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Takada R, Toritsuka M, Yamauchi T, Ishida R, Kayashima Y, Nishi Y, Ishikawa M, Yamamuro K, Ikehara M, Komori T, Noriyama Y, Kamikawa K, Saito Y, Okano H, Makinodan M. Granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor-induced macrophages of individuals with autism spectrum disorder adversely affect neuronal dendrites through the secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines. Mol Autism 2024; 15:10. [PMID: 38383466 PMCID: PMC10882766 DOI: 10.1186/s13229-024-00589-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2023] [Accepted: 02/06/2024] [Indexed: 02/23/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND A growing body of evidence suggests that immune dysfunction and inflammation in the peripheral tissues as well as the central nervous system are associated with the neurodevelopmental deficits observed in autism spectrum disorder (ASD). Elevated expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines in the plasma, serum, and peripheral blood mononuclear cells of ASD has been reported. These cytokine expression levels are associated with the severity of behavioral impairments and symptoms in ASD. In a prior study, our group reported that tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) expression in granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor-induced macrophages (GM-CSF MΦ) and the TNF-α expression ratio in GM-CSF MΦ/M-CSF MΦ (macrophage colony-stimulating factor-induced macrophages) was markedly higher in individuals with ASD than in typically developed (TD) individuals. However, the mechanisms of how the macrophages and the highly expressed cytokines affect neurons remain to be addressed. METHODS To elucidate the effect of macrophages on human neurons, we used a co-culture system of control human-induced pluripotent stem cell-derived neurons and differentiated macrophages obtained from the peripheral blood mononuclear cells of five TD individuals and five individuals with ASD. All participants were male and ethnically Japanese. RESULTS Our results of co-culture experiments showed that GM-CSF MΦ affect the dendritic outgrowth of neurons through the secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines, interleukin-1α and TNF-α. Macrophages derived from individuals with ASD exerted more severe effects than those derived from TD individuals. LIMITATIONS The main limitations of our study were the small sample size with a gender bias toward males, the use of artificially polarized macrophages, and the inability to directly observe the interaction between neurons and macrophages from the same individuals. CONCLUSIONS Our co-culture system revealed the non-cell autonomous adverse effects of GM-CSF MΦ in individuals with ASD on neurons, mediated by interleukin-1α and TNF-α. These results may support the immune dysfunction hypothesis of ASD, providing new insights into its pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryohei Takada
- Department of Psychiatry, Nara Medical University School of Medicine, 840 Shijo-Cho, Kashihara City, Nara, 634-8522, Japan
| | - Michihiro Toritsuka
- Department of Psychiatry, Nara Medical University School of Medicine, 840 Shijo-Cho, Kashihara City, Nara, 634-8522, Japan.
| | - Takahira Yamauchi
- Department of Psychiatry, Nara Medical University School of Medicine, 840 Shijo-Cho, Kashihara City, Nara, 634-8522, Japan
| | - Rio Ishida
- Department of Psychiatry, Nara Medical University School of Medicine, 840 Shijo-Cho, Kashihara City, Nara, 634-8522, Japan
| | - Yoshinori Kayashima
- Department of Psychiatry, Nara Medical University School of Medicine, 840 Shijo-Cho, Kashihara City, Nara, 634-8522, Japan
| | - Yuki Nishi
- Department of Psychiatry, Nara Medical University School of Medicine, 840 Shijo-Cho, Kashihara City, Nara, 634-8522, Japan
| | - Mitsuru Ishikawa
- Department of Physiology, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-Ku, Tokyo, 160-8582, Japan
| | - Kazuhiko Yamamuro
- Department of Psychiatry, Nara Medical University School of Medicine, 840 Shijo-Cho, Kashihara City, Nara, 634-8522, Japan
| | - Minobu Ikehara
- Department of Psychiatry, Nara Medical University School of Medicine, 840 Shijo-Cho, Kashihara City, Nara, 634-8522, Japan
| | - Takashi Komori
