cells. Sequencing and Western blot were used to detect the changes in PAR-1 protein expression. Western blot detection of PKCα protein phosphorylation in A2780 cells was performed. We also implemented quantitative PCR to detect the mRNA expression levels of epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT)-related genes, CDH2, Snail, and Vimentin, in A2780 cells. 1 μg/ml hirudin treatment maximally inhibited the promotion of A2780 cell proliferation by thrombin. Hirudin inhibited the binding of thrombin to the N-terminus of PAR-1, hindered PKCα protein phosphorylation in A2780 cells, and downregulated the mRNA expression levels of CDH2, Snail, and Vimentin. In conclusion, hirudin inhibits the cell proliferation of ovarian cancer A2780 cells, and the underlying mechanism may be through downregulating the transcription level of EMT genes, CDH2, Snail, and Vimentin. This study indicates that hirudin may have a therapeutic potential as an anti-cancer agent for ovarian cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junyan Kou
- Oncology Department of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Hangzhou Cancer Hospital, No. 34 Yanguan Lane, Ziyang Street, Shangcheng District, Hangzhou, 310000, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Liujie Gao
- Department of Oncology & Hematology, Hangzhou Red Cross Hospital, Hangzhou, 310003, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Liwei Ni
- Oncology Department of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Hangzhou Cancer Hospital, No. 34 Yanguan Lane, Ziyang Street, Shangcheng District, Hangzhou, 310000, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Tingting Shao
- Oncology Department of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Hangzhou Cancer Hospital, No. 34 Yanguan Lane, Ziyang Street, Shangcheng District, Hangzhou, 310000, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Jiyuan Ding
- Department of Oncology & Hematology, Hangzhou Red Cross Hospital, Hangzhou, 310003, Zhejiang Province, China.
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Bai Y, Bai J, Lu P, Jing YM, Zheng WC, Wang LY, Wang JH, Wang F. Hirudin ameliorates myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury in a rat model of hemorrhagic shock and resuscitation: roles of NLRP3-signaling pathway. Mol Cell Biochem 2024; 479:63-72. [PMID: 36988778 DOI: 10.1007/s11010-023-04717-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2023] [Accepted: 03/17/2023] [Indexed: 03/30/2023]
Abstract
Severe hemorrhage shock and resuscitation (HSR) has been reported to induce myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury (MIRI), resulting in a poor prognosis. Hirudin, an effective thrombin inhibitor, can offer protection against MIRI. This study aimed to determine if hirudin administration ameliorates HSR-induced MIRI and the underlying mechanism. A rat model of HSR was established by bleeding rats to a mean arterial blood pressure of 30-35 mmHg for 45 min and then resuscitating them with all the shed blood through the left femoral vein. After HSR, 1 mg/kg of hirudin was administrated immediately. At 24 h after HSR, the cardiac injury was assessed using serum CK-MB, cTnT, hematoxylin-eosin (HE) staining, echocardiography, M1-polarized macrophages, and pyroptosis-associated factors, including cleaved caspase-1, Gasdermin D (GSDMD) N-terminal, IL-1β, and IL-18 were measured by immunofluorescence and western blot assays. Nigericin, a unique agonist, was utilized to evaluate the responsibilities of NLRP3 signaling. Under the HSR condition, rats exhibited a significant increase in myocardial injury score, an elevation of serum cTnT, CK-MB levels, an aggrandization of M1-polarized macrophages, an upregulation of pyroptosis-associated factors, including cleaved caspase-1, GSDMD N-terminal, IL-1β, and IL-18, but a significant decrease in left ventricular ejection fraction (EF%) and a reduction of left ventricular fractional shortening (FS%), while hirudin administration partially restored the changes. However, the NLRP3 agonist nigericin reversed the cardioprotective effects of hirudin. We determined the cardioprotective effects of hirudin against HSR-induced MIRI. The mechanism may involve the inhibition of NLRP3-induced pyroptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Bai
- Department of Anesthesiology, Hebei Province Cangzhou Hospital of Integrated Traditional and Western Medicine, Cangzhou, China
| | - Jing Bai
- Department of Anesthesiology, Cangzhou Central Hospital, Cangzhou, China
| | - Peng Lu
- Department of Cardiovascular Disease, Hebei Province Cangzhou Hospital of Integrated Traditional and Western Medicine, Hebei University of Chinese Medicine, Cangzhou, China
| | - Yu-Mo Jing
- Department of Anesthesiology, Hebei Province Cangzhou Hospital of Integrated Traditional and Western Medicine, Cangzhou, China
| | - Wei-Chao Zheng
- Department of Anesthesiology, Hebei Province Cangzhou Hospital of Integrated Traditional and Western Medicine, Cangzhou, China
| | - Lu-Ying Wang
- Department of Anesthesia and Trauma Research, Department of Anesthesiology, Hebei Province Cangzhou Hospital of Integrated Traditional and Western Medicine, Cangzhou, China
| | - Jian-Hua Wang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Hebei Province Cangzhou Hospital of Integrated Traditional and Western Medicine, Cangzhou, China
| | - Feng Wang
- Department of Cardiovascular Disease, Hebei Province Cangzhou Hospital of Integrated Traditional and Western Medicine, Cangzhou, China.
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Ma Y, Wu S, Zhao F, Li H, Li Q, Zhang J, Li H, Yuan Z. Hirudin inhibits glioma growth through mTOR-regulated autophagy. J Cell Mol Med 2023; 27:2701-2713. [PMID: 37539490 PMCID: PMC10494300 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.17851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2023] [Revised: 07/05/2023] [Accepted: 07/08/2023] [Indexed: 08/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Glioma is the most common primary malignant brain tumour, and survival is poor. Hirudin has anticancer pharmacological effects through suppression of glioma cell progression, but the molecular target and mechanism are poorly understood. In this study, we observed that hirudin dose- and time-dependently inhibited glioma invasion, migration and proliferation. Mechanistically, hirudin activated LC3-II but not Caspase-3 to induce the autophagic death of glioma cells by decreasing the phosphorylation of mTOR and its downstream substrates ULK1, P70S6K and 4EBP1. Furthermore, hirudin inhibited glioma growth and induced changes in autophagy in cell-derived xenograft (CDX) nude mice, with a decrease in mTOR activity and activation of LC3-II. Collectively, our results highlight a new anticancer mechanism of hirudin in which hirudin-induced inhibition of glioma progression through autophagy activation is likely achieved by inhibition of the mTOR signalling pathway, thus providing a molecular basis for hirudin as a potential and effective clinical drug for glioma therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Ma
- Department of NeurologyInstitute of Neuroscience, Key Laboratory of Neurogenetics and Channelopathies of Guangdong Province and the Ministry of Education of China, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical UniversityGuangzhouChina
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Brain Function and DiseaseGuangzhouChina
| | - Senbin Wu
- Department of NeurologyInstitute of Neuroscience, Key Laboratory of Neurogenetics and Channelopathies of Guangdong Province and the Ministry of Education of China, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical UniversityGuangzhouChina
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Brain Function and DiseaseGuangzhouChina
| | - Fanyi Zhao
- Department of NeurologyInstitute of Neuroscience, Key Laboratory of Neurogenetics and Channelopathies of Guangdong Province and the Ministry of Education of China, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical UniversityGuangzhouChina
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Brain Function and DiseaseGuangzhouChina
| | - Huifeng Li
- Department of NeurologyInstitute of Neuroscience, Key Laboratory of Neurogenetics and Channelopathies of Guangdong Province and the Ministry of Education of China, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical UniversityGuangzhouChina
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Brain Function and DiseaseGuangzhouChina
| | - Qiaohong Li
- Department of NeurologyInstitute of Neuroscience, Key Laboratory of Neurogenetics and Channelopathies of Guangdong Province and the Ministry of Education of China, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical UniversityGuangzhouChina
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Brain Function and DiseaseGuangzhouChina
| | - Jingzhi Zhang
- Department of Traditional Chinese MedicineThe Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical UniversityGuangzhouChina
| | - Hua Li
- Laboratory animal center, The Second Affiliated HospitalGuangzhou Medical UniversityGuangzhouChina
| | - Zhongmin Yuan
- Department of NeurologyInstitute of Neuroscience, Key Laboratory of Neurogenetics and Channelopathies of Guangdong Province and the Ministry of Education of China, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical UniversityGuangzhouChina
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Brain Function and DiseaseGuangzhouChina
- Guangdong‐Hong Kong‐Macao Greater Bay Area Center for Brain Science and Brain‐Inspired IntelligenceGuangzhouChina
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Han J, Zuo Z, Shi X, Zhang Y, Peng Z, Xing Y, Pang X. Hirudin ameliorates diabetic nephropathy by inhibiting Gsdmd-mediated pyroptosis. Cell Biol Toxicol 2023; 39:573-589. [PMID: 34212273 DOI: 10.1007/s10565-021-09622-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2021] [Accepted: 06/10/2021] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Our group previously reported that hirudin ameliorated diabetic nephropathy (DN) in streptozotocin (STZ)-injected rats, but the mechanism remained largely unknown. Therefore, we further explored its possible mechanism. We subcutaneously injected 5 U hirudin into STZ-induced WT mice or Gasdermin D (Gsdmd)-/- (KO) mice daily for 12 weeks, respectively, and evaluated their kidney injury. Next, glomerular endothelial cells (GECs), renal tubular epithelial cells (RTECs), and bone-marrow-derived macrophages (BMDMs) were isolated from WT mice and treated with hirudin in the presence of high glucose/lipopolysaccharides and ATP to measure the release of interleukin-18 and interleukin-1β. Kidney injury induced by STZ injection was significantly ameliorated by hirudin through inhibiting Gsdmd-mediated pyroptosis in the mice, not Caspase 1-mediated apoptosis. Meanwhile, hirudin also suppressed pyroptosis in primary GECs, RTECs, and BMDMs in vitro. Moreover, the deletion of Gsdmd reduced pyroptosis and kidney injury both in vivo and in vitro. We also found that hirudin regulated the expression of Gsdmd by inhibiting interferon regulatory factor 2 (Irf2). Hirudin ameliorated Gsdmd-mediated pyroptosis by inhibiting irf2, leading to the improvement of kidney injury. Therefore, hirudin might serve as a potential therapeutic strategy to treat DN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiarui Han
- Henan University of Chinese Medicine, No. 156 Jinshui Dong Road, Zhengdong New District, Zhengzhou, 450046, Henan, China
- Department of Nephropathy, Henan Provincial Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, the Second Hospital Affiliated to Henan University of Chinese Medicine, No. 2 Dongfeng Road, Jinshui District, Zhengzhou, 450002, Henan, China
| | - Zhenkui Zuo
- Henan University of Chinese Medicine, No. 156 Jinshui Dong Road, Zhengdong New District, Zhengzhou, 450046, Henan, China.
