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Xu H, Wang Z, Li Y, Xu Z. The distribution and function of teleost IgT. Fish Shellfish Immunol 2024; 144:109281. [PMID: 38092093 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2023.109281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2023] [Revised: 12/04/2023] [Accepted: 12/06/2023] [Indexed: 12/20/2023]
Abstract
Given the uniquely close relationship between fish and aquatic environments, fish mucosal tissues are constantly exposed to a wide array of pathogenic microorganisms in the surrounding water. To maintain mucosal homeostasis, fish have evolved a distinct mucosal immune system known as mucosal-associated lymphoid tissues (MALTs). These MALTs consist of key effector cells and molecules from the adaptive immune system, such as B cells and immunoglobulins (Igs), which play crucial roles in maintaining mucosal homeostasis and defending against external pathogen infections. Until recently, three primary Ig isotypes, IgM, IgD, and IgT, have been identified in varying proportions within the mucosal secretions of teleost fish. Similar to the role of mucosal IgA in mammals and birds, teleost IgT plays a predominant role in mucosal immunity. Following the identification of the IgT gene in 2005, significant advances have been made in researching the origin, evolution, structure, and function of teleost IgT. Multiple IgT variants have been identified in various species of teleost fish, underscoring the remarkable complexity of IgT in fish. Therefore, this study provides a comprehensive review of the recent advances in various aspects of teleost IgT, including its genomic and structural features, the diverse distribution patterns within various fish mucosal tissues (the skin, gills, gut, nasal, buccal, pharyngeal, and swim bladder mucosa), its interaction with mucosal symbiotic microorganisms, and its immune responses towards diverse pathogens, including bacteria, viruses, and parasites. We also highlight the existing research gaps in the study of teleost IgT, suggesting the need for further investigation into the functional aspects of IgT and IgT+ B cells. This research is aimed at providing valuable insights into the immune functions of IgT and the mechanisms underlying the immune responses of fish against infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haoyue Xu
- Key Laboratory of Breeding Biotechnology and Sustainable Aquaculture, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430072, China; College of Advanced Agricultural Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Zixuan Wang
- Key Laboratory of Breeding Biotechnology and Sustainable Aquaculture, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430072, China; College of Advanced Agricultural Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Yuqing Li
- Key Laboratory of Breeding Biotechnology and Sustainable Aquaculture, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430072, China; College of Advanced Agricultural Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Zhen Xu
- Key Laboratory of Breeding Biotechnology and Sustainable Aquaculture, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430072, China; College of Advanced Agricultural Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China.
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Castro PL, Barac F, Hansen TJ, Fjelldal PG, Hordvik I, Bjørgen H, Koppang EO. The Distribution of IgT mRNA + Cells in the Gut of the Atlantic Salmon ( Salmo salar L.). Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:3191. [PMID: 37893915 PMCID: PMC10603744 DOI: 10.3390/ani13203191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2023] [Revised: 10/01/2023] [Accepted: 10/07/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The newly discovered IgT+ B cell is thought to play a dominant role in mucosal immunity, but limited studies have examined its distribution in fish species, hindering our understanding of its function. This study investigated IgT and poly Ig receptor (pIgR) mRNA+ cell distribution in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) gut using RNAscope in situ hybridization (ISH) and assessed the effects of vaccination. The pyloric caeca, mid-intestine (first and second parts), and posterior segment in two weight stages (Group 1: avg. 153 g, Group 2: avg. 1717 g) were examined in both vaccinated and unvaccinated fish. ISH revealed more IgT mRNA+ cells in the second part of the midgut compared to other intestinal segments, as well as a higher number of positive cells in Group 2 (older fish). In line with previous findings, intraperitoneal vaccination had no significant impact on the number of IgT+ transcripts. IgT mRNA+ cells were found mostly in the lamina propria and near capillaries, while pIgR was registered in both the lamina propria and mucosa. Interestingly, vaccinated fish presented adhesions and granulomatous tissue in the peritoneum, with both IgT and pIgR mRNA+ cells. Taken together, these results suggest that the distribution of IgT mRNA+ cells in the intestine of Atlantic salmon is region-specific and is not affected by intraperitoneal vaccination but varies with fish age.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pedro Luis Castro
- GIA-ECOAQUA, Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, 35001 Telde, Spain
| | - Fran Barac
- Unit of Anatomy, Veterinary Faculty, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, 1433 Ås, Norway; (F.B.); (H.B.); (E.O.K.)
| | - Tom Johnny Hansen
- Matre Research Station, Institute of Marine Research, 5984 Matredal, Norway; (T.J.H.); (P.G.F.)
| | - Per Gunnar Fjelldal
- Matre Research Station, Institute of Marine Research, 5984 Matredal, Norway; (T.J.H.); (P.G.F.)
| | - Ivar Hordvik
- Institute of Biology, University of Bergen, 5007 Bergen, Norway;
| | - Håvard Bjørgen
- Unit of Anatomy, Veterinary Faculty, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, 1433 Ås, Norway; (F.B.); (H.B.); (E.O.K.)
| | - Erling Olaf Koppang
- Unit of Anatomy, Veterinary Faculty, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, 1433 Ås, Norway; (F.B.); (H.B.); (E.O.K.)