- Department of Psychiatry, Nara Medical University School of Medicine, 840 Shijo-Cho, Kashihara City, Nara, 634-8522, Japan
| | - Yuki Noriyama
- Department of Psychiatry, Nara Medical University School of Medicine, 840 Shijo-Cho, Kashihara City, Nara, 634-8522, Japan
| | - Kohei Kamikawa
- Department of Psychiatry, Nara Medical University School of Medicine, 840 Shijo-Cho, Kashihara City, Nara, 634-8522, Japan
| | - Yasuhiko Saito
- Department of Neurophysiology, Nara Medical University School of Medicine, 840 Shijo-Cho, Kashihara City, Nara, 634-8522, Japan
| | - Hideyuki Okano
- Department of Physiology, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-Ku, Tokyo, 160-8582, Japan
| | - Manabu Makinodan
- Department of Psychiatry, Nara Medical University School of Medicine, 840 Shijo-Cho, Kashihara City, Nara, 634-8522, Japan
- Osaka Psychiatric Research Center, 3-16-21 Miyanosaka, Hirakata City, Osaka, 573-0022, Japan
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Misawa R, Ikeuchi Y. Light-Induced Differentiation of Forebrain Organoids by NVOC-SAG. Methods Mol Biol 2022; 2374:185-94. [PMID: 34562253 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-1701-4_16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
Abstract
Hedgehog signaling pathway shapes our body by regulating proliferation and differentiation of cells. The spatial and temporal distribution pattern of its ligands finely controls the activity of the Hedgehog pathway during development. To mimic the active regulation of Hedgehog pathway, we have developed a light-inducible Hedgehog signaling activator 6-nitroveratryloxy-carbonyl Smoothened agonist (NVOC-SAG). Here we describe a method to selectively induce ventral differentiation of human iPS cell-derived forebrain organoids in a light-dependent manner. This article describes preparation of NVOC-SAG, culture of iPS cell-derived forebrain organoids, light irradiation, and downstream analyses.
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Toritsuka M, Yoshino H, Makinodan M, Ikawa D, Kimoto S, Yamamuro K, Okamura K, Akamatsu W, Okada Y, Matsumoto T, Hashimoto K, Ogawa Y, Saito Y, Watanabe K, Aoki C, Takada R, Fukami SI, Hamano-Iwasa K, Okano H, Kishimoto T. Developmental dysregulation of excitatory-to-inhibitory GABA-polarity switch may underlie schizophrenia pathology: A monozygotic-twin discordant case analysis in human iPS cell-derived neurons. Neurochem Int 2021; 150:105179. [PMID: 34500023 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2021.105179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2021] [Revised: 08/26/2021] [Accepted: 09/05/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Schizophrenia is a major psychiatric disorder, but the molecular mechanisms leading to its initiation or progression remain unclear. To elucidate the pathophysiology of schizophrenia, we used an in vitro neuronal cell culture model involving human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs) derived from a monozygotic-twin discordant schizophrenia pair. The cultured neurons differentiated from hiPSCs were composed of a mixture of glutamatergic excitatory neurons and gamma aminobutyric acid (GABA)ergic inhibitory neurons. In the electrophysiological analysis, a different pattern of spontaneous neuronal activity was observed under the condition without any stimulants. The frequency of spontaneous excitatory post-synaptic currents (sEPSCs) was significantly higher in the hiPSC-derived neurons of the patient with schizophrenia than in the control sibling at day-in-vitro 30. However, the synaptic formation was not different between the patient with schizophrenia and the control sibling during the same culture period. To explain underlying mechanisms of higher excitability of presynaptic cells, we focused on the potassium-chloride co-transporter KCC2, which contributes to excitatory-to-inhibitory GABA polarity switch in developing neurons. We also revealed the altered expression pattern of KCC2 in hiPSC-derived neurons from the patient with schizophrenia, which could contribute to understanding the pathology of schizophrenia in the developing nervous system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michihiro Toritsuka
- Department of Psychiatry, Nara Medical University School of Medicine, 840 Shijo-cho, Kashihara, Nara, 634-8522, Japan.
| | - Hiroki Yoshino
- Department of Psychiatry, Nara Medical University School of Medicine, 840 Shijo-cho, Kashihara, Nara, 634-8522, Japan
| | - Manabu Makinodan
- Department of Psychiatry, Nara Medical University School of Medicine, 840 Shijo-cho, Kashihara, Nara, 634-8522, Japan
| | - Daisuke Ikawa
- Department of Psychiatry, Nara Medical University School of Medicine, 840 Shijo-cho, Kashihara, Nara, 634-8522, Japan; Sakai Municipal Mental Health Center, 4-3-1 Asahigaoka-naka-machi, Sakai-ku, Sakai-shi, Osaka, 590-0808, Japan
| | - Sohei Kimoto
- Department of Psychiatry, Nara Medical University School of Medicine, 840 Shijo-cho, Kashihara, Nara, 634-8522, Japan
| | - Kazuhiko Yamamuro
- Department of Psychiatry, Nara Medical University School of Medicine, 840 Shijo-cho, Kashihara, Nara, 634-8522, Japan
| | - Kazuya Okamura
- Department of Psychiatry, Nara Medical University School of Medicine, 840 Shijo-cho, Kashihara, Nara, 634-8522, Japan
| | - Wado Akamatsu
- Department of Physiology, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 160-8582, Japan; Center for Genomic and Regenerative Medicine, Juntendo University School of Medicine, 2-1-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8431, Japan
| | - Yohei Okada
- Department of Physiology, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 160-8582, Japan; Department of Neurology, Aichi Medical University School of Medicine, 1-1 Yazakokarimata, Nagakute, Aichi, 480-1195, Japan
| | - Takuya Matsumoto
- Department of Physiology, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 160-8582, Japan
| | - Kazumichi Hashimoto
- Department of Psychiatry, Nara Medical University School of Medicine, 840 Shijo-cho, Kashihara, Nara, 634-8522, Japan; Department of Psychiatry, Tenri Hospital Shirakawa Branch, 604 Iwaya-cho, Tenri, Nara, 632-0003, Japan
| | - Yoichi Ogawa
- Department of Neurophysiology, Nara Medical University School of Medicine, 840 Shijo-cho, Kashihara, Nara, 634-8521, Japan
| | - Yasuhiko Saito
- Department of Neurophysiology, Nara Medical University School of Medicine, 840 Shijo-cho, Kashihara, Nara, 634-8521, Japan
| | - Kyosuke Watanabe
- Department of Psychiatry, Nara Medical University School of Medicine, 840 Shijo-cho, Kashihara, Nara, 634-8522, Japan
| | - Chieko Aoki
- Department of Psychiatry, Nara Medical University School of Medicine, 840 Shijo-cho, Kashihara, Nara, 634-8522, Japan
| | - Ryohei Takada
- Department of Psychiatry, Nara Medical University School of Medicine, 840 Shijo-cho, Kashihara, Nara, 634-8522, Japan
| | - Shin-Ichi Fukami
- Department of Psychiatry, Nara Medical University School of Medicine, 840 Shijo-cho, Kashihara, Nara, 634-8522, Japan
| | - Kaori Hamano-Iwasa
- Department of Psychiatry, Nara Medical University School of Medicine, 840 Shijo-cho, Kashihara, Nara, 634-8522, Japan
| | - Hideyuki Okano
- Department of Physiology, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 160-8582, Japan
| | - Toshifumi Kishimoto
- Department of Psychiatry, Nara Medical University School of Medicine, 840 Shijo-cho, Kashihara, Nara, 634-8522, Japan
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Tsuji K, Yamada S, Hirai K, Asakura H, Kanda Y. Development of alveolar and airway cells from human iPS cells: toward SARS-CoV-2 research and drug toxicity testing. J Toxicol Sci 2021; 46:425-435. [PMID: 34470994 DOI: 10.2131/jts.46.425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) causes coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). SARS-CoV-2 enters host cells by binding with the receptor angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2). While ACE2 is expressed in multiple cell types, it has been implicated in the clinical progression of COVID-19 as an entry point for SARS-CoV-2 into respiratory cells. Human respiratory cells, such as airway and alveolar epithelial type II (ATII) cells, are considered essential for COVID-19 research; however, primary human respiratory cells are difficult to obtain. In the present study, we generated ATII and club cells from human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs) for SARS-CoV-2 infection and drug testing. The differentiated cells expressed ATII markers (SFTPB, SFTPC, ABCA3, SLC34A2) or club cell markers (SCGB1A1 and SCGB3A2). Differentiated cells, which express ACE2 and TMPRSS2, were infected with SARS-CoV-2. Remdesivir treatment decreased intracellular SARS-CoV-2 viral replication and, furthermore, treatment with bleomycin showed cytotoxicity in a concentration-dependent manner. These data suggest that hiPSC-derived AT2 and club cells provide a useful in vitro model for drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kayoko Tsuji
- Division of Pharmacology, National Institute of Health Sciences (NIHS)