- Henan Provincial Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, the Second Hospital Affiliated to Henan University of Chinese Medicine, No. 2 Dongfeng Road, Jinshui District, Zhengzhou, 450002, Henan, China.
| | - Xiujie Shi
- Henan University of Chinese Medicine, No. 156 Jinshui Dong Road, Zhengdong New District, Zhengzhou, 450046, Henan, China
- Department of Nephropathy, Henan Provincial Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, the Second Hospital Affiliated to Henan University of Chinese Medicine, No. 2 Dongfeng Road, Jinshui District, Zhengzhou, 450002, Henan, China
| | - Yage Zhang
- Henan University of Chinese Medicine, No. 156 Jinshui Dong Road, Zhengdong New District, Zhengzhou, 450046, Henan, China
- Department of Nephropathy, Henan Provincial Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, the Second Hospital Affiliated to Henan University of Chinese Medicine, No. 2 Dongfeng Road, Jinshui District, Zhengzhou, 450002, Henan, China
| | - Zining Peng
- Henan University of Chinese Medicine, No. 156 Jinshui Dong Road, Zhengdong New District, Zhengzhou, 450046, Henan, China
- Department of Nephropathy, Henan Provincial Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, the Second Hospital Affiliated to Henan University of Chinese Medicine, No. 2 Dongfeng Road, Jinshui District, Zhengzhou, 450002, Henan, China
| | - Yufeng Xing
- Henan University of Chinese Medicine, No. 156 Jinshui Dong Road, Zhengdong New District, Zhengzhou, 450046, Henan, China
- Department of Nephropathy, Henan Provincial Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, the Second Hospital Affiliated to Henan University of Chinese Medicine, No. 2 Dongfeng Road, Jinshui District, Zhengzhou, 450002, Henan, China
| | - Xinxin Pang
- Henan University of Chinese Medicine, No. 156 Jinshui Dong Road, Zhengdong New District, Zhengzhou, 450046, Henan, China.
- Department of Nephropathy, Henan Provincial Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, the Second Hospital Affiliated to Henan University of Chinese Medicine, No. 2 Dongfeng Road, Jinshui District, Zhengzhou, 450002, Henan, China.
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Raina R, Chakraborty R, Davenport A, Brophy P, Sethi S, McCulloch M, Bunchman T, Yap HK. Anticoagulation in patients with acute kidney injury undergoing kidney replacement therapy. Pediatr Nephrol 2022; 37:2303-30. [PMID: 34668064 DOI: 10.1007/s00467-021-05020-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2020] [Revised: 12/13/2020] [Accepted: 02/18/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Kidney replacement therapy (KRT) is used to provide supportive therapy for critically ill patients with severe acute kidney injury and various other non-renal indications. Modalities of KRT include continuous KRT (CKRT), intermittent hemodialysis (HD), and sustained low efficiency daily dialysis (SLED). However, circuit clotting is a major complication that has been investigated extensively. Extracorporeal circuit clotting can cause reduction in solute clearances and can cause blood loss, leading to an upsurge in treatment costs and a rise in workload intensity. In this educational review, we discuss the pathophysiology of the clotting cascade within an extracorporeal circuit and the use of various types of anticoagulant methods in various pediatric KRT modalities.
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Lukas P, Melikian G, Hildebrandt JP, Müller C. Make it double: identification and characterization of a Tandem- Hirudin from the Asian medicinal leech Hirudinaria manillensis. Parasitol Res 2022; 121:2995-3006. [PMID: 36006484 PMCID: PMC9464118 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-022-07634-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2022] [Accepted: 08/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Haematophagous leeches express a broad variety of secretory proteins in their salivary glands, among them are hirudins and hirudin-like factors. Here, we describe the identification, molecular and initial functional characterization of Tandem-Hirudin (TH), a novel salivary gland derived factor identified in the Asian medicinal leech, Hirudinaria manillensis. In contrast to the typical structure of hirudins, TH comprises two globular domains arranged in a tandem-like orientation and lacks the elongated C-terminal tail. Similar structures of thrombin inhibitors have so far been identified only in kissing bugs and ticks. Expression of TH was performed in both cell-based and cell-free bacterial systems. A subsequent functional characterization revealed no evidence for a thrombin-inhibitory potency of TH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Phil Lukas
- Animal Physiology, Zoological Institute and Museum, University of Greifswald, Felix-Hausdorff-Str. 1, D-17489, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Georgij Melikian
- Animal Physiology, Zoological Institute and Museum, University of Greifswald, Felix-Hausdorff-Str. 1, D-17489, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Jan-Peter Hildebrandt
- Animal Physiology, Zoological Institute and Museum, University of Greifswald, Felix-Hausdorff-Str. 1, D-17489, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Christian Müller
- Animal Physiology, Zoological Institute and Museum, University of Greifswald, Felix-Hausdorff-Str. 1, D-17489, Greifswald, Germany.
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Li WQ, Qin ZS, Chen S, Cheng D, Yang SC, Choi YMM, Chu B, Zhou WH, Zhang ZJ. Hirudin alleviates acute ischemic stroke by inhibiting NLRP3 inflammasome-mediated neuroinflammation: In vivo and in vitro approaches. Int Immunopharmacol 2022; 110:108967. [PMID: 35724604 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2022.108967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2022] [Revised: 05/21/2022] [Accepted: 06/13/2022] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Acute ischemic stroke is a severe condition that a vessel supplying blood to the brain is abruptly blocked mostly due to cerebral thrombosis and embolism. There is a dearth of the effective prevention and early intervention strategies. NOD-like receptor family pyrin domain containing 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome-mediated neuroinflammation plays a crucial role in the pathophysiology of ischemic stroke. Hirudin is a secretion from the salivary glands of the leech Hirudo medicinalis and has a role in regulating inflammation. In this study, hirudin with a dose of 10-40 mg/kg was given to middle cerebral artery occlusion/reperfusion mice. Hirudin markedly constrained cerebral infarct area in a dose-dependent manner, and significantly improved locomotor disability at 40 mg/kg dose. Similar to MCC950, a selective NLRP3 inflammasome inhibitor, hirudin inhibited M1 polarization and promoted M2 polarization. It also strikingly suppressed the ischemia-induced overexpression of NLRP3 and its downstream components, caspase-1, apoptosis-associated speck-like protein (ASC), and interleukin-1β (IL-1β). Hirudin and MCC950 equivalently protected viability and death of BV-2 microglia cells against oxygen-glucose deprivation/reperfusion (OGD/R), an in vitro cell model of brain ischemia. Both agents had similar effects in normalizing the OGD/R-evoked aberrant microglial profiles and NLRP3 pathway dysregulation as observed in the mice. These results demonstrated anti-ischemic effects of hirudin and its association with the inhibition of microglial NLRP3 inflammasome-mediated neuroinflammation. Hirudin is a promising agent for the early intervention of acute ischemic stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Qi Li
- School of Chinese Medicine, LKS Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China; Department of Chinese Medicine, The University of Hong Kong-Shenzhen Hospital (HKU-SZH), Shenzhen, China
| | - Zong-Shi Qin
- School of Chinese Medicine, LKS Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Shuang Chen
- School of Chinese Medicine, LKS Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Dan Cheng
- School of Chinese Medicine, LKS Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Si-Chang Yang
- School of Chinese Medicine, LKS Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | | | - Buggic Chu
- JINKANGDAOFU Bio-Technology Limited Co., Hong Kong, China
| | - Wei-Hai Zhou
- Guangxi KeyKen Research Institute of Natural Hirudin, Nanning, Guangxi, China
| | - Zhang-Jin Zhang
- School of Chinese Medicine, LKS Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China; Department of Chinese Medicine, The University of Hong Kong-Shenzhen Hospital (HKU-SZH), Shenzhen, China.
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11
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Shen Y, Ye H, Zhang D, Yang M, Ji Y, Tang L, Zhu X, Yuan L. The role of exosomal CDC6 in the hirudin-mediated suppression of the malignant phenotype of bladder cancer cells. Gene 2022; 821:146269. [PMID: 35150820 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2022.146269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2021] [Revised: 12/22/2021] [Accepted: 01/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Bladder cancer is a malignant tumor characterized by high recurrence and persistence due to the limited therapies that are currently available. Hirudin exerts a strong anticancer effect on several tumors. Thus, it is urgent to explore the biological function of hirudin in bladder cancer and the role of bladder cancer-derived exosomes in tumor inhibition. METHODS First, a network pharmacology analysis was performed to explore the relationships among hirudin, bladder cancer, and exosomes. Then, the effects of hirudin were examined by CCK-8 assay, flow cytometry, Transwell assay, and tumorigenic ability experiments in vitro. Exosomes derived from cells were identified with transmission electron microscopy, fluorescence labeling, and Western blotting and collected for further microarray analysis. Only CDC6 expression and mRNA abundance in hirudin-treated cells and exosomes was subjected to further validation using quantitative PCR and Western blotting. RESULTS Through network analysis, we found that hirudin affected bladder cancer, and this effect was related to exosomes. Our studies verified the effects of hirudin by revealing that hirudin inhibits malignant processes of bladder cancer cells in vitro, such as invasion, metastasis, and apoptosis. Similarly, the oncogenic effects of bladder cancer-derived exosomes were successfully isolated and identified. Via microarray assessment of the exosomes, we identified 600 differential mRNAs, of which the expression of the core target CDC6 was found to be significantly different in both The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) and Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) datasets. We further confirmed that hirudin suppresses CDC6 expression mRNA abundance in both cells and exosomes. CONCLUSION Hirudin was able to decrease the expression of CDC6 in bladder cancer cells and exosomes, which effectively repressed the malignant processes of bladder cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Shen
- Department of Urology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Jiangsu Province Second Chinese Medicine Hospital, Nanjing, China
| | - Hesong Ye
- Department of Urology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Jiangsu Province Second Chinese Medicine Hospital, Nanjing, China
| | - Dongjian Zhang
- Department of Urology, Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Jiangsu Province Hospital of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Ming Yang
- Department of Urology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Jiangsu Province Second Chinese Medicine Hospital, Nanjing, China
| | - Yuanyuan Ji
- Department of Urology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Jiangsu Province Second Chinese Medicine Hospital, Nanjing, China
| | - Longlong Tang
- Department of Urology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Jiangsu Province Second Chinese Medicine Hospital, Nanjing, China
| | - Xudong Zhu
- Department of Urology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Jiangsu Province Second Chinese Medicine Hospital, Nanjing, China
| | - Lin Yuan
- Department of Urology, Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Jiangsu Province Hospital of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China.
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Zheng Z, Li X, Dai X, Ge J, Chen Y, Du C. Surface functionalization of anticoagulation and anti-nonspecific adsorption with recombinant hirudin modification. Biomater Adv 2022; 135:212741. [PMID: 35929214 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioadv.2022.212741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2021] [Revised: 02/14/2022] [Accepted: 02/26/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Surface functionalization to improve the blood compatibility is pivotal for the application of biomaterials. In this article, the surface of silicon was first functionalized with chemical groups, such as amino, quinone and phenol groups by the self-polymerization of dopamine, which were used to immobilize anticoagulant drugs hirudin. The detailed analysis and discussion about the grafting groups, morphology, wettability, the dynamic adsorption of proteins, the cytological property and the blood compatibility on the surfaces were carried on by the technology of contact angle, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, quartz crystal microbalance, endothelial cells culture and anticoagulant blood test in vivo. The surface with hirudin modification exhibited hydrophilic property and significantly inhibited the nonspecific adsorption of albumin, while it was more approachable to fibronectin. In vitro study displayed that the surface loaded with hirudin could promote the proliferation of endothelial cells. The evaluation of anticoagulant showed good anti-adhesion effect on platelets and the hemolysis rate decreased significantly to less than 0.4%. Activated partial thromboplastin time (APTT) of the silicon wafer loaded with hirudin can exceed 38 s, and the APTT prolongs as the hirudin concentration rises. This study suggested that such simple but effective surface functionalization technique, combining excellent anticoagulant activity together with reendothelialization potential due to the preferable fibronectin adsorption, provide great practical significance to the application of cardiovascular materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiwen Zheng
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Materials Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510641, PR China; National Engineering Research Center for Tissue Restoration and Reconstruction, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, PR China; Key Laboratory of Biomedical Materials Science and Engineering, Ministry of Education, and Innovation Center for Tissue Restoration and Reconstruction, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, PR China
| | - Xueyang Li
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Materials Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510641, PR China; National Engineering Research Center for Tissue Restoration and Reconstruction, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, PR China; Key Laboratory of Biomedical Materials Science and Engineering, Ministry of Education, and Innovation Center for Tissue Restoration and Reconstruction, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, PR China
| | - Xin Dai
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Materials Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510641, PR China; National Engineering Research Center for Tissue Restoration and Reconstruction, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, PR China; Key Laboratory of Biomedical Materials Science and Engineering, Ministry of Education, and Innovation Center for Tissue Restoration and Reconstruction, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, PR China
| | - Jianhui Ge
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Materials Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510641, PR China; National Engineering Research Center for Tissue Restoration and Reconstruction, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, PR China; Key Laboratory of Biomedical Materials Science and Engineering, Ministry of Education, and Innovation Center for Tissue Restoration and Reconstruction, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, PR China
| | - Yunhua Chen
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Materials Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510641, PR China; National Engineering Research Center for Tissue Restoration and Reconstruction, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, PR China; Key Laboratory of Biomedical Materials Science and Engineering, Ministry of Education, and Innovation Center for Tissue Restoration and Reconstruction, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, PR China
| | - Chang Du
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Materials Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510641, PR China; National Engineering Research Center for Tissue Restoration and Reconstruction, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, PR China; Key Laboratory of Biomedical Materials Science and Engineering, Ministry of Education, and Innovation Center for Tissue Restoration and Reconstruction, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, PR China.
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Du J, Kang Z, Huang L, Zhou F, Feng X, Huang J. Protective effects of Hirudin against compartment syndrome in rabbits through the activation of Nrf2/HO-1. Injury 2022; 53:408-415. [PMID: 34872701 DOI: 10.1016/j.injury.2021.11.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2021] [Revised: 11/02/2021] [Accepted: 11/08/2021] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Compartment syndrome generates an oxidative condition causing the death of skeletal muscle cells. Hirudin has antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. However, its correlation with the pathway of Nrf2/HO-1 for the protection of the skeletal muscle is unknown. We aimed to evaluate the protective efficacy of double-doses of hirudin in compartment syndrome and its association with Nrf2/HO-1 expression. Compartment syndrome was induced in rabbits and double-doses of hirudin (0-8 ATU/kg) were locally administered to select an optimal Hirudin concentration that protects skeletal muscle from damage. The tissue structural changes, W/D ratio, lipid peroxidation level by MDA assay and inflammatory factors were determined in the skeletal muscle. To determine the musculoprotective efficacy of H8 at 72 h timepoint after compartment syndrome, and its association with the Nrf2/HO-1 pathway, the following assays were performed by TUNEL assay and immunofluorescence: necrosis (high-mobility group box-1; HMGB1), Nrf2, and HO-1. In addition, the HO-1 mRNA was evaluated by qPCR. Hirudin in a dose of 8 ATU/kg (H8) presented the lowest levels of histological damage, fibrosis, W/D ratio and oxidative stress in the studied groups. Moreover, treatment with H8 markedly downregulated the level of inflammatory factors including TNF-a, IL-1β and IL-6. H8 showed a protective effect at 72 h timepoint after compartment syndrome, as revealed by a decrease in the levels of all damage markers. Nuclear translocation Nrf2 and HO-1 staining in cytoplasm were increased, and the levels of HO-1 mRNA were also increased. In conclusion, double-doses of H8 alleviate the death of muscle cells induced by oxidative stress 72 h after compartment syndrome in rabbits. This protective effect is associated with the nuclear translocation of Nrf2 and an elevated expression of HO-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianhang Du
- Department of Orthopaedic, Shanghai Pudong Hospital, Fudan University Pudong Medical Center, 2800 Gongwei Road, Huinan Town, Pudong, Shanghai 201399, China
| | - Zhanrong Kang
- Department of Orthopaedic, Shanghai Pudong Hospital, Fudan University Pudong Medical Center, 2800 Gongwei Road, Huinan Town, Pudong, Shanghai 201399, China
| | - Libiao Huang
- Department of Orthopaedic, Shanghai Pudong Hospital, Fudan University Pudong Medical Center, 2800 Gongwei Road, Huinan Town, Pudong, Shanghai 201399, China.
| | - Fei Zhou
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai Pudong Hospital, Fudan University Pudong Medical Center, 2800 Gongwei Road, Huinan Town, Pudong, Shanghai 201399, China
| | - Xu Feng
- Department of Orthopaedic, Shanghai Pudong Hospital, Fudan University Pudong Medical Center, 2800 Gongwei Road, Huinan Town, Pudong, Shanghai 201399, China
| | - Jianming Huang
- Department of Orthopaedic, Shanghai Pudong Hospital, Fudan University Pudong Medical Center, 2800 Gongwei Road, Huinan Town, Pudong, Shanghai 201399, China.
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14
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Cao S, Li X, Feng T, Li Y, Ding H, Xie L, Yang Q. Hirudin promotes proliferation and osteogenic differentiation of HBMSCs via activation of cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP)/protein kinase-G (PKG) signaling pathway. Bioengineered 2021; 13:6061-6069. [PMID: 34898364 PMCID: PMC8973852 DOI: 10.1080/21655979.2021.2008697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Osteoporosis is a public health problem resulting in higher susceptibility to bone fracture. Hirudin is known as a direct thrombin inhibitor, which is isolated from the salivary gland of the medicinal leech. This present study aimed to evaluate the effect of Hirudin on the proliferation and osteogenic differentiation of human bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (HBMSCs). In our study, the effect of Hirudin on the proliferation of HBMSCs was evaluated with the CCK-8 and MTT assays. The capacity of osteogenic differentiation and mineralization of HBMSCs were evaluated with ALP and alizarin red staining, respectively. cGMP content was determined by ELISA. Western blotting and qRT-PCR were used to investigate the effect of Hirudin on the expression of osteoblast-specific markers, including Runx2, osterix (OSX), osteocalcin (OCN), collagen1 (Col1). In our study, Hirudin treatment promoted cell viability. Moreover, Hirudin treatment increased ALP activity of HBMSCs and red coloration of alizarin. Interestingly, cGMP inhibitor partly reversed the effect of Hirudin on the proliferation, differentiation and mineralization of HBMSCs. In conclusion, Hirudin promoted the proliferation, differentiation and mineralization of HBMSCs via activation of cGMP signaling pathway. Hence, Hirudin contributed to bone remodeling and might represent as an effective agent for the treatment of osteoporosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shun Cao
- Department of Orthopaedics, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing City (210017), Jiangsu Province, PR China
| | - Xianghui Li
- Department of Orthopaedics, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing City (210017), Jiangsu Province, PR China
| | - Ting Feng
- Department of General Studies, Affiliated Hospital of Shaanxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Xianyang City (712046), Shanxi Province, PR China
| | - Yaqing Li
- Academic Affairs Office, Jiangsu Health Vocational College, Nanjing City (211899), Jiangsu Province, PR China
| | - Hongwei Ding
- Department of Orthopaedics, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing City (210017), Jiangsu Province, PR China
| | - Lin Xie
- Department of Orthopedics, Jiangsu province integrated traditional Chinese and Western medicine hospital, Nanjing city (210028), Jiangsu Province, PR China
| | - Quanhong Yang
- Department of Orthopaedics, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing City (210017), Jiangsu Province, PR China
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15
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Ren K, Gong H, Huang J, Liu Y, Dong Q, He K, Tian L, Zhang F, Yu A, Wu C. Thrombolytic and anticoagulant effects of a recombinant staphylokinase- hirudin fusion protein. Thromb Res 2021; 208:26-34. [PMID: 34688099 DOI: 10.1016/j.thromres.2021.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2021] [Revised: 09/28/2021] [Accepted: 10/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
A pure recombinant staphylokinase-hirudin fusion protein (SFH) was obtained by recombinant genetic engineering and purification techniques. The thrombolytic and anticoagulant activities of SFH were investigated using in vitro coagulation models and chromogenic assays. The results showed that intact SFH had targeted thrombolytic activity, and gained anticoagulant activity when cleaved by FXa. In addition, we investigated the pharmacodynamics of SFH in vivo using a variety of animal models, including a rat inferior vena cava thrombosis model, a rat coronary thrombosis model, a rabbit carotid artery thrombosis model and a canine coronary thrombosis model. We found that SFH had an obvious thrombolytic effect and could prevent and reduce re-embolization after thrombolysis and reduce the serious bleeding side effects caused by the combination of thrombolytic and anticoagulant drugs. The results suggest that SFH can be used for thrombolytic therapy in thromboembolic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keyun Ren
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, PR China; Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing 100850, PR China
| | - Hao Gong
- The Innovative Drug R & D Center of Wuhan Junke-Optical Valley, Wuhan, Hubei 430072, PR China
| | - Junjie Huang
- The Innovative Drug R & D Center of Wuhan Junke-Optical Valley, Wuhan, Hubei 430072, PR China
| | - Yubin Liu
- Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing 100850, PR China
| | - Qiaoyan Dong
- Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing 100850, PR China
| | - Kun He
- The Innovative Drug R & D Center of Wuhan Junke-Optical Valley, Wuhan, Hubei 430072, PR China
| | - Lvming Tian
- The Innovative Drug R & D Center of Wuhan Junke-Optical Valley, Wuhan, Hubei 430072, PR China
| | - Fan Zhang
- The Innovative Drug R & D Center of Wuhan Junke-Optical Valley, Wuhan, Hubei 430072, PR China
| | - Aiping Yu
- Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing 100850, PR China
| | - Chutse Wu
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, PR China; Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing 100850, PR China.
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Müller C, Eickelmann C, Sponholz D, Hildebrandt JP. Short tail stories: the hirudin-like factors HLF6 and HLF7 of the Asian medicinal leech, Hirudinaria manillensis. Parasitol Res 2021; 120:3761-3769. [PMID: 34599360 PMCID: PMC8516769 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-021-07316-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2021] [Accepted: 09/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The leech-derived hirudins and hirudin-like factors (HLFs) share a common molecule structure: a short N-terminus, a central globular domain, and an elongated C-terminal tail. All parts are important for function. HLF6 and HLF7 were identified in the Asian medicinal leech, Hirudinaria manillensis. The genes of both factors encode putative splice variants that differ in length and composition of their respective C-terminal tails. In either case, the tails are considerably shorter compared to hirudins. Here we describe the functional analyses of the natural splice variants and of synthetic variants that comprise an altered N-terminus and/or a modified central globular domain. All natural splice variants of HLF6 and HLF7 display no detectable thrombin-inhibitory potency. In contrast, some synthetic variants effectively inhibit thrombin, even with tails as short as six amino acid residues in length. Our data indicate that size and composition of the C-terminal tail of hirudins and HLFs can vary in a great extent, yet the full protein may still retain the ability to inhibit thrombin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Müller
- Animal Physiology and Biochemistry, Zoological Institute and Museum, University of Greifswald, Felix-Hausdorff-Str. 1, 17489, Greifswald, Germany.
| | - Chantal Eickelmann
- Animal Physiology and Biochemistry, Zoological Institute and Museum, University of Greifswald, Felix-Hausdorff-Str. 1, 17489, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Dana Sponholz
- Animal Physiology and Biochemistry, Zoological Institute and Museum, University of Greifswald, Felix-Hausdorff-Str. 1, 17489, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Jan-Peter Hildebrandt
- Animal Physiology and Biochemistry, Zoological Institute and Museum, University of Greifswald, Felix-Hausdorff-Str. 1, 17489, Greifswald, Germany
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Liu J, Chen B, Zhao B, Luo X, Li J, Xie Y, Li B, Chen H, Zhao M, Yan H. Effect of hirudin on arterialized venous flap survival in rabbits. Biomed Pharmacother 2021; 142:111981. [PMID: 34364044 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2021.111981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2021] [Revised: 07/04/2021] [Accepted: 07/26/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Arterialized venous flap (AVF) is limited in clinical application because its survival remains inconsistent and its exact survival mechanism is still unclear. Hirudin is an effective thrombin specific inhibitor, which is isolated from the salivary gland secretions of the leech. Our study evaluated the impact of hirudin on the viability of AVFs in rabbits. Thirty-six rabbits were randomly divided into three groups: sham group (physiological perfusion), control group (AVF), and hirudin group (AVF + hirudin). In hirudin group, 20 antithrombin units (ATU) hirudin (2.5 ml) were injected into each flap. In sham group and control group, the same amount of normal saline was injected into each flap. Status of flap survival, water content, vascular perfusion, histopathology, expression of CD34, VEGF, eNOS and HIF-1α were analyzed in each group. Analysis of oxidative stress was performed by measuring the activity of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and malondialdehyde (MDA). Compared with flaps in sham group with physiological perfusion mode, results of survival rate, perfusion status, SOD activity, expression of CD34, VEGF, and eNOS of AVFs in control group were significantly lower, while water content, MDA level and expression of HIF-1α were higher. The flap condition of AVFs injected with hirudin in hirudin group was improved significantly, and the results were similar to sham group. Our findings revealed that hirudin can effectively improve survival of AVF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junling Liu
- Department of Hand and Microsurgery, the Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University; the Second School of Medicine, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325027, China
| | - Baoxia Chen
- Department of Post Anaesthesia Care Unit, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, The Second School of Medicine, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325027, China
| | - Bin Zhao
- Department of Post Anaesthesia Care Unit, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, The Second School of Medicine, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325027, China
| | - Xiaobin Luo
- Department of Hand and Microsurgery, the Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University; the Second School of Medicine, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325027, China
| | - Jiafeng Li
- Department of Hand and Microsurgery, the Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University; the Second School of Medicine, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325027, China
| | - Yutong Xie
- The Second School of Medicine, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325027, China
| | - Baolong Li
- Department of Hand and Microsurgery, the Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University; the Second School of Medicine, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325027, China
| | - Hongyu Chen
- Department of Hand and Microsurgery, the Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University; the Second School of Medicine, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325027, China
| | - Mengyao Zhao
- Department of Hand and Microsurgery, the Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University; the Second School of Medicine, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325027, China
| | - Hede Yan
- Department of Hand and Microsurgery, the Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University; the Second School of Medicine, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325027, China.
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Khvatkov P, Firsov A, Shvedova A, Kozlov O, Chernobrovkina M, Pushin A, Shaloiko L, Dolgov S. Wolffia arrhiza as a promising producer of recombinant hirudin. 3 Biotech 2021; 11:209. [PMID: 33927997 DOI: 10.1007/s13205-021-02762-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2021] [Accepted: 03/29/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The production of recombinant proteins in transgenic plants is becoming an increasingly serious alternative to classical biopharming methods as knowledge about this process grows. Wolffia arrhiza, an aquatic plant unique in its anatomy, is a promising expression system that can grow in submerged culture in bioreactors. In our study 8550 explants were subjected to Agrobacterium-mediated transformation, and 41 independent hygromycin-resistant Wolffia lines were obtained, with the transformation efficiency of 0.48%. 40 of them contained the hirudin-1 gene (codon-optimized for expression in plants) and were independent lines of nuclear-transformed Wolffia, the transgenic insertion has been confirmed by PCR and Southern blot analysis. We have analyzed the accumulation of the target protein and its expression has been proven in three transgenic lines. The maximum accumulation of recombinant hirudin was 0.02% of the total soluble protein, which corresponds to 775.5 ± 111.9 ng g-1 of fresh weight of the plant. The results will be used in research on the development of an expression system based on Wolffia plants for the production of hirudin and other recombinant pharmaceutical proteins.
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Ren K, Gong H, Hu L, He K, Yu A, Hu S, Liang S, Zhou C, Wu C. Study on the activity of recombinant mutant tissue-type plasminogen activator fused with the C-terminal fragment of hirudin. J Thromb Thrombolysis 2021. [PMID: 33826053 DOI: 10.1007/s11239-021-02440-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
In the present study, bifunctional fusion proteins were designed by fusing the kringle 2 and protease domains of tissue-type plasminogen activator (tPA) to the C-terminal fragment of hirudin. The thrombolytic and anticoagulant activities of these recombinant proteins from mammalian cells were investigated using in vitro coagulation models and chromogenic assays. The results showed that all assayed tPA mutants retained catalytic activity. The C-terminal fragment of hirudin may have weak affinity to thrombin and thus was insufficient to suppress thrombin-mediated fibrin agglutination. The strength of the thrombolytic activity only relied on the selected tPA sequences, and the fibrinolytic efficiency of single-chain protein significantly decreased. Our data indicate that truncated tPA combined with a hirudin peptide may provide a framework for the further development of a new antithrombotic agent.
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Yang R, Liu C, Li Q, Wang W, Wu B, Chen A, Wang B, Li W, Chen J. Artificial intelligence based identification of the functional role of hirudin in diabetic erectile dysfunction treatment. Pharmacol Res 2021; 163:105244. [PMID: 33053440 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2020.105244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2020] [Revised: 09/28/2020] [Accepted: 10/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Diabetic erectile dysfunction (DED) hugely affected the patients' sexual life quality. However, there are no satisfactory therapeutic methods and intervention targets for this subtype of erectile dysfunction (ED). Inspired by the clinical practice of traditional Chinese medicine (TCM), we found that hirudin, the main active ingredient in the leech, could ameliorate the ED symptoms of the DED mouse model. To further reveal the underlying mechanism of hirudin, we designed a novel strategy to discover potential targets based on the diagnostic system of TCM, and found that myeloperoxidase (MPO) was a promising target of hirudin. Hirudin directly interacts with MPO and inhibits its activity, thus further decreases the content of oxidized low-density lipoprotein (ox-LDL) in serum. Our results demonstrated that the hirudin could ameliorate the symptoms of DED, and revealed the underlying mechanism of hirudin in regulating the activity of MPO.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruocong Yang
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, 100029, China
| | - Chao Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Qianqian Li
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, 100029, China
| | - Weilu Wang
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, 100029, China
| | - Bingbing Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Aiping Chen
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, 100029, China
| | - Bin Wang
- Department of Andrology, Dongzhimen Hospital, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 100700, China.
| | - Wei Li
- State Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China.
| | - Jianxin Chen
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, 100029, China.
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Song CG, Bi LJ, Zhao JJ, Wang X, Li W, Yang F, Jiang W. The efficacy and safety of Hirudin plus Aspirin versus Warfarin in the secondary prevention of Cardioembolic Stroke due to Nonvalvular Atrial Fibrillation: A multicenter prospective cohort study. Int J Med Sci 2021; 18:1167-1178. [PMID: 33526977 PMCID: PMC7847633 DOI: 10.7150/ijms.52752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2020] [Accepted: 12/22/2020] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: To investigate the efficacy and safety of hirudin plus aspirin therapy compared with warfarin in the secondary prevention of cardioembolic stroke due to nonvalvular atrial fibrillation (NVAF). Methods: Patients with cardioembolic stroke due to NVAF were prospectively enrolled from 18 collaborating hospitals from Dec 2011 to June 2015. Fourteen days after stroke onset, eligible patients were assigned to the hirudin plus aspirin group (natural hirudin prescribed as the traditional Chinese medicine Maixuekang capsule, 0.75 g, three times daily, combined with aspirin 100 mg, once daily) or the warfarin group (dose-adjusted warfarin targeting international normalized ratio (INR) 2-3, with an initial daily dose of 1.25 mg). Patients were followed up at 1, 2, 3, 6, 9, and 12 months after stroke onset. Time in therapeutic range (TTR) was calculated according to Rosendaal methodology to evaluate the quality of INR management in the warfarin group. The primary efficacy endpoint was the recurrence of stroke within 12 months after stroke onset. Safety was assessed as the occurrence of the composite event "intracranial hemorrhage and other bleeding events, death, and other serious adverse events". The Cox proportional hazard model and Kaplan-Meier curve were used to analyze the efficacy and safety events. Results: A total of 221 patients entered final analysis with 112 patients in the hirudin plus aspirin group and 109 in the warfarin group. Over the whole duration of our study, TTR for patients taking warfarin was 66.5 % ± 21.5%. A significant difference was not observed in the recurrence of stroke between the two groups (3.57% vs. 2.75%; P = 0.728). The occurrence of safety events was significantly lower in the hirudin plus aspirin group (2.68% vs.10.09%; P = 0.024). The risk for efficacy event was similar between the two groups (hazard ratio (HR), 1.30; 95% confidence interval (CI), 0.29-5.80). The safety risk was significantly lower in the hirudin plus aspirin group (HR, 0.27; 95% CI, 0.07-0.95). Kaplan-Meier analysis revealed significant difference in the temporal distribution in safety events (P = 0.023) but not in stroke recurrence (P = 0.726). Conclusion: Significant difference in efficacy was not detected between warfarin group and hirudin plus aspirin group. Compared with warfarin, hirudin plus aspirin therapy had lower safety risk in the secondary prevention of cardioembolic stroke due to NVAF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chang-Geng Song
- Department of Neurology, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Li-Jie Bi
- Department of Neurology, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Jing-Jing Zhao
- Department of Neurology, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Xuan Wang
- Department of Neurology, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Wen Li
- Department of Neurology, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Fang Yang
- Department of Neurology, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Wen Jiang
- Department of Neurology, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
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Chen J, Shi W, Xu Y, Zhang H, Chen B. Hirudin prevents vascular endothelial cell apoptosis and permeability enhancement induced by the serum from rat with chronic renal failure through inhibiting RhoA/ROCK signaling pathway. Drug Dev Res 2020; 82:553-561. [PMID: 33345328 DOI: 10.1002/ddr.21773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2020] [Revised: 11/25/2020] [Accepted: 12/02/2020] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Endothelial cells injury and activation contribute to arteriovenous fistula (AVF) stenosis. Hirudin (Hiru) can inhibit the activity of thrombin, which was reported to enhance endothelial cell permeability and promote vascular inflammatory responses. RhoA/ROCK signaling pathway is also important in regulating vascular endothelial permeability. This study aimed to investigate the role of Hiru on the viability and permeability of human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) following stimulation of serum from rat with chronic renal failure (CRF) and illustrated the effects of Hiru on RhoA/ROCK signaling. Wistar rats were randomly divided into control group and CRF group. Serum from each group was collected to stimulate HUVECs. Proliferation capability was estimated with Cell Count Kit-8 (CCK-8) assay. Transwell assay was performed to determine permeability. Cell apoptosis was examined using Tunel staining. Telomere length and telomerase activity were determined by qPCR. Moreover, the expression of RhoA, ROCK1 and ROCK2 was estimated via western blot. Results showed that the serum from CRF rat significantly inhibited cell viability while enhanced cell permeability and apoptosis. Different concentrations of Hiru prevented the above effects caused by CRF serum. Additionally, Hiru recovered the CRF serum-induced decreased telomere length and telomerase activity. Hiru also inhibited the protein expression of RhoA, ROCK1 and ROCK2, which were activated by CRF serum. Moreover, the ROCK inhibitor, Y27632, exhibited similar effects with Hiru. In conclusion, Hiru-restored HUVECs cell viability, telomere length and telomerase activity, suppressed permeability and apoptosis in the presence of CRF serum might depend on inactivating the RhoA/ROCK signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Chen
- Department of Nephrology, Lianyungang Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Lianyungang, China
| | - Wenbin Shi
- Department of Nephrology, Lianyungang Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Lianyungang, China
| | - Yan Xu
- Department of Nephrology, Lianyungang Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Lianyungang, China
| | - Huaming Zhang
- Department of Nephrology, Lianyungang Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Lianyungang, China
| | - Bo Chen
- Department of Nephrology, Lianyungang Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Lianyungang, China
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Zhang H, Chen H, Li J, Bian Y, Song Y, Li Z, He F, Liu S, Tsai Y. Hirudin protects against isoproternol-induced myocardial infraction by alleviating oxidative via an Nrf2 dependent manner. Int J Biol Macromol 2020; 162:425-35. [PMID: 32553970 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2020.06.097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2020] [Revised: 06/09/2020] [Accepted: 06/11/2020] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Oxidative stress plays a critical role in the progression of myocardial injury. Increasing evidence suggests that hiruidin can treat patients with cardio-injury. However, the mechanism of hirudin against myocardial infraction remains unknown. In the present study, we evaluated the potential role and mechanism of hirudin on both isoproterenol (ISO)-induced myocardial infraction (MI) in rats and Hypoxia-Reoxygenation model in H9C2 cells. Compared with the model group, hirudin apparently decreased the levels of myocardial Creatine Kinase Isoenzyme-MB (CK-MB), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), and alleviated myocardial histopathological changes induced by ISO injection. The underlying mechanisms were revealed by the following observations: Hirudin exerted its cardioprotective effect via restoring super oxide dismutase (SOD), attenuating reactive oxygen species (ROS) and malondialdehyde (MDA). It induced the activation of Nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) signal pathway through disrupting Keap1-Nrf2 complex, thus Nrf2 translocated from cytoplasm to nucleus to regulate Nrf2-dependent gene (HO-1, SOD) expressions. Furthermore, it should be noted that hirudin restored mitochondrial membrane potential in addition to cytochrome C-related apoptosis.
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Pang X, Zhang Y, Peng Z, Shi X, Han J, Xing Y. Hirudin reduces nephropathy microangiopathy in STZ-induced diabetes rats by inhibiting endothelial cell migration and angiogenesis. Life Sci 2020; 255:117779. [PMID: 32417374 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2020.117779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2020] [Accepted: 05/09/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Kidney is the most common location of microangiopathy in diabetic patients, and we designed this study to investigate the effects of hirudin on renal microangiopathy in STZ-induced diabetes rats and in vitro. METHODS We established a diabetes model by intraperitoneal injection of STZ and administered hirudin daily by subcutaneous injection. HE staining was used to assess kidney pathological changes. Western blot and immunochemistry was used to detect the protein expression. Glomerular endothelial cells (GEC) in normal rats were assessed by cell scratch test for migration ability and tubule formation experiment for angiogenesis ability. RESULTS Compared with DN rats without any treatment, the serum creatinine, serum Cys C, 24-hour urine protein of DN rats with hirudin treatment were significantly decrease, the kidney/body weight and glomerular area of DN rats with hirudin treatment were all significantly decrease, and also significant improvement in renal pathology revealed by HE staining in DN rats after treating with hirudin. Moreover, we also found that hirudin coun not only significantly increase the prothrombin time and aivated partial thromboplastin time in DN rats, but also significantly decrease the expression of VEGF and TM-1 protein in kidney tissues of DN rats. In vitro, we found that high glucose could promote the migration and angiogensis of GEC, and significantly increased the expression of VEGF and Ang protein, but significantly decreased the expression of THBS1 and Arg1 protein. More importantly was that hirudin could inhibit the migration and angiogensis of GEC, and reversed HG-induced the expression of VEGF, Ang, THBS1 and Arg1 protein in GEC. In addition, we also found that hirudin could not only decrease HG-enhanced the activity of RhoA in GEC, but also decrease HG-enhanced the expression of p-MYPT1/MYPT1, p-p38/p38 protein in GEC. CONCLUSION Hirudin reduces nephropathy microangiopathy in STZ-induced diabetes, and might be related to hirudin inhibiting glomerular endothelial cell migration and angiogenesis through Rho-kinase and subsequent p38MAPK/NF-kB signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinxin Pang
- Department of Nephropathy, Henan Provincial Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, China; Department of Nephropathy, The Second Hospital Affiliated to Henan University of Chinese Medicine, China
| | - Yage Zhang
- Department of Nephropathy, Henan Provincial Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, China; Department of Nephropathy, The Second Hospital Affiliated to Henan University of Chinese Medicine, China
| | - Zining Peng
- Department of Nephropathy, Henan Provincial Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, China; Department of Nephropathy, The Second Hospital Affiliated to Henan University of Chinese Medicine, China
| | - Xiujie Shi
- Department of Nephropathy, Henan Provincial Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, China; Department of Nephropathy, The Second Hospital Affiliated to Henan University of Chinese Medicine, China
| | - Jiarui Han
- Department of Nephropathy, Henan Provincial Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, China; Department of Nephropathy, The Second Hospital Affiliated to Henan University of Chinese Medicine, China.
| | - Yufeng Xing
- Department of Nephropathy, Henan Provincial Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, China; Department of Nephropathy, The Second Hospital Affiliated to Henan University of Chinese Medicine, China
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Müller C, Lukas P, Sponholz D, Hildebrandt JP. The hirudin-like factors HLF3 and HLF4-hidden hirudins of European medicinal leeches. Parasitol Res 2020; 119:1767-1775. [PMID: 32363441 PMCID: PMC7261268 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-020-06697-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2020] [Accepted: 04/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The hirudin-like factors 3 (HLF3) and 4 (HLF4) belong to a new class of leech-derived factors and are present in specimens of the three European medicinal leeches, Hirudo medicinalis, Hirudo verbana, and Hirudo orientalis, respectively. Here we describe the functional analysis of natural and synthetic variants of HLF3 and HLF4. Whereas the natural variants display only very low or no detectable anti-coagulatory activities, modifications within the N-termini in combination with an exchange of the central globular domain have the potency to greatly enhance the inhibitory effects of respective HLF3 and HLF4 variants on blood coagulation. Our results support previous observations on the crucial importance of all parts (both the N- and C-termini as well as the central globular domains) of hirudin and HLF molecules for thrombin inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Müller
- Animal Physiology and Biochemistry, Zoological Institute and Museum, University of Greifswald, Felix-Hausdorff-Str. 1, 17489, Greifswald, Germany.
| | - Phil Lukas
- Animal Physiology and Biochemistry, Zoological Institute and Museum, University of Greifswald, Felix-Hausdorff-Str. 1, 17489, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Dana Sponholz
- Animal Physiology and Biochemistry, Zoological Institute and Museum, University of Greifswald, Felix-Hausdorff-Str. 1, 17489, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Jan-Peter Hildebrandt
- Animal Physiology and Biochemistry, Zoological Institute and Museum, University of Greifswald, Felix-Hausdorff-Str. 1, 17489, Greifswald, Germany
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Xie Y, Lan F, Zhao J, Shi W. Hirudin improves renal interstitial fibrosis by reducing renal tubule injury and inflammation in unilateral ureteral obstruction (UUO) mice. Int Immunopharmacol 2020; 81:106249. [PMID: 32066115 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2020.106249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2019] [Revised: 01/15/2020] [Accepted: 01/23/2020] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Renal interstitial fibrosis (RIF) often occurs in many chronic kidney diseases (CKD). Hirudin now is applied to treat fibrosis in some organs. In this study, we verified the treatment effects of hirudin on RIF in vivo and in vitro with the underlying mechanism. The RIF in vivo was the unilateral ureteral obstruction (UUO) model and RIF in vitro was the renal tubular epithelial cells induced by TGF-β. The renal pathological changes and renal fibrosis were observed by hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) staining and Masson staining. The α-SMA in renal tissues was detected by immunohistochemistry. The inflammatory factors were analyzed by the ELISA assay. The cell apoptosis was observed by TUNEL assay. The related proteins of fibrosis, epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) and apoptosis were assessed by western blot analysis. The experimental data demonstrated that hirudin decreased fibrosis, EMT, inflammation and cell apoptosis in renal tissues of UUO rats and TGF-β-induced renal tubular epithelial cells. Furthermore, hirudin also reduced the expression of collgen-I, FN, α-SMA, N-cad, slug, E-cad, IL-1β, IL-6 and TNF-α in mice serum and TGF-β-induced renal tubular epithelial cells. The apoptosis related proteins (pro-caspase3, pro-caspase9, bcl2 and bax) expression was also down-regulated in renal tissues of UUO rats. In conclusion, hirudin depressed the fibrosis in renal tissues and renal tubular epithelial cells by inhibiting the inflammation, regulating the related proteins of fibrosis and ETM and decreasing the apoptosis of renal tubular epithelial cells. These findings may offer an effective treatment method for RIF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongxiang Xie
- Department of Nephrology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanning, Guangxi 530023, China
| | - Fang Lan
- Department of Nephrology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanning, Guangxi 530023, China
| | - Jie Zhao
- College of Graduate School, Guangxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanning, Guangxi 530001, China
| | - Wei Shi
- Department of Nephrology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanning, Guangxi 530023, China.
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Alharbi A, Thompson JP, Brindle NP, Stover CM. Ex vivo modelling of the formation of inflammatory platelet-leucocyte aggregates and their adhesion on endothelial cells, an early event in sepsis. Clin Exp Med 2019; 19:321-337. [PMID: 30191349 PMCID: PMC6647484 DOI: 10.1007/s10238-018-0526-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2018] [Accepted: 08/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Septicaemia is an acute inflammatory reaction in the bloodstream to the presence of pathogen-associated molecular patterns. Whole blood stimulation assays capture endotoxin-induced formation of aggregates between platelets and leucocytes using flow cytometry. We wanted to assess extent of spontaneous aggregate formation in whole blood stimulation assays and compare the effects of endotoxin and heat-killed, clinically relevant, bacterial pathogens on aggregate formation and then on adhesion of aggregates to TNFα-stimulated endothelial cells. We found that endotoxin (from Escherichia coli or Salmonella enteritidis) was not a suitable stimulus to provoke platelet-leucocyte aggregates in vitro, as it did not further increase the extent of aggregates formed spontaneously in stasis of hirudin-anticoagulated blood. Specifically, whole blood samples stimulated with or without LPS produced aggregates with a mean surface area of 140.97 and 117.68 μm2, respectively. By contrast, incubation of whole blood with heat-killed Klebsiella pneumoniae or Staphylococcus aureus produced significantly enhanced and complex cellular aggregates (with a mean surface area of 470.61 and 518.39 μm2, respectively) which adhered more frequently to TNFα (and free fatty acid)-stimulated endothelial cells. These were reliably captured by scanning electron microscopy. Adhesion of cellular aggregates could be blocked by incubation of endothelial cells with a commercial P-selectin antibody and an angiopoietin-2 ligand trap. In conclusion, we have developed an in vitro method that models the acute inflammatory reaction in whole blood in the presence of sepsis-relevant bacterial pathogen surfaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Azzah Alharbi
- Department of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, College of Life Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester, LE1 9HN, UK
- King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Jonathan P Thompson
- Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, Division of Anaesthesia, Critical Care and Pain Management, University of Leicester, Robert Kilpatrick Clinical Sciences Building, Leicester Royal Infirmary, Leicester, LE2 7LX, UK
| | - Nicholas P Brindle
- Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, College of Life Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester, LE1 9HN, UK
- Department of Molecular & Cell Biology, College of Life Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester, LE1 9HN, UK
| | - Cordula M Stover
- Department of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, College of Life Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester, LE1 9HN, UK.
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Lin G, Lin B, Zhu J, Pan X, Yin G. [Effect of natural hirudin on angiogenesis of human microvascular endothelial cells]. Zhongguo Xiu Fu Chong Jian Wai Ke Za Zhi 2019; 32:1586-1591. [PMID: 30569688 DOI: 10.7507/1002-1892.201806055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Objective To explore the effect of natural hirudin on proliferation of human microvascular endothelial cells (HMVECs) and its preliminary mechanism of promoting angiogenesis. Methods Three-dimensional culture models of HMVECs were established in vitro and observed by inverted phase contrast microscopy after 24 hours of culturing. Then, the three-dimensional culture models of HMVECs were treated with different concentrations (1, 4, and 7 ATU/mL) of the natural hirudin, respectively, and Dulbecco's modified Eagle's medium containing 10% fetal bovine serum as control. The cell proliferations of 4 groups were detected by cell counting kit 8 (CCK-8) method at 24, 48, and 72 hours; the angiogenesis of 4 groups were observed by tube formation assay at 24 hours; the expressions of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and Notch1 of HMVECs in 4 groups were observed by immunofluorescence staining at 24 hours. Results The observation of cells in three-dimensional culture models showed that HMVECs attached to Matrigel well, and the cells formed tube structure completely after 24 hours. The results of CCK-8 test showed that the absorbance ( A) value of 1 and 4 ATU/mL groups were higher than that of control group at each time point ( P<0.05), and A value of 4 ATU/mL group was the highest. The A value of 7 ATU/mL group was significantly lower than those of 1 and 4 ATU/mL groups and control group ( P<0.05). The tube formation assay showed that the tube structure was more in 1 and 4 ATU/mL groups than in 7 ATU/mL group and control group, and in 4 ATU/mL group than in 1 ATU/mL group, showing significant differences ( P<0.05). There was no significant difference between 7 ATU/mL group and control group ( P>0.05). The results of immunofluorescence staining showed that compared with control group, the Notch1 expression was higher in 1 and 4 ATU/mL groups and lower in 7 ATU/mL group; and there was significant difference between 4 and 7 ATU/mL groups and control group ( P<0.05). The VEGF expression was higher in 1, 4, and 7 ATU/mL groups than in control group, in 4 ATU/mL group than in 1 and 7 ATU/mL groups, showing significant differences ( P<0.05). Conclusion Natural hirudin can promote angiogenesis at low and medium concentrations, but suppress angiogenesis at high concentrations. Its mechanism may be related to the VEGF-Notch signal pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guanyu Lin
- Department of Plastic and Aesthetic Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning Guangxi, 530021, P.R.China
| | - Bojie Lin
- Department of Plastic and Aesthetic Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning Guangxi, 530021, P.R.China
| | - Jiangying Zhu
- Department of Plastic and Aesthetic Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning Guangxi, 530021, P.R.China
| | - Xinyuan Pan
- Department of Burn and Plastic Surgery, Minzu Hospital of Zhuang Autonomous Region, Nanning Guangxi, 530001, P.R.China
| | - Guoqian Yin
- Department of Plastic and Aesthetic Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning Guangxi, 530021,
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Abstract
Hirudin was discovered as an active anticoagulant in leech extracts almost 60 years ago. Since their initial discovery, hirudin and its variants have been produced with various anti-thrombotic, cancer cell inhibition, diabetic cataract treatment and anti-fatigue activities. Some hirudin variants have been approved for clinical use and released into the marketplace. Recent progress has seen made in relation to hirudin variants expressed in several well-established microbial hosts, including Escherichia coli, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Pichia pastoris and others, with high levels of activity and yield. This review summarizes the current progress on hirudin production using microbial producers, and considers the outlook for future development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianguo Zhang
- a Institute of Food Science and Engineering, School of Medical Instrument and Food Engineering , University of Shanghai for Science and Technology , Shanghai , China
| | - Nana Lan
- a Institute of Food Science and Engineering, School of Medical Instrument and Food Engineering , University of Shanghai for Science and Technology , Shanghai , China
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Sheffield WP, Eltringham-Smith LJ, Bhakta V. A factor XIa-activatable hirudin-albumin fusion protein reduces thrombosis in mice without promoting blood loss. BMC Biotechnol 2018; 18:21. [PMID: 29621998 PMCID: PMC5887181 DOI: 10.1186/s12896-018-0431-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2017] [Accepted: 03/27/2018] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Hirudin is a potent thrombin inhibitor but its antithrombotic properties are offset by bleeding side-effects. Because hirudin’s N-terminus must engage thrombin’s active site for effective inhibition, fusing a cleavable peptide at this site may improve hirudin’s risk/benefit ratio as a therapeutic agent. Previously we engineered a plasmin cleavage site (C) between human serum albumin (HSA) and hirudin variant 3 (HV3) in fusion protein HSACHV3. Because coagulation factor XI (FXI) is more involved in thrombosis than hemostasis, we hypothesized that making HV3 activity FXIa-dependent would also improve HV3’s potential therapeutic profile. We combined albumin fusion for half-life extension of hirudin with positioning of an FXIa cleavage site N-terminal to HV3, and assessed in vitro and in vivo properties of this novel protein. Results FXIa cleavage site EPR was employed. Fusion protein EPR-HV3HSA but not HSAEPR-HV3 was activated by FXIa in vitro. FVIIa, FXa, FXIIa, or plasmin failed to activate EPR-HV3HSA. FXIa-cleavable EPR-HV3HSA reduced the time to occlusion of ferric chloride-treated murine arteries and reduced fibrin deposition in murine endotoxemia; noncleavable mycHV3HSA was without effect. EPR-HV3HSA elicited less blood loss than constitutively active HV3HSA in murine liver laceration or tail transection but extended bleeding time to the same extent. EPR-HV3HSA was partially activated in citrated human or murine plasma to a greater extent than HSACHV3. Conclusions Releasing the N-terminal block to HV3 activity using FXIa was an effective way to limit hirudin’s bleeding side-effects, but plasma instability of the exposed EPR blocking peptide rendered it less useful than previously described plasmin-activatable HSACHV3.
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Affiliation(s)
- William P Sheffield
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, McMaster University, 1280 Main Street West, Hamilton, ON, L8S 4K1, Canada. .,Centre for Innovation, Canadian Blood Services, Hamilton, ON, Canada.
| | - Louise J Eltringham-Smith
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, McMaster University, 1280 Main Street West, Hamilton, ON, L8S 4K1, Canada
| | - Varsha Bhakta
- Centre for Innovation, Canadian Blood Services, Hamilton, ON, Canada
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Mulder VC, Bastiaans J, van Leuven CJM, van Meurs JC, Kluft C. Thrombin Generation in Vitreous and Subretinal Fluid of Patients with Retinal Detachment. Ophthalmologica 2018; 240:23-28. [PMID: 29617690 DOI: 10.1159/000487757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2017] [Accepted: 02/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To measure prothrombin fragments (F1+2) and thrombin-antithrombin complex (TAT) in vitreous and subretinal fluid (SRF) of rhegmatogenous retinal detachment (RRD) patients and to validate and further specify our earlier finding of increased thrombin activity in patients with proliferative vitreoretinopathy (PVR). METHODS F1+2 and TAT were measured in 31 vitreous and 16 SRF samples using the Enzygnost® immunoassays. RESULTS We found significant levels of F1+2 and TAT in the vitreous of all patients with RRD compared to patients with macular hole or macular pucker. However, there was no significant difference between patients who would develop PVR in the future, had established PVR, and patients with uncomplicated RRD both in vitreous concentrations of F1+2 (Kruskal-Wallis p = 0.963) and TAT (p = 0.516). CONCLUSION The analysis of F1+2 and TAT confirmed significant thrombin generation in both vitreous and SRF of patients with RRD. An imbalance between the thrombin regulation mechanisms TAT and α2-macroglobulin possibly explains the difference from our previous findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Verena C Mulder
- Rotterdam Ophthalmic Institute, Rotterdam Eye Hospital, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Jeroen Bastiaans
- Department of Immunology, Erasmus Medical Centre, Rotterdam, the Netherlands.,Department of Ophthalmology, Columbia University, New York, New York, USA
| | | | - Jan C van Meurs
- Rotterdam Ophthalmic Institute, Rotterdam Eye Hospital, Rotterdam, the Netherlands.,Department of Ophthalmology, Erasmus Medical Centre, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
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Rubak P, Skipper MT, Larsen OH, Hvas AM. Continuous exploration of parameters derived from multiple electrode platelet aggregometry is warranted. Thromb Res 2018; 164:45-47. [PMID: 29476989 DOI: 10.1016/j.thromres.2018.02.138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2017] [Revised: 02/05/2018] [Accepted: 02/16/2018] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Peter Rubak
- Centre for Haemophilia and Thrombosis, Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Aarhus University Hospital, Denmark.
| | - Mette Tiedemann Skipper
- Centre for Haemophilia and Thrombosis, Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Aarhus University Hospital, Denmark.
| | - Ole Halfdan Larsen
- Centre for Haemophilia and Thrombosis, Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Aarhus University Hospital, Denmark.
| | - Anne-Mette Hvas
- Centre for Haemophilia and Thrombosis, Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Aarhus University Hospital, Denmark.
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Lemke S, Müller C, Hildebrandt JP. Be ready at any time: postprandial synthesis of salivary proteins in salivary gland cells of the haematophagous leech Hirudo verbana. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017; 219:1139-45. [PMID: 27103675 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.135509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2015] [Accepted: 02/03/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Sanguivorous leeches are ectoparasites having access to body fluids of potential hosts only infrequently. During feeding, salivary proteins are released from unicellular salivary glands into the wound. These substances, among them anti-coagulants, anti-inflammatory or anti-microbial agents, allow these animals proper feeding and long-term storage of host blood in their crops for several months. Using histological, protein biochemical and molecular techniques, we investigated whether synthesis of salivary proteins and refilling of salivary gland cells occur immediately after feeding or later when stored nutrients in the crop are getting scarce. The results of the histological analyses showed that gland cell area was significantly smaller right after feeding when compared with those in unfed animals. This parameter recovered quickly and reached the control level at 1 week after feeding. 2D gel electrophoresis and analysis of the abundance of individual proteins in extracts of leech tissues revealed that a subset of proteins that had been present in extracts of unfed animals virtually disappeared during feeding, but re-appeared within 1 week of feeding (most probably secretory proteins) while another subset did not change during the experimental period (most probably housekeeping proteins). Semi-quantitative PCR analysis of hirudin cDNA prepared from leech RNA samples revealed that the amount of hirudin transcripts increased immediately after feeding, peaked at 5 days after feeding and declined to control values thereafter. Our results indicate that bloodsucking leeches synthesize salivary proteins and refill their salivary gland cell reservoirs within a week of a blood meal to be prepared for another feeding opportunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Lemke
- Animal Physiology and Biochemistry, Zoological Institute and Museum, Ernst Moritz Arndt University, Felix-Hausdorff-Strasse 1, Greifswald D-17487, Germany
| | - Christian Müller
- Animal Physiology and Biochemistry, Zoological Institute and Museum, Ernst Moritz Arndt University, Felix-Hausdorff-Strasse 1, Greifswald D-17487, Germany
| | - Jan-Peter Hildebrandt
- Animal Physiology and Biochemistry, Zoological Institute and Museum, Ernst Moritz Arndt University, Felix-Hausdorff-Strasse 1, Greifswald D-17487, Germany
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34
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Müller C, Haase M, Lemke S, Hildebrandt JP. Hirudins and hirudin-like factors in Hirudinidae: implications for function and phylogenetic relationships. Parasitol Res 2017; 116:313-25. [PMID: 27785600 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-016-5294-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2016] [Accepted: 10/12/2016] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Haematophagous leeches express a broad variety of bioactive factors that are released from the salivary gland cells into the wound of a host during feeding. Among these, hirudin is probably the best studied factor and, moreover, the only one that has successfully made the transition from nature to clinical use. Many components of the leech saliva still remain either poorly characterized or yet completely unknown. Only recently, a new class of leech-derived factors has been discovered in Hirudo medicinalis, the hirudin-like factors (HLFs). HLFs comprise typical structural features of hirudin but lack others. We were able to verify the expression of HLFs not only in two additional species of the genus Hirudo, but also in Hirudinaria manillensis. Various phylogenetic analyses based on gene and protein sequences support a sister group relationship between hirudins and HLFs. Although potential molecular targets of HLFs remain unknown, the presence of multiple isoforms in individual leeches of different genera points to key functions in the regulation of several processes associated with the blood-sucking life style of leeches.
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Abstract
The concept of Unani medicine is based on balancing body humours, the imbalance of which causes diseases. The application of leech therapy in medical and dental science is well recognized. Although easy and non-invasive, complications also exist. The article aims to presents a brief review on the applications of leech therapy. The physiological effect, along with its therapeutic role in cancer, diabetes and dentistry have been underlined. Complications of leech therapy have also been dealt with.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kunal Jha
- Senior Lecturer, Department of Public Health Dentistry, Kalinga Institute of Dental Sciences, KIIT University, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India
| | - Aarti Garg
- Senior Lecturer, Department of Pedodontics & Preventive Dentistry, Jaipur Dental College, Rajasthan, India
| | - Ridhi Narang
- Senior Lecturer, Department of Public Health Dentistry, Post Graduate Institute of Dental Sciences, Rohtak, Haryana, India
| | - Sunanda Das
- Assistant Editor, Journal of Clinical and Diagnostic Research, Delhi, India
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36
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Zhao L. Hirudin inhibits cell growth via ERK/MAPK signaling in human glioma. Int J Clin Exp Med 2015; 8:20983-20987. [PMID: 26885029 PMCID: PMC4723874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2015] [Accepted: 10/25/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Glioma is one of the most common intracranial tumors, and the prognosis is poor though more and more treatments are employed. ERK/MAPK signaling has been reported to be associated with glioma. In the present study, we aimed to investigate hirudin as an antineoplastic drug inhibits ERK/MAPK signaling in glioma growth in vitro. The cell proliferation and apoptosis rate were detected using MTS and Annexin V staining assay, cell cycle distribution was detected using flowcytometry assay. Furthermore, the relevant molecules of ERK/MAPK signaling were examined using Western blot analysis and immunofluorescence staining assay. We provide the first evidence that hirudin increase inactivation state of ERK1/2, down-regulate the expression of canonical ERK/MAPK signaling pathway and establish an important role for hirudin in the treatment of glioma cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Zhao
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First People's Hospital of Yuhang Hangzhou 310016, Zhejiang, P. R. China
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37
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Müller C, Mescke K, Liebig S, Mahfoud H, Lemke S, Hildebrandt JP. More than just one: multiplicity of Hirudins and Hirudin-like Factors in the Medicinal Leech, Hirudo medicinalis. Mol Genet Genomics 2016; 291:227-40. [PMID: 26267058 DOI: 10.1007/s00438-015-1100-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2015] [Accepted: 07/23/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Blood-sucking leeches like the medicinal leech, Hirudo medicinalis, have been used for medical purposes since ancient times. During feeding, medicinal leeches transfer a broad range of bioactive substances into the host's wound to prevent premature hemostasis and blood coagulation. Hirudin is probably the best known of these substances. Despite its long history of investigation, recombinant production and clinical use, there still exist conflicting data regarding the primary structure of hirudin. Entirely unclear is the potential biological significance of three different subtypes and many isoforms of hirudins that have been characterized so far. Furthermore, there is only incomplete information on their cDNA sequences and no information at all on gene structures and DNA sequences are available in the databases. Our efforts to fill these gaps revealed the presence of multiple hirudin-encoding genes in the genome of Hirudo medicinalis. We have strong evidence for the expression of all three subtypes of hirudin within individual leeches and for the expression of additional hirudins or hirudin-like factors that may have different biological functions and may be promising candidates for new drugs.
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38
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Yang Y, Zhang M, Kang X, Jiang C, Zhang H, Wang P, Li J. Impaired adult hippocampal neurogenesis and cognitive ability in a mouse model of intrastriatal hemorrhage. Neurosci Lett 2015; 599:133-9. [PMID: 26021875 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2015.05.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2015] [Revised: 05/19/2015] [Accepted: 05/22/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Thrombin released by hematoma is an important mediator of the secondary injury of intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH), however, the effect of thrombin on adult neurogenesis and cognitive ability remains elusive. In this study, intrastriatal injection of 0.05 U thrombin didn't affect the neurogenesis at the subgranular zone (SGZ), which was distal to the injection site. 0.1 U thrombin increased the 5-bromo-2-deoxyuridine(+) (BrdU(+), S-phase proliferating cells)/doublecortin(+) (DCX(+), immature neurons) double labelled neurons, but decreased BrdU(+)/NeuN(+) double labelled mature neurons. Higher doses of thrombin (1 U, 2 U, and 5 U) significantly decreased the BrdU(+)/DCX(+) and BrdU(+)/NeuN(+) double labelled cells. After 1 U thrombin injection, cell apoptosis was found at the dentate gyrus of hippocampus at 3-24 h, but not 5 d post-injury. Thrombin infusion (1 U) induced spatial memory deficits in Morris water maze test; whereas, hirudin, the thrombin antagonist, significantly reversed both neurogenesis loss and spatial learning and memory impairment. In conclusion, at least at short term (5 days) after striatum ICH, the effect of high dose of thrombin on neurogenesis of SGZ, and the spatial learning and memory ability, is detrimental.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Yang
- Department of Neurological, Chinese PLA General Hospital, No. 28, Fuxing Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100036, China
| | - Meikui Zhang
- Department of Telemedicine Center, Chinese PLA General Hospital, No. 28, Fuxing Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100036, China.
| | - Xiaoni Kang
- Department of Telemedicine Center, Chinese PLA General Hospital, No. 28, Fuxing Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100036, China
| | - Chen Jiang
- Department of Telemedicine Center, Chinese PLA General Hospital, No. 28, Fuxing Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100036, China
| | - Huan Zhang
- Department Students Brigade, The Second Military Medical University, No. 800, Xiangyin Road, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Pei Wang
- Department of Telemedicine Center, Chinese PLA General Hospital, No. 28, Fuxing Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100036, China
| | - Jingjing Li
- Department of Telemedicine Center, Chinese PLA General Hospital, No. 28, Fuxing Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100036, China
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Li L, Lin H, Lei C, Nie Z, Huang Y, Yao S. Label-free fluorescence assay for thrombin based on unmodified quantum dots. Biosens Bioelectron 2013; 54:42-7. [PMID: 24240167 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2013.10.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2013] [Revised: 10/14/2013] [Accepted: 10/15/2013] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Rapid and sensitive assay of thrombin and its inhibition in a high-throughput manner is of great significance in the diagnostic and pharmaceutical fields. In this article, we developed a novel biosensor for the detection of thrombin and its inhibition based on the aggregation behavior of the unmodified CdTe QDs. A cationic substrate peptide of thrombin (GGLVPRGSCC-NH2, S-peptide) can attach to the surface of CdTe QDs, partly balance their surface negative charge, and induce the aggregation of QDs, which results in the fluorescence quenching of QDs. After hydrolysis of S-peptide by thrombin, two kinds of shorter peptides (P1-peptide, GGLVPR, and P2-peptide, GSCC) are produced. The uncharged P2-peptide rather than the cationic P1-peptide would bind to QDs. Hence, the CdTe QDs were kept stable in the solution with the fluorescence being maintained. The change of fluorescence intensity would sensitively respond to thrombin activity and its inhibition. Fluorescence spectroscopy, transmission electron microscopy and dynamic light scattering were performed to discuss the quenching mechanism. Under optimized conditions, this method enables measurement of thrombin in the range of 10-100 μU/mL with the detection limit of 1.5 μU/mL. Not only in buffer, but also in blood serum, such sensor exhibited extraordinarily high sensitivity and excellent specificity. In addition, the typical inhibitor of thrombin, hirudin, was also successfully assayed by this method (from 2 μU/mL to 30 μU/mL with the LOD of 0.21 μU/mL). Furthermore, the present approach could also be potentially extended to other proteases and their inhibitors detection with unmodified CdTe QDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lijun Li
- State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University, Yuelu shan, Changsha, Hunan 410082, PR China
| | - Hui Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University, Yuelu shan, Changsha, Hunan 410082, PR China
| | - Chunyang Lei
- State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University, Yuelu shan, Changsha, Hunan 410082, PR China
| | - Zhou Nie
- State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University, Yuelu shan, Changsha, Hunan 410082, PR China
| | - Yan Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University, Yuelu shan, Changsha, Hunan 410082, PR China.
| | - Shouzhuo Yao
- State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University, Yuelu shan, Changsha, Hunan 410082, PR China
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Alkindi S, Smith OP, Enright H. Successful Use of Alternative Anticoagulants in the Management of Heparin-induced Thrombocytopenia with Thrombotic Complications: Report of 5 cases and review of literature. Sultan Qaboos Univ Med J 2011; 11:391-398. [PMID: 22087382 PMCID: PMC3210050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2011] [Revised: 04/11/2011] [Accepted: 05/18/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Heparin is one of the most frequently used anticoagulants. It is easy to use, but can be associated with life-threatening side effects. One of these is heparin-induced thrombocytopenia syndrome (HITS), which develops in about 3-5% of patients exposed to heparin and is associated with thrombosis in 1% of cases. We report here the successful treatment of five patients with HITS who were treated with alternative anticoagulants namely danaparoid or hirudin. The median time between their exposure to heparin and onset of symptoms and or signs was 10.2 days (range 7-14 days). Platelet counts decreased to a mean of 38.4 x 10(9) /l (12-82 x 10(9)/l). All five patients had evidence of thrombosis; four patients had clinical and radiological evidence of pulmonary emboli, one patient had confirmed deep vein thrombosis (DVT) and one patient had extensive skin necrosis of the thighs and abdomen. Platelet aggregation test were positive in two patients, inconclusive in one patient and negative in two patients. Two patients were anticoagulated with danaparoid and three with hirudin until their platelet counts returned to normal between 4 and 14 days (average 6 days) following the recognition of the syndrome. Our patients had significant morbidity, but no mortality. Immediate withdrawal of heparin is of paramount importance and introduction of alternative anticoagulant is necessary in the presence of thrombosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Salam Alkindi
- Department of Haematology, Sultan Qaboos University Hospital, Muscat, Oman
| | - Owen P Smith
- Department of Haematology, The Adelaide & Meath Hospital, incorporating the National Children’s Hospital, Tallaght, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Helen Enright
- Department of Haematology, The Adelaide & Meath Hospital, incorporating the National Children’s Hospital, Tallaght, Dublin, Ireland
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41
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Nigar Z, Alam MA. Effect of taleeq (leech therapy) in dawali (varicose veins). Anc Sci Life 2011; 30:84-91. [PMID: 22557433 PMCID: PMC3336254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Dawali (varicose vein) is first described in Ebers Papyrus over 3500 years ago. Dawali is a disease in which veins of legs and feet become dilated, tortuous, and greenish in colour due to excess accumulation of blood which is derived from saudavi madda & balgham ghaleez. The aetiology of varicose veins is still incompletely under stood, despite the fact that it is a very common disease affecting all ages from teenagers to elderly people. The complication of varicose veins like venous eczema, venous pigmentation, lipodermatosclerosis, superficial thrombophlebitis, venous ulceration, etc impair health related quality of life significantly. The objective of the study is to evaluate the efficacy of Taleeq in Dawali and to provide safe & cost effective alternative treatment. Randomized controlled clinical open trial was conducted in regimenal unit of NIUM Hospital. 50 patients were divided into 2 groups, 30 in test & 20 in control group. Test group was treated with Taleeq on alternate day & control group was treated with grade 2 compression stockings & limb elevation for 2 months. Response was measured by assessment of pain / leg discomfort, limb girth at calf, ankle, and feet, pigmentation area & colour on every 15(th) day. Hb% was assessed on every 15(th) day to check anaemia. Effect on anatomy of vein was assessed by colour flow Doppler USG. Test group showed significant reduction in pain, limb girth, pigmentation, number of perforators. Control group showed significant reduction in pain & limb girth, but there was no improvement on pigmentation. Both groups do not show significant improvement on SFJ & SPJ incompetency. Test group has major effects in improvement of all parameters. Study stresses that leech therapy should be administered in combination with compression stockings & other effective treatment modalities like weight normalization for obese patients, physical therapy, dietary modification etc for optimal results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zar Nigar
- National Institute of Unani Medicine, Kottige Palya, Magadi Main Road, Bangalore, India, Corresponding author
| | - Md. Anwar Alam
- National Institute of Unani Medicine, Kottige Palya, Magadi Main Road, Bangalore, India
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Chaudhary S, Parmenter DL, Moloney MM. Transgenic Brassica carinata as a vehicle for the production of recombinant proteins in seeds. Plant Cell Rep 1998; 17:195-200. [PMID: 30736499 DOI: 10.1007/s002990050377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Hirudin, a blood anticoagulant protein from leeches, and β-glucuronidase were produced in Brassica carinata Braun (Ethiopian mustard) seeds using oleosin as a carrier. Cotyledonary petioles were infected with Agrobacterium strains containing oleosin-glucuronidase (pCGNOBPGUS-A) or oleosin-hirudin (pCGN-OBHIRT) constructs. Polymerase chain reaction and neomycin phosphotransferase II enzyme assays confirmed the presence of the fusion genes in plants regenerating under selection. The fusion polypeptides were correctly expressed and targeted to the oil-bodies of the seeds with high fidelity (ca. 90%). Recombinant protein was purified from all other cellular protein by a simple flotation process and cleaved from oil-bodies using the endoprotease, Factor Xa. Hirudin activity was measured using a colorimetric thrombin inhibition assay and an activity in the range of 0.2-0.4 antithrombin units per milligram of oil-body protein was detected. B. carinata offers an attractive alternative for the production of recombinant proteins using oleosin technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Chaudhary
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Calgary, 2500 University Drive NW, Calgary, Alberta, T2N 1N4, Canada Faxno.: +1-403-220-6823 E-mail: , , , , , , CA
| | - D L Parmenter
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Calgary, 2500 University Drive NW, Calgary, Alberta, T2N 1N4, Canada Faxno.: +1-403-220-6823 E-mail: , , , , , , CA
| | - M M Moloney
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Calgary, 2500 University Drive NW, Calgary, Alberta, T2N 1N4, Canada Faxno.: +1-403-220-6823 E-mail: , , , , , , CA
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