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Esser T, Trossmann V, Lentz S, Engel F, Scheibel T. Designing of spider silk proteins for human induced pluripotent stem cell-based cardiac tissue engineering. Mater Today Bio 2021; 11:100114. [PMID: 34169268 PMCID: PMC8209670 DOI: 10.1016/j.mtbio.2021.100114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2021] [Revised: 05/01/2021] [Accepted: 05/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Materials made of recombinant spider silk proteins are promising candidates for cardiac tissue engineering, and their suitability has so far been investigated utilizing primary rat cardiomyocytes. Herein, we expanded the tool box of available spider silk variants and demonstrated for the first time that human induced pluripotent stem cell (hiPSC)-derived cardiomyocytes attach, contract, and respond to pharmacological treatment using phenylephrine and verapamil on explicit spider silk films. The hiPSC-cardiomyocytes contracted for at least 14 days on films made of positively charged engineered Araneus diadematus fibroin 4 (eADF4(κ16)) and three different arginyl-glycyl-aspartic acid (RGD)-tagged spider silk variants (positively or negatively charged and uncharged). Notably, hiPSC-cardiomyocytes exhibited different morphologies depending on the spider silk variant used, with less spreading and being smaller on films made of eADF4(κ16) than on RGD-tagged spider silk films. These results indicate that spider silk engineering is a powerful tool to provide new materials suitable for hiPSC-based cardiac tissue engineering. hiPSC-cardiomyocytes attach and contract on positively charged and/or RGD-tagged spider silk variants. hiPSC-cardiomyocytes exhibit spider silk variant-dependent morphology upon adhesion. Explicit spider silk variants promote long-term contractility of hiPSC-cardiomyocytes. hiPSC-cardiomyocytes grown on spider silk materials respond to pharmacological treatment.
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Key Words
- AFM, atomic force microscopy
- APTES, (3-aminopropyl) triethoxysilane
- ATR, attenuated total reflection
- DPBS, Dulbecco's phosphate-buffered saline
- EthHD1, ethidium homodimer 1
- FT-IR, Fourier-transform infrared (spectroscopy)
- IPTG, isopropyl-β-D-thiogalactoside
- MALDI-TOF, matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight
- SDS-PAGE, sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis
- eADF4, Engineered Araneus diadematus fibroin 4
- hiPSC, human-induced pluripotent stem cell
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Affiliation(s)
- T.U. Esser
- Experimental Renal and Cardiovascular Research, Department of Nephropathology, Institute of Pathology, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Erlangen, 91054, Germany
| | - V.T. Trossmann
- Lehrstuhl Biomaterialien, Prof.-Rüdiger-Bormann Straße 1, Bayreuth, 95447, Germany
| | - S. Lentz
- Lehrstuhl Biomaterialien, Prof.-Rüdiger-Bormann Straße 1, Bayreuth, 95447, Germany
| | - F.B. Engel
- Experimental Renal and Cardiovascular Research, Department of Nephropathology, Institute of Pathology, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Erlangen, 91054, Germany
- MURCE, Muscle Research Center Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
- Corresponding author. Experimental Renal and Cardiovascular Research, Department of Nephropathology, Institute of Pathology, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Erlangen, 91054, Germany.
| | - T. Scheibel
- Lehrstuhl Biomaterialien, Prof.-Rüdiger-Bormann Straße 1, Bayreuth, 95447, Germany
- Bayreuther Zentrum für Kolloide und Grenzflächen (BZKG), Bayerisches Polymerinstitut (BPI), Bayreuther Zentrum für Molekulare Biowissenschaften (BZMB), Bayreuther Materialzentrum (BayMAT), Universitätsstraße 30, Universität Bayreuth, Bayreuth, D-95447, Germany
- Corresponding author. Lehrstuhl Biomaterialien, Prof.-Rüdiger-Bormann Straße 1, Bayreuth, 95447, Germany.
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Liu M, Kong JQ. The enzymatic biosynthesis of acylated steroidal glycosides and their cytotoxic activity. Acta Pharm Sin B 2018; 8:981-994. [PMID: 30505666 PMCID: PMC6251810 DOI: 10.1016/j.apsb.2018.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2018] [Revised: 04/09/2018] [Accepted: 04/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Herein we describe the discovery and functional characterization of a steroidal glycosyltransferase (SGT) from Ornithogalum saundersiae and a steroidal glycoside acyltransferase (SGA) from Escherichia coli and their application in the biosynthesis of acylated steroidal glycosides (ASGs). Initially, an SGT gene, designated as OsSGT1, was isolated from O. saundersiae. OsSGT1-containing cell free extract was then used as the biocatalyst to react with 49 structurally diverse drug-like compounds. The recombinant OsSGT1 was shown to be active against both 3β- and 17β-hydroxyl steroids. Unexpectedly, in an effort to identify OsSGT1, we found the bacteria lacA gene in lac operon actually encoded an SGA, specifically catalyzing the acetylations of sugar moieties of steroid 17β-glucosides. Finally, a novel enzymatic two-step synthesis of two ASGs, acetylated testosterone-17-O-β-glucosides (AT-17β-Gs) and acetylated estradiol-17-O-β-glucosides (AE-17β-Gs), from the abundantly available free steroids using OsSGT1 and EcSGA1 as the biocatalysts was developed. The two-step process is characterized by EcSGA1-catalyzed regioselective acylations of all hydroxyl groups on the sugar unit of unprotected steroidal glycosides (SGs) in the late stage, thereby significantly streamlining the synthetic route towards ASGs and thus forming four monoacylates. The improved cytotoxic activities of 3′-acetylated testosterone17-O-β-glucoside towards seven human tumor cell lines were thus observable.
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Key Words
- 6′-AE-17β-G, 6′-acetylated estradiol 17-O-β-glucoside
- 6′-AT-17β-G, 6′-acetylated testosterone 17-O-β-glucoside
- AE-17β-G, acetylated estradiol-17-O-β-glucoside
- ASGs, acylated steroidal glycosides
- AT-17β-G, acetylated testosterone-17-O-β-glucoside
- Acylated steroidal glyco sides
- E-17β-G, estradiol-17-O-β-glucoside
- EcSGA1, E. coli steroidal glucoside acetyltransferase
- HPLC—SPE—NMR, high-performance liquid chromatography–solid phase extraction–NMR spectroscopy
- IPTG, isopropyl-β-D-thiogalactoside
- LacA
- ORF, open reading frame
- Ornithogalum saunder siae
- PSBD, putative steroid-binding domain
- PSPG, plant secondary product glycosyltranferase box
- RIN, RNA integrity number
- RP-HPLC, reversed phase high-performance liquid chromatography
- SDS-PAGE, sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis
- SGAs, steroidal glycoside acyltransferases
- SGEs, steroidal glycoside esters
- SGTs, steroidal glycosyltransferases
- SGs, steroidal glycosides
- Steroidal glycoside acyl transferase
- Steroidal glycosyltrans ferase
- T-17β-G, testosterone-17-O-β-glucoside
- UDP-Ara, UDP-l-arabinose
- UDP-Gal, UDP-D-galactose
- UDP-GalA, UDP-D-Galacturonic acid
- UDP-Glc, UDP-D-glucose
- UDP-GlcA, UDP-D-glucuronic acid
- UDP-GlcNAc, UDP-N-acetylglucosamine
- UDP-Xyl, UDP-D-xylose
- UTR, untranslated region
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Melino S, Bellomaria A, Nepravishta R, Paci M, Melino G. p63 threonine phosphorylation signals the interaction with the WW domain of the E3 ligase Itch. Cell Cycle 2015; 13:3207-17. [PMID: 25485500 DOI: 10.4161/15384101.2014.951285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Both in epithelial development as well as in epithelial cancers, the p53 family member p63 plays a crucial role acting as a master transcriptional regulator. P63 steady state protein levels are regulated by the E3 ubiquitin ligase Itch, via a physical interaction between the PPxY consensus sequence (PY motif) of p63 and one of the 4 WW domains of Itch; this substrate recognition process leads to protein-ubiquitylation and p63 proteasomal degradation. The interaction of the WW domains, a highly compact protein-protein binding module, with the short proline-rich sequences is therefore a crucial regulatory event that may offer innovative potential therapeutic opportunity. Previous molecular studies on the Itch-p63 recognition have been performed in vitro using the Itch-WW2 domain and the peptide interacting fragment of p63 (pep63), which includes the PY motif. Itch-WW2-pep63 interaction is also stabilized in vitro by the conformational constriction of the S-S cyclization in the p63 peptide. The PY motif of p63, as also for other proteins, is characterized by the nearby presence of a (T/S)P motif, which is a potential recognition site of the WW domain of the IV group present in the prolyl-isomerase Pin1. In this study, we demonstrate, by in silico and spectroscopical studies using both the linear pep63 and its cyclic form, that the threonine phosphorylation of the (T/S)PPPxY motif may represent a crucial regulatory event of the Itch-mediated p63 ubiquitylation, increasing the Itch-WW domains-p63 recognition event and stabilizing in vivo the Itch-WW-p63 complex. Moreover, our studies confirm that the subsequently trans/cis proline isomerization of (T/S)P motif by the Pin1 prolyl-isomerase, could modulate the E3-ligase interaction, and that the (T/S)pPtransPPxY motif represent the best conformer for the ItchWW-(T/S)PPPxY motif recognition.
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Key Words
- CXCR4, chemokine receptor
- E3 ubiquitin ligases
- HECT, Homologous E6-AP Carboxyl Terminus
- IPTG, isopropyl-β-D-thiogalactoside
- Itch
- Pin1
- Ppep63, phosphorylated pep63
- RHS, Rapp-Hodgkin syndrome
- RP-HPLC, reverse phase high performance chromatography
- TFE, 2, 2, 2-trifluoroethanol
- TNF, tumor necrosis factor
- TRAF6, TNF receptor-associated factor 6
- cPpep63, cyclic phosphorylated pep63
- p53 family
- p63
- pep63, p63(534–551) peptide
- proline isomerization
- ubiquitynation
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonia Melino
- a Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Chimiche ; University of Rome "Tor Vergata" ; Rome , Italy
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