| | - Shigeru Yamada
- Division of Pharmacology, National Institute of Health Sciences (NIHS).,Pharmacological Evaluation Institute of Japan (PEIJ)
| | - Kazuya Hirai
- Division of Biomedical Food Research, National Institute of Health Sciences (NIHS)
| | - Hiroshi Asakura
- Division of Biomedical Food Research, National Institute of Health Sciences (NIHS)
| | - Yasunari Kanda
- Division of Pharmacology, National Institute of Health Sciences (NIHS)
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Kanda Y, Satsuka A, Hayashi S, Hagiwara-Nagasawa M, Sugiyama A. Assessment of Contractility in Human iPS Cell-Derived Cardiomyocytes Using Motion Vector Analysis. Methods Mol Biol 2021; 2320:151-160. [PMID: 34302656 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-1484-6_15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Human-induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC) technology paves the way for next-generation drug-safety assessment. In particular, human iPSC-derived cardiomyocytes, which exhibit electrical activity, are useful as a human cell model for assessing QT-interval prolongation and the risk of the lethal arrhythmia Torsade de Pointes (TdP). In addition to proarrhythmia assay, contractile behavior has received increased attention in drug development. In this study, we developed a novel high-throughput in vitro assay system using motion vectors to evaluate the contractile activity of iPSC-derived cardiomyocytes as a physiologically relevant human platform. The methods presented here highlight the use of commercially available iPSC-derived cardiomyocytes, iCell cardiomyocytes, for contractility evaluation recorded by the motion vector system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasunari Kanda
- Division of Pharmacology, National Institute of Health Sciences (NIHS), Kawasaki, Japan.
| | - Ayano Satsuka
- Division of Pharmacology, National Institute of Health Sciences (NIHS), Kawasaki, Japan
| | - Sayo Hayashi
- Division of Pharmacology, National Institute of Health Sciences (NIHS), Kawasaki, Japan
| | | | - Atsushi Sugiyama
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Toho University, Tokyo, Japan
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Yoshioka K, Ito A, Arifuzzaman M, Yoshigai T, Fan F, Sato KI, Shimizu K, Kawabe Y, Kamihira M. Miniaturized skeletal muscle tissue fabrication for measuring contractile activity. J Biosci Bioeng 2020; 131:434-441. [PMID: 33358352 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiosc.2020.11.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2020] [Revised: 11/13/2020] [Accepted: 11/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The contractile function of skeletal muscle is essential for maintaining the vital activity of life. Muscular diseases such as muscular dystrophy severely compromise the quality of life of patients and ultimately lead to death. There is therefore an urgent need to develop therapeutic agents for these diseases. In a previous study, we showed that three-dimensional skeletal muscle tissues fabricated using the magnetic force-based tissue engineering technique exhibited contractile activity, and that drug effects could be evaluated based on the contractile activity of the skeletal muscle tissues. However, the reported method requires a large number of cells and the tissue preparation procedure is complex. It is therefore necessary to improve the tissue preparation method. In this study, a miniature device made of polydimethylsiloxane was used to simplify the production of contracting skeletal muscle tissues applicable to high-throughput screening. The effects of model drugs on the contractile force generation of skeletal muscle tissues prepared from mouse C2C12 myoblast and human induced pluripotent stem cells were evaluated using the miniature muscle device. The results indicated that the muscle device system could provide a useful tool for drug screening.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kantaro Yoshioka
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
| | - Akira Ito
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
| | - Md Arifuzzaman
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
| | - Taichi Yoshigai
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
| | - Fangming Fan
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
| | - Kei-Ichiro Sato
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
| | - Kazunori Shimizu
- Department of Biomolecular Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Nagoya University, Nagoya 464-8603, Japan
| | - Yoshinori Kawabe
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
| | - Masamichi Kamihira
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan.