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Han Q, Mo Z, Lai X, Guo W, Hu Y, Chen H, He Z, Dan X, Li Y. Mucosal immunoglobulin response in Epinephelus coioides after Cryptocaryon irritans infection. Fish Shellfish Immunol 2022; 128:436-446. [PMID: 35985626 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2022.08.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2022] [Revised: 06/23/2022] [Accepted: 08/05/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The teleost mucosal immune system consists mainly of the skin, gills and gut, which play crucial roles in local immune responses against invading organisms. Immunoglobulins are essential molecules in adaptive immunity that perform crucial biological functions. In our study, a mucosal immunity model was constructed in Epinephelus coioides groupers after Cryptocaryon irritans infection, according to previous experience. Total IgM and IgT in the groupers increased in the serum and mucus in the immune group, whereas only pathogen-specific IgM were detected existence. More critically, pathogen-specific IgM was detected in the head kidney, gill and skin supernatants, thus suggesting that the systematic immune and mucosal immune system secreted immunoglobulins. Furthermore, an early response in the skin was observed, on the basis of the detection of pathogen-specific IgM in the skin supernatant. In conclusion, this research characterized the grouper IgM and IgT in mucosal immune responses to pathogens in the gills and skin, thus providing a theoretical basis for future studies on vaccines against C. irritans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing Han
- University Joint Laboratory of Guangdong Province, Hong Kong and Macao Region on Marine Bioresource Conservation and Exploitation, College of Marine Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China; Guangdong Key Laboratory of Animal Conservation and Resource Utilization, Guangdong Public Laboratory of Wild Animal Conservation and Utilization, Guangdong Institute of Applied Biological Resources, Guangzhou, 510260, China
| | - Zequan Mo
- University Joint Laboratory of Guangdong Province, Hong Kong and Macao Region on Marine Bioresource Conservation and Exploitation, College of Marine Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Xueli Lai
- University Joint Laboratory of Guangdong Province, Hong Kong and Macao Region on Marine Bioresource Conservation and Exploitation, College of Marine Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Wenjie Guo
- University Joint Laboratory of Guangdong Province, Hong Kong and Macao Region on Marine Bioresource Conservation and Exploitation, College of Marine Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Yingtong Hu
- University Joint Laboratory of Guangdong Province, Hong Kong and Macao Region on Marine Bioresource Conservation and Exploitation, College of Marine Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Hongping Chen
- University Joint Laboratory of Guangdong Province, Hong Kong and Macao Region on Marine Bioresource Conservation and Exploitation, College of Marine Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Zhichang He
- University Joint Laboratory of Guangdong Province, Hong Kong and Macao Region on Marine Bioresource Conservation and Exploitation, College of Marine Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Xueming Dan
- University Joint Laboratory of Guangdong Province, Hong Kong and Macao Region on Marine Bioresource Conservation and Exploitation, College of Marine Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China.
| | - Yanwei Li
- University Joint Laboratory of Guangdong Province, Hong Kong and Macao Region on Marine Bioresource Conservation and Exploitation, College of Marine Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China.
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Wang L, Zhang F, Chen Y, Wang S, Chen Z, Zhou Q, Chen S. Molecular cloning, expression analysis of the IgT gene and detection of IgT + B cells in the half-smooth tongue sole (Cynoglossus semilaevis). Fish Shellfish Immunol 2022; 123:113-126. [PMID: 35218973 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2022.02.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2021] [Revised: 02/02/2022] [Accepted: 02/22/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
IgT is a specific Ig isotype in teleosts, which plays extremely important roles in the mucosal immunity of fish. In the present study, the membrane-bound and secretory IgT of the half-smooth tongue sole (Cynoglossus semilaevis) were identified for the first time. The V-D-J-C structure of two forms of csIgT are translated by the same Cτ gene, and the secretory tail and transmembrane domain were encoded through alternative splicing at the 3' end of the Cτ4. The CH regions of csIgT had high similarity with that of other flatfish (P. olivaceus and S. maximus). In healthy C. semilaevis, sIgT and mIgT were mainly expressed in mucus related tissues such as skin, intestine and gill. The transcript levels of sIgT and mIgT mRNA showed a significant induction in the immune-related tissues upon Vibrio Harveyi infection. A polyclonal rabbit anti-csIgT was successfully prepared using the csIgT heavy chain recombinant protein. Using this antibody, we detected the native IgT with the molecular mass at 220 kDa in skin total protein under non-reducing SDS-PAGE condition. Immunofluorescence analysis indicated that IgT+ B lymphocytes were intensively located in the skin, gill, intestine, and head kidney of C. semilaevis. These results suggest that IgT may participate in the immune response of C. semilaevis, which will facilitate the investigations of the immunoglobulins of marine fish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Wang
- Key Laboratory for Sustainable Development of Marine Fisheries, Ministry of Agriculture, Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences (CAFS), Qingdao, 266071, China; Laboratory for Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production Processes, Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266237, China
| | - Fumiao Zhang
- Shandong Normal University, Jinan, 250014, China
| | - Yadong Chen
- Key Laboratory for Sustainable Development of Marine Fisheries, Ministry of Agriculture, Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences (CAFS), Qingdao, 266071, China; Laboratory for Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production Processes, Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266237, China
| | - Shuangyan Wang
- Key Laboratory for Sustainable Development of Marine Fisheries, Ministry of Agriculture, Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences (CAFS), Qingdao, 266071, China; Laboratory for Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production Processes, Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266237, China
| | - Zhangfan Chen
- Key Laboratory for Sustainable Development of Marine Fisheries, Ministry of Agriculture, Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences (CAFS), Qingdao, 266071, China; Laboratory for Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production Processes, Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266237, China
| | - Qian Zhou
- Key Laboratory for Sustainable Development of Marine Fisheries, Ministry of Agriculture, Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences (CAFS), Qingdao, 266071, China; Laboratory for Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production Processes, Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266237, China
| | - Songlin Chen
- Key Laboratory for Sustainable Development of Marine Fisheries, Ministry of Agriculture, Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences (CAFS), Qingdao, 266071, China; Laboratory for Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production Processes, Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266237, China.
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Han Q, Hu Y, Lu Z, Wang J, Chen H, Mo Z, Luo X, Li A, Dan X, Li Y. Study on the characterization of grouper (Epinephelus coioides) immunoglobulin T and its positive cells. Fish Shellfish Immunol 2021; 118:102-110. [PMID: 34481975 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2021.08.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2021] [Revised: 08/10/2021] [Accepted: 08/30/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Immunoglobulins (Igs) play a vital role in the adaptive immunity of gnathostomes. IgT, a particular Ig class in teleost fishes, receives much attention concerning the mucosal immunity. While, the characteristic and function of Epinephelus coioides IgT is still unknown. In our study, a polyclonal antibody was first prepared with grouper IgT heavy chain recombinant protein. IgT was revealed to be polymeric in serum and mucus. In normal groupers, IgT had high expression level in head kidney and spleen, while little amount in gills, thymus, gut and liver. The number of IgT-positive cells in different tissues was in line with their IgT expression. Furthermore, IgT could coat fractional bacteria in the mucus. In conclusion, this research revealed the protein characteristic, basal expression and bacterial coverage of grouper IgT. This is the first study to identify the characteristic of grouper IgT and demonstrate the capacity of coating microbes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing Han
- College of Marine Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510640, China
| | - Yingtong Hu
- College of Marine Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510640, China
| | - Zijun Lu
- College of Marine Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510640, China
| | - Jiule Wang
- College of Marine Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510640, China
| | - Hongping Chen
- College of Marine Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510640, China
| | - Zequan Mo
- College of Marine Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510640, China
| | - Xiaochun Luo
- School of Biology and Biological Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Anxing Li
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol/Guangdong Provincial Key Lab for Aquatic Economic Animals, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Xueming Dan
- College of Marine Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510640, China.
| | - Yanwei Li
- College of Marine Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510640, China.
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Ametrano A, Gerdol M, Vitale M, Greco S, Oreste U, Coscia MR. The evolutionary puzzle solution for the origins of the partial loss of the Cτ2 exon in notothenioid fishes. Fish Shellfish Immunol 2021; 116:124-139. [PMID: 34038801 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2021.05.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2020] [Revised: 04/29/2021] [Accepted: 05/20/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Cryonotothenioidea is the main group of fishes that thrive in the extremely cold Antarctic environment, thanks to the acquisition of peculiar morphological, physiological and molecular adaptations. We have previously disclosed that IgM, the main immunoglobulin isotype in teleosts, display typical cold-adapted features. Recently, we have analyzed the gene encoding the heavy chain constant region (CH) of the IgT isotype from the Antarctic teleost Trematomus bernacchii (family Nototheniidae), characterized by the near-complete deletion of the CH2 domain. Here, we aimed to track the loss of the CH2 domain along notothenioid phylogeny and to identify its ancestral origins. To this end, we obtained the IgT gene sequences from several species belonging to the Antarctic families Nototheniidae, Bathydraconidae and Artedidraconidae. All species display a CH2 remnant of variable size, encoded by a short Cτ2 exon, which retains functional splicing sites and therefore is included in the mature transcript. We also considered representative species from the three non-Antarctic families: Eleginopsioidea (Eleginops maclovinus), Pseudaphritioidea (Pseudaphritis urvillii) and Bovichtidae (Bovichtus diacanthus and Cottoperca gobio). Even though only E. maclovinus, the sister taxa of Cryonotothenioidea, shared the partial loss of Cτ2, the other non-Antarctic notothenioid species displayed early molecular signatures of this event. These results shed light on the evolutionary path that underlies the origins of this remarkable gene structural modification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessia Ametrano
- Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology - National Research Council of Italy, Naples, Italy; Department of Environmental, Biological and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies, University of Campania Luigi Vanvitelli, Caserta, Italy
| | - Marco Gerdol
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy
| | - Maria Vitale
- Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology - National Research Council of Italy, Naples, Italy
| | - Samuele Greco
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy
| | - Umberto Oreste
- Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology - National Research Council of Italy, Naples, Italy
| | - Maria Rosaria Coscia
- Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology - National Research Council of Italy, Naples, Italy.
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Velázquez J, Rodríguez A, Aragón H, Haidar A, González M, Valdés R, Garay HE, Abreu DD, Ramos Y, Cabrales A, Morales A, González O, Herrera F, Estrada MP, Carpio Y. Monoclonal antibody against Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) IgM heavy chain: A valuable tool for detection and quantification of IgM and IgM + cells. Fish Shellfish Immunol 2021; 110:44-54. [PMID: 33348037 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2020.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2020] [Revised: 11/26/2020] [Accepted: 12/15/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) is a freshwater fish, which is extensively cultivated worldwide and constitutes one of the model species for the study of fish immunology. Monoclonal antibodies are very advantageous molecular tools for studying teleost immune system. Specifically, monoclonal antibodies that react with immunoglobulins are used successfully in the study of the humoral immune response of several fish species. In the present study, we produced and characterized a monoclonal antibody against tilapia IgM heavy chain using a peptide-based strategy. The peptide sequence was selected from the surface-exposed region between CH3-CH4 domains. The specificity of the polyclonal serum and the hybridoma culture supernatant obtained by immunization with the peptide conjugated to keyhole limpet hemocyanin were evaluated by western blotting, both showing reactivity against tilapia serum IgM. The purified mAb was able to recognize secreted IgM by western blotting and ELISA and membrane IgM by flow cytometry. We also demonstrated that the antibody doesn't cross-react with a recombinant IgT fragment. This tool allowed us to study for the first time the stimulation of mucosal immunity after Pituitary Adenylate Cyclase Activating Polypeptide administration. Overall, the results demonstrated the utility of this mAb to characterize humoral immune response in O. niloticus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janet Velázquez
- Animal Biotechnology Department, Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (CIGB), P.O. Box 6162, Havana, 10600, Cuba
| | - Alianet Rodríguez
- Animal Biotechnology Department, Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (CIGB), P.O. Box 6162, Havana, 10600, Cuba
| | - Hasel Aragón
- Monoclonal Antibodies Department, Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (CIGB), P.O. Box 6162, Havana, 10600, Cuba
| | - Arlette Haidar
- Animal Biotechnology Department, Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (CIGB), P.O. Box 6162, Havana, 10600, Cuba
| | - Marcos González
- Monoclonal Antibodies Department, Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (CIGB), P.O. Box 6162, Havana, 10600, Cuba
| | - Rodolfo Valdés
- Monoclonal Antibodies Department, Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (CIGB), P.O. Box 6162, Havana, 10600, Cuba
| | - Hilda Elsa Garay
- Peptides Synthesis Department, Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (CIGB), P.O. Box 6162, Havana, 10600, Cuba
| | - David Diago Abreu
- Peptides Synthesis Department, Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (CIGB), P.O. Box 6162, Havana, 10600, Cuba
| | - Yassel Ramos
- Proteomics Department, Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (CIGB), P.O. Box 6162, Havana, 10600, Cuba
| | - Ania Cabrales
- Analytic and Purification Department, Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (CIGB), P.O. Box 6162, Havana, 10600, Cuba
| | - Antonio Morales
- Animal Biotechnology Department, Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (CIGB), P.O. Box 6162, Havana, 10600, Cuba
| | - Osmany González
- Animal Biotechnology Department, Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (CIGB), P.O. Box 6162, Havana, 10600, Cuba
| | - Fidel Herrera
- Animal Biotechnology Department, Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (CIGB), P.O. Box 6162, Havana, 10600, Cuba
| | - Mario Pablo Estrada
- Animal Biotechnology Department, Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (CIGB), P.O. Box 6162, Havana, 10600, Cuba.
| | - Yamila Carpio
- Animal Biotechnology Department, Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (CIGB), P.O. Box 6162, Havana, 10600, Cuba.
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Abstract
Immunoglobulins are glycoproteins which are produced as membrane-bound receptors on B-cells or in a secreted form, known as antibodies. In teleosts, three immunoglobulin isotypes, IgM, IgT, and IgD, are present, each comprising two identical heavy and two identical light polypeptide chains. The basic mechanisms for generation of immunoglobulin diversity are similar in teleosts and higher vertebrates. The B-cell pre-immune repertoire is diversified by VDJ recombination, junctional flexibility, addition of nucleotides, and combinatorial association of light and heavy chains, while the post-immune repertoire undergoes somatic hypermutation during clonal expansion. Typically, the teleost immunoglobulin heavy chain gene complex has a modified translocon arrangement where the Dτ-Jτ-Cτ cluster of IgT is generally located between the variable heavy chain (VH) region and the Dμ/δ-Jμ/δ-Cμ-Cδ gene segments, or within the set of VH gene segments. However, multiple genome duplication and deletion events and loss of some individual genes through evolution has complicated the IgH gene organization. The IgH gene arrangement allows the expression of either IgT or IgM/IgD. Alternative splicing is responsible for the regulation of IgM/IgD expression and the secreted versus transmembrane forms of IgT, IgD, and IgM. The overall structure of IgM and IgT is usually conserved across species, whereas IgD has a large variety of structures. IgM is the main effector molecule in both systemic and mucosal immunity and shows a broad range of concentrations in different teleost species. Although IgM is usually present in higher concentrations under normal conditions, IgT is considered the main mucosal Ig.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sumaira Bilal
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Angela Etayo
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Ivar Hordvik
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway.
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Mirete-Bachiller S, Olivieri DN, Gambón-Deza F. Immunoglobulin T genes in Actinopterygii. Fish Shellfish Immunol 2021; 108:86-93. [PMID: 33279606 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2020.11.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2020] [Revised: 11/21/2020] [Accepted: 11/24/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
In teleost fishes, there are three immunoglobulin isotypes named immunoglobulin M (IgM), D (IgD), and T (IgT). IgT was the last to be described in teleost fishes, and it is specific to them. From recent fish genomes, we identified and studied the immunoglobulin heavy chain genes in Actinopterygii. For this analysis, a custom bioinformatics and machine learning pipeline, we call CHfinder, was developed that identifies the exons coding for the CH domains of fish immunoglobulins. Some IgT in teleost and holostean fish found from this systematic study have not been previously described. Phylogenetic analysis of the deduced amino acid sequences of the IgT CH1 exons reveals they are similar to the CH1 of IgM. This analysis also shows that the other three domains (CH2, CH3, and CH4) were not the result of recent IgM duplication processes in Actinopterygii, demonstrating that it is an immunoglobulin of earlier origin. The bioinformatics program, CHfinder, is publicly available at https://github.com/compimmuno/CHfinder.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - David N Olivieri
- Centro de Intelixencia Artificial, Ourense, Spain; ESE Informatica, Universidade de Vigo, Spain.
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Tongsri P, Meng K, Liu X, Wu Z, Yin G, Wang Q, Liu M, Xu Z. The predominant role of mucosal immunoglobulin IgT in the gills of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) after infection with Flavobacterium columnare. Fish Shellfish Immunol 2020; 99:654-662. [PMID: 32001351 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2020.01.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2019] [Revised: 01/12/2020] [Accepted: 01/23/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Columnaris disease, induced by Flavobacterium columnare, seriously affects the health of freshwater fish species and damages the mucosal tissues, such as the fins, skin, and gills. Teleosts represent the first bony vertebrate to contain both innate and adaptive immune responses against pathogens. So far, three immunoglobulin isotypes (IgM, IgD, and IgT/IgZ) have been identified in teleost fish, and IgT in mucosal tissues of teleost fish was reported to perform a similar function to IgA in mammals during parasitic infection. However, very limited information is known about the function of IgT in gill mucosal tissues during bacterial infection. In the present study, rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) was infected with F. columnare (Fc) via immersion. After Fc infection, the gill structure of rainbow trout showed serious hyperplasia symptoms on the secondary lamellae at 12 h post infection (hpi). Moreover, the mRNA expression levels of NOS2 and cathelicidin-1 were significantly upregulated immediately at 12 hpi and showed high expression throughout the experiment. IgT and IgM showed much higher mRNA expression levels at 28 days post infection (dpi) and 75 dpi, while IgD only showed high mRNA expression levels at 28 dpi. Importantly, the accumulation of IgT+ B cells and strong bacteria-specific IgT responses were detected in the gill lamellae of both infected fish (28 dpi) and survivor fish (75 dpi). Overall, our results suggest that IgT and IgT+ B cells play a central role in the adaptive immune responses of fish gill mucosa against bacterial infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pajongjit Tongsri
- Department of Aquatic Animal Medicine, College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, China
| | - Kaifeng Meng
- Department of Aquatic Animal Medicine, College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, China
| | - Xia Liu
- Department of Aquatic Animal Medicine, College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, China
| | - Zhengben Wu
- Department of Aquatic Animal Medicine, College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, China
| | - Guangmei Yin
- Department of Aquatic Animal Medicine, College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, China
| | - Qingchao Wang
- Department of Aquatic Animal Medicine, College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, China
| | - Min Liu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
| | - Zhen Xu
- Department of Aquatic Animal Medicine, College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, China; Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, Shandong, 266071, China.
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11
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Zhao Y, Liu X, Sato H, Zhang Q, Li A, Zhang J. RNA-seq analysis of local tissue of Carassius auratus gibelio with pharyngeal myxobolosis: Insights into the pharyngeal mucosal immune response in a fish-parasite dialogue. Fish Shellfish Immunol 2019; 94:99-112. [PMID: 31476388 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2019.08.076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2019] [Revised: 08/29/2019] [Accepted: 08/30/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The lack of practical control measures for pharyngeal myxobolosis is becoming an important limiting factor for the sustainable development of the gibel carp (Carassius auratus gibelio) culture industry in China. Myxobolus honghuensis has been identified as the causative agent of this pandemic disease, which exclusively infects the pharynx of gibel carp, a potential important mucosal lymphoid-associated tissue (MLAT). Myxozoa generally initiate invasion through the mucosal tissues of fish, where some of them also complete their sporogonial stages. However, the pharynx-associated immune responses of teleost against myxosporeans infection remain unknown. Here, a de novo transcriptome assembly of the pharynx of gibel carp naturally infected with M. honghuensis was performed for the first time, using RNA-seq. Comparative analysis of severely infected and mildly infected pharyngeal tissues (SI group and MI group) from the same fish individuals and control pharyngeal tissues (C group) from the uninfected fish was carried out to investigate the potential mucosal immune function of the fish pharynx, and characterize the panoramic picture of pharynx local mucosal immune responses of gibel carp against the M. honghuensis infection. A total of 242,341 unigenes were obtained and pairwise comparison resulted in 13,009 differentially-expressed genes (DEGs) in the SI/C group comparison, 6014 DEGs in the MI/C group comparison, and 9031 DEGs in the SI/MI group comparison. Comprehensive analysis showed that M. honghuensis infection elicited a significant parasite load-dependent alteration of the expression of numerous innate and adaptive immune-related genes in the local lesion tissue. Innate immune molecules, including mucins, toll-like receptors, C-type lectin, serum amyloid A, cathepsins and complement components were significantly up-regulated in the SI group compared with the C group. Up-regulation of genes involved in apoptosis signaling pathway and the IFN-mediated immune system were found in the SI group, suggesting these two pathways played a crucial role in innate immune response to M. honghuensis infection. Up-regulation of chemokines and chemokine receptors and the induction of the leukocyte trans-endothelial migration pathways in the severely and mildly infected pharynx suggested that many leucocytes were recruited to the local infected sites to mount a strong mucosal immune responses against the myxosporean infection. Up-regulation of CD3D, CD22, CD276, IL4/13A, GATA3, arginase 2, IgM, IgT and pIgR transcripts provided strong evidences for the presence of T/B cells and specific mucosal immune responses at local sites with M. honghuensis infection. Our results firstly demonstrated the mucosal function of the teleost pharynx and provided evidences of intensive local immune defense responses against this mucosa-infecting myxosporean in the gibel carp pharynx. Pharyngeal myxobolosis was shaped by a prevailing anti-inflammatory response pattern during the advanced infection stages. Further understanding of the functional roles of fish immune molecules involved in the initial invasion and/or final sporogony site may facilitate future development of control strategies for this myxobolosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanli Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Aquaculture Diseases Control, Ministry of Agriculture and State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xiuhua Liu
- Guangdong Provincial Water Environment and Aquatic Products Security Engineering Technology Research Center, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Diseases and Waterfowl Breeding, College of Animal Sciences and Technology, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Hiroshi Sato
- Laboratory of Parasitology, Joint Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Yamaguchi University, Yamaguchi, Japan
| | - Qianqian Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Aquaculture Diseases Control, Ministry of Agriculture and State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Aihua Li
- Key Laboratory of Aquaculture Diseases Control, Ministry of Agriculture and State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jinyong Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Aquaculture Diseases Control, Ministry of Agriculture and State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China; Laboratory of Parasitology, Joint Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Yamaguchi University, Yamaguchi, Japan.
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12
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Fu S, Ding M, Liang Q, Yang Y, Chen M, Wei X, Wang A, Liao S, Ye J. The key differentially expressed genes and proteins related to immune response in the spleen of pufferfish (Takifugu obscurus) infected by Aeromonas hydrophila. Fish Shellfish Immunol 2019; 91:1-11. [PMID: 31085326 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2019.05.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2019] [Revised: 05/07/2019] [Accepted: 05/08/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The immune mechanism elicited in pufferfish (Takifugu obscurus) against the invasion of Aeromonas hydrophila is still poorly understood. We examined the spleen of pufferfish at the transcriptome and proteome levels by using Illumina-seq and TMT coupled mass spectrometry after 12 h infection by A. hydrophila, respectively. A total of 2,339 genes (1,512 up-regulated and 827 down-regulated) and 537 (237 up-regulated and 300 down-regulated) proteins were identified. GO and KEGG analyses revealed that the responses to stimulus were the main biological processes, intestinal immune network for IgT production and calcium signaling pathway. Fourteen genes (8 up-regulated and 6 down-regulated) and proteins (5 up-regulated and 9 down-regulated) involved immune responses or signal transduction were validated by qRT-PCR and parallel reaction monitoring to confirm the reliability of the transcriptomic and proteomic analyses, respectively. Moreover, qRT-PCR and flow cytometry were used to detect dynamics of the genes in calcium signaling pathway and changes of concentration of cytoplasm Ca2+ in spleen cells within a 72 h challenge. This study provides the findings regarding immune response, especially intestinal immune network for IgT production pathway and calcium signaling pathway at the molecular, protein and cellular in pufferfish after infection by A. hydrophila. These results would provide a new insight and molecular targets into the response to pathogenic infection in pufferfish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shengli Fu
- School of Life Sciences, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510631, PR China
| | - Mingmei Ding
- School of Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510006, PR China
| | - Qingjian Liang
- School of Life Sciences, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510631, PR China
| | - Yanjian Yang
- School of Life Sciences, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510631, PR China
| | - Meng Chen
- School of Life Sciences, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510631, PR China
| | - Xiufang Wei
- School of Life Sciences, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510631, PR China
| | - Anli Wang
- School of Life Sciences, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510631, PR China
| | - Shaoan Liao
- School of Life Sciences, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510631, PR China.
| | - Jianmin Ye
- School of Life Sciences, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510631, PR China.
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13
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Velázquez J, Acosta J, Lugo JM, Reyes E, Herrera F, González O, Morales A, Carpio Y, Estrada MP. Discovery of immunoglobulin T in Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus): A potential molecular marker to understand mucosal immunity in this species. Dev Comp Immunol 2018; 88:124-136. [PMID: 30012536 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2018.07.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2018] [Revised: 07/12/2018] [Accepted: 07/12/2018] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Immunoglobulin molecules play an important role in the immune defense system in all jawed vertebrates, by protecting the organism from a wide variety of pathogens. Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) is extensively cultivated worldwide, with a strong established market demand. It constitutes one of the model species for the study of fish immunology and its genome is currently fully sequenced. The presence of the immunoglobulin M gene in this species is well documented, as well as its major role in systemic immunity. To date, the IgT gene from O. niloticus has not been identified and, therefore, no information is available on the role of this immunoglobulin isotype in the immune response in tilapia. In the present work, novel secreted and membrane immunoglobulin T isotypes and a fragment of IgM were isolated from tilapia head kidney lymphocytes. Their transcriptional profiles were analyzed by quantitative PCR in larval development and in different tissues of healthy or lipopolysaccharide/Edwardsiella tarda-challenged tilapia adults. The presence of IgT and IgM were detected in early stages of larval development. Additionally, these genes exhibited differential expression profiles in basal conditions and after E. tarda infection in adult tilapia, in accord with the proposed effector functions of these immunoglobulins in the systemic and mucosal compartments. Our results suggest the potential involvement of this new Ig in mucosal immunity in tilapia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janet Velázquez
- Veterinary Immunology Project, Animal Biotechnology Division, Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, P.O. Box 6162, Havana, 10600, Cuba
| | - Jannel Acosta
- Veterinary Immunology Project, Animal Biotechnology Division, Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, P.O. Box 6162, Havana, 10600, Cuba; University of Concepción, Interdisciplinary Center for Aquaculture Research of the UdeC (INCAR), O'higgins, 1695, Concepción, Chile
| | - Juana María Lugo
- Veterinary Immunology Project, Animal Biotechnology Division, Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, P.O. Box 6162, Havana, 10600, Cuba
| | - Eduardo Reyes
- Veterinary Immunology Project, Animal Biotechnology Division, Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, P.O. Box 6162, Havana, 10600, Cuba
| | - Fidel Herrera
- Veterinary Immunology Project, Animal Biotechnology Division, Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, P.O. Box 6162, Havana, 10600, Cuba
| | - Osmany González
- Veterinary Immunology Project, Animal Biotechnology Division, Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, P.O. Box 6162, Havana, 10600, Cuba
| | - Antonio Morales
- Veterinary Immunology Project, Animal Biotechnology Division, Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, P.O. Box 6162, Havana, 10600, Cuba
| | - Yamila Carpio
- Veterinary Immunology Project, Animal Biotechnology Division, Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, P.O. Box 6162, Havana, 10600, Cuba.
| | - Mario Pablo Estrada
- Veterinary Immunology Project, Animal Biotechnology Division, Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, P.O. Box 6162, Havana, 10600, Cuba.
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14
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Fu X, Sun J, Tan E, Shimizu K, Reza MS, Watabe S, Asakawa S. High-Throughput Sequencing of the Expressed Torafugu ( Takifugu rubripes) Antibody Sequences Distinguishes IgM and IgT Repertoires and Reveals Evidence of Convergent Evolution. Front Immunol 2018. [PMID: 29515575 PMCID: PMC5826340 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.00251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
B-cell antigen receptor (BCR) or antibody diversity arises from somatic recombination of immunoglobulin (Ig) gene segments and is concentrated within the Ig heavy (H) chain complementarity-determining region 3 (CDR-H3). We performed high-throughput sequencing of the expressed antibody heavy-chain repertoire from adult torafugu. We found that torafugu use between 70 and 82% of all possible V (variable), D (diversity), and J (joining) gene segment combinations and that they share a similar frequency distribution of these VDJ combinations. The CDR-H3 sequence repertoire observed in individuals is biased with the preferential use of a small number of VDJ, dominated by sequences containing inserted nucleotides. We uncovered the common CDR-H3 amino-acid (aa) sequences shared by individuals. Common CDR-H3 sequences feature highly convergent nucleic-acid recombination compared with private ones. Finally, we observed differences in repertoires between IgM and IgT, including the unequal usage frequencies of V gene segment and the biased number of nucleotide insertion/deletion at VDJ junction regions that leads to distinct distributions of CDR-H3 lengths.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xi Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Collaborative Innovation Center and Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.,Laboratory of Aquatic Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Department of Aquatic Bioscience, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Jianqiang Sun
- Bioinformational Engineering Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Engkong Tan
- Laboratory of Aquatic Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Department of Aquatic Bioscience, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kentaro Shimizu
- Bioinformational Engineering Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Md Shaheed Reza
- School of Marine Biosciences, Kitasato University, Kanagawa, Japan.,Department of Fisheries Technology, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh, Bangladesh
| | - Shugo Watabe
- School of Marine Biosciences, Kitasato University, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Shuichi Asakawa
- Laboratory of Aquatic Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Department of Aquatic Bioscience, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
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15
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Zhang N, Zhang XJ, Chen DD, Oriol Sunyer J, Zhang YA. Molecular characterization and expression analysis of three subclasses of IgT in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). Dev Comp Immunol 2017; 70:94-105. [PMID: 28062226 PMCID: PMC5701746 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2017.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2016] [Revised: 01/02/2017] [Accepted: 01/02/2017] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
As the teleost specific immunoglobulin, IgT plays important roles in systemic and mucosal immunity. In the current study, in rainbow trout, we have cloned the heavy chain (Igτ) genes of a secretory form of IgT2 as well as the membrane and secretory forms of a third IgT subclass, termed IgT3. Conserved cysteine and tryptophan residues that are crucial for the folding of the immunoglobulin domain as well as hydrophobic and hydrophilic residues within CART motif were identified in all IgT subclasses. Through analysis of the rainbow trout genome assembly, Igτ3 gene was found localized upstream of Igτ1 gene, while Igτ2 gene situated on another scaffold. At the transcriptional level, Igτ1 was mainly expressed in both systemic and mucosal lymphoid tissues, while Igτ2 was largely expressed in systemic lymphoid organs. After LPS and poly (I:C) treatment, Igτ1 and Igτ2 genes exhibited different expression profiles. Interestingly the transcriptional level of Igτ3 was negligible, although its protein product could be identified in trout serum. Importantly, a previously reported monoclonal antibody directed against trout IgT1 was able to recognize IgT2 and IgT3. These data demonstrate that there exist three subclasses of IgT in rainbow trout, and that their heavy chain genes display different expression patterns during stimulation. Overall, our data reflect the diversity and complexity of immunoglobulin in trout, thus provide a better understanding of the IgT system in the immune response of teleost fish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nu Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Xu-Jie Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, China; College of Fisheries and Life Science, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China
| | - Dan-Dan Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - J Oriol Sunyer
- Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
| | - Yong-An Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, China.
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16
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Buonocore F, Stocchi V, Nunez-Ortiz N, Randelli E, Gerdol M, Pallavicini A, Facchiano A, Bernini C, Guerra L, Scapigliati G, Picchietti S. Immunoglobulin T from sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax L.): molecular characterization, tissue localization and expression after nodavirus infection. BMC Mol Biol 2017; 18:8. [PMID: 28298204 PMCID: PMC5353873 DOI: 10.1186/s12867-017-0085-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2016] [Accepted: 03/11/2017] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Immunoglobulins (Igs) are fundamental components of the adaptive immune system of vertebrates, with the IgT/IgZ isotype specific of Teleosts. In this paper we describe the identification of an IgT heavy chain from the European sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax L.), its molecular characterization and tissue mRNA localization by in situ hybridization. Results Sea bass IgT consists of 552 aa (Accession Number KM410929) and it contains a putative 19 amino acids long signal peptide and one potential N-glycosylation site. The C-region consists of four CH domains; each contains the cysteine and tryptophan residues required for their correct folding. Based on the recent sequencing of sea bass genome, we have identified five different genomic contigs bearing exons unequivocally pertaining to IgT (CH2, CH3 and CH4), but none corresponded to a complete IgH locus as IgT sequences were found in the highly fragmented assembled genomic regions which could not be assigned to any major scaffold. The 3D structure of sea bass IgT has been modelled using the crystal structure of a mouse Ig gamma as a template, thus showing that the amino acid sequence is suitable for the expected topology referred to an immunoglobulin-like architecture. The basal expression of sea bass IgT and IgM in different organs has been analysed: gut and gills, important mucosal organs, showed high IgT transcripts levels and this was the first indication of the possible involvement of sea bass IgT in mucosal immune responses. Moreover, sea bass IgT expression increased in gills and spleen after infection with nodavirus, highlighting the importance of IgT in sea bass immune responses. In situ hybridization confirmed the presence of IgT transcripts in the gut and it revealed a differential expression along the intestinal tract, with a major expression in the posterior intestine, suggesting the hindgut as a site for the recruitment of IgT+ cells in this species. IgT transcripts were also found in gill filaments and parallel lamellae and, for the first time, we identified scattered IgT positive cells in the liver, with a strong signal in the hepatic parenchyma. Conclusions In conclusion, we performed a full molecular characterization of IgT in sea bass that points out its possible involvement in mucosal immune responses of this species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Buonocore
- Department for Innovation in Biological, Agro-food and Forest Systems, University of Tuscia, Largo dell'Università snc, 05100, Viterbo, VT, Italy.
| | - Valentina Stocchi
- Department for Innovation in Biological, Agro-food and Forest Systems, University of Tuscia, Largo dell'Università snc, 05100, Viterbo, VT, Italy
| | - Noelia Nunez-Ortiz
- Department for Innovation in Biological, Agro-food and Forest Systems, University of Tuscia, Largo dell'Università snc, 05100, Viterbo, VT, Italy
| | - Elisa Randelli
- Department for Innovation in Biological, Agro-food and Forest Systems, University of Tuscia, Largo dell'Università snc, 05100, Viterbo, VT, Italy
| | - Marco Gerdol
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Trieste, Via Giorgieri 5, 34127, Trieste, TS, Italy
| | - Alberto Pallavicini
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Trieste, Via Giorgieri 5, 34127, Trieste, TS, Italy
| | - Angelo Facchiano
- Institute of Food Science, CNR, Via Roma, 64, 83100, Avellino, AV, Italy
| | - Chiara Bernini
- Department for Innovation in Biological, Agro-food and Forest Systems, University of Tuscia, Largo dell'Università snc, 05100, Viterbo, VT, Italy
| | - Laura Guerra
- Department for Innovation in Biological, Agro-food and Forest Systems, University of Tuscia, Largo dell'Università snc, 05100, Viterbo, VT, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Scapigliati
- Department for Innovation in Biological, Agro-food and Forest Systems, University of Tuscia, Largo dell'Università snc, 05100, Viterbo, VT, Italy
| | - Simona Picchietti
- Department for Innovation in Biological, Agro-food and Forest Systems, University of Tuscia, Largo dell'Università snc, 05100, Viterbo, VT, Italy
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17
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Piazzon MC, Galindo-Villegas J, Pereiro P, Estensoro I, Calduch-Giner JA, Gómez-Casado E, Novoa B, Mulero V, Sitjà-Bobadilla A, Pérez-Sánchez J. Differential Modulation of IgT and IgM upon Parasitic, Bacterial, Viral, and Dietary Challenges in a Perciform Fish. Front Immunol 2016; 7:637. [PMID: 28082977 PMCID: PMC5186763 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2016.00637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2016] [Accepted: 12/12/2016] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Three different immunoglobulin (Ig) isotypes can be found in teleost fish, IgM, IgD, and the teleost-specific IgT. IgM is considered to have a systemic activity, and IgT is attributed a mucosal role, similar to mammalian IgA. In this study, the complete sequence of gilthead sea bream IgM and IgT in their membrane (m) and soluble (s) forms are described for the first time in a perciform fish. Their constitutive gene expression is analyzed in different tissues, and their regulation upon viral, bacterial, parasitic, mucosal vaccination and dietary challenges are studied. GCB IgM and IgT have the prototypical structure when compared to other fish Igs. The constitutive expression of sIgM was the highest overall in all tissues, whereas mIgT expression was highest in mucosal tissues, such as gills and intestine. IgM and IgT were differentially regulated upon infection. IgT was highly upregulated locally upon infection with the intestinal parasite Enteromyxum leei or systemically after Nodavirus infection. Long-term intestinal parasitic infections increased the serum titer of both isotypes. Mucosal vaccination against Photobacterium damselