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Singh A, Raju A, Chandniha SK, Singh L, Tyagi I, Karri RR, Kumar A. Hydrogeochemical characterization of groundwater and their associated potential health risks. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int 2023; 30:14993-15008. [PMID: 36163576 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-022-23222-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2022] [Accepted: 09/19/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The present study assessed the human health risk exposure from the consumption of poor quality groundwater in the Lucknow area, a part of Central Ganga alluvial plain in India. Around 27 (n = 27) groundwater samples were collected from the study area. The analytical results of the samples (n = 27) collected indicate silicate and carbonate weathering is the dominant process along with cation exchange, sulfide oxidation, and reverse ion exchange. The type of groundwater is Ca2-Na-HCO3- type having all cations and anions within permissible WHO limits except for iron (Fe2+) and nitrate (NO3-). The high concentrations of Fe2 and NO3- in samples indicate the possibility of a non-geogenic point source for the same in an urban-influenced environment. The ionic concentration of dissolved constituents is used in weighted overlay analysis to generate the water quality index (WQI). WQI indicates that most urban areas (~ 98.52%) have fallen in the good to excellent category except few situated in the highly populated parts of Lucknow. The ionic concentrations of Fe2+ and NO3- have been further used to estimate human health risk by integrating regional urban population density data in Lucknow. The risk map shows alarming risks in the west-central part, where nearly ~ 35% of the total area is at moderate to high health risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anjali Singh
- Hydrolgeology Research Lab, Department of Geology, MohanlalSukhadia University, Udaipur, 313001, India
| | - Ashwani Raju
- Remote Sensing & GIS Lab, Department of Geology, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, 221005, India
| | - Surendra Kumar Chandniha
- Department of Soil and Water Engineering, BRSM College of Agricultural Engineering and Technology & Research Station, IGKV, Mungeli, 249334, Chhattisgarh, India
| | - Lipi Singh
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Delhi Technological University, New Delhi, 110042, India
| | - Inderjeet Tyagi
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Delhi Technological University, New Delhi, 110042, India.
| | - Rama Rao Karri
- Centre for DNA Taxonomy, Molecular Systematics Division, Zoological Survey of India, New Alipore, M Block, Kolkata, 700 053, India
| | - Ajay Kumar
- Petroleum and Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Brunei, Bandar Seri Begawan, 1410, Brunei Darussalam
- Department of Chemistry, D.B.S. (PG) College Dehradun, Dehradun, 248001, India
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