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Lee JJ, Cheng SJ, Huang CY, Chen CY, Feng L, Hwang DY, Kamp TJ, Chen HC, Hsieh PCH. Primary cardiac manifestation of autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease revealed by patient induced pluripotent stem cell-derived cardiomyocytes. EBioMedicine 2019; 40:675-84. [PMID: 30639418 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2019.01.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2018] [Revised: 12/28/2018] [Accepted: 01/07/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Mutations in PKD1 or PKD2 gene lead to autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease (ADPKD). The mechanism of ADPKD progression and its link to increased cardiovascular mortality is still elusive. Methods We differentiated ADPKD patient induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) to cardiomyocytes (CMs). The electrophysiological properties at the cellular level were analyzed by calcium imaging and whole cell patch clamping. Findings The ADPKD patient iPSC-CMs had decreased sarcoplasmic reticulum calcium content compared with Control-CMs. Spontaneous action potential of the PKD2 mutation line-derived CMs demonstrated slower beating rate and longer action potential duration. The PKD1 mutation line-derived CMs showed a comparable dose-dependent shortening of phase II repolarization with the Control-CMs, but a significant increase in beating frequency in response to L-type calcium channel blocker. The PKD1-mutant iPSC-CMs also showed a relatively unstable baseline as a greater percentage of cells exhibited delayed afterdepolarizations (DADs). Both the ADPKD patient iPSC-CMs showed more β-adrenergic agonist-elicited DADs compared with Control-CMs. Interpretation Characterization of ADPKD patient iPSC-CMs provides new insights into the increased clinical risk of arrhythmias, and the results enable disease modeling and drug screening for cardiac manifestations of ADPKD. Fund Ministry of Science and Technology, National Health Research Institutes, Academia Sinica Program for Technology Supporting Platform Axis Scheme, Thematic Research Program and Summit Research Program, and Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Taiwan.
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Mukae Y, Itoh M, Noguchi R, Furukawa K, Arai KI, Oyama JI, Toda S, Nakayama K, Node K, Morita S. The addition of human iPS cell-derived neural progenitors changes the contraction of human iPS cell-derived cardiac spheroids. Tissue Cell 2018; 53:61-67. [PMID: 30060828 DOI: 10.1016/j.tice.2018.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2017] [Revised: 04/14/2018] [Accepted: 05/04/2018] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND We havebeen attempting to use cardiac spheroids to construct three-dimensional contractilestructures for failed hearts. Recent studies have reported that neuralprogenitors (NPs) play significant roles in heart regeneration. However, theeffect of NPs on the cardiac spheroid has not yet been elucidated. OBJECTIVE This studyaims to demonstrate the influence of NPs on the function of cardiac spheroids. METHODS Thespheroids were constructed on a low-attachment-well plate by mixing humaninduced pluripotent stem (hiPS) cell-derived cardiomyocytes and hiPScell-derived NPs (hiPS-NPs). The ratio of hiPS-NPs was set at 0%, 10%, 20%,30%, and 40% of the total cell number of spheroids, which was 2500. The motionwas recorded, and the fractional shortening and the contraction velocity weremeasured. RESULTS Spheroidswere formed within 48 h after mixing the cells, except for the spheroidscontaining 0% hiPS-NPs. Observation at day 7 revealed significant differencesin the fractional shortening (analysis of variance; p = 0.01). The bestfractional shortening was observed with the spheroids containing 30% hiPS-NPs.Neuronal cells were detected morphologically within the spheroids under aconfocal microscope. CONCLUSION Theaddition of hiPS-NPs influenced the contractile function of the cardiacspheroids. Further studies are warranted to elucidate the underlying mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yosuke Mukae
- Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Saga University, Saga, Japan
| | - Manabu Itoh
- Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Saga University, Saga, Japan
| | - Ryo Noguchi
- Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Saga University, Saga, Japan
| | - Kojiro Furukawa
- Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Saga University, Saga, Japan
| | - Ken-Ichi Arai
- Department of Regenerative Medicine and Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Medicine, Saga University, Saga, Japan
| | - Jun-Ichi Oyama
- Department of Cardiology, Faculty of Medicine, Saga University, Saga, Japan
| | - Shuji Toda
- Department of Pathology & Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Saga University, Saga, Japan
| | - Koichi Nakayama
- Department of Regenerative Medicine and Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Medicine, Saga University, Saga, Japan
| | - Koichi Node
- Department of Cardiology, Faculty of Medicine, Saga University, Saga, Japan
| | - Shigeki Morita
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Kyushu Medical Center, A Hospital of National Hospital Organization, Fukuoka, Japan.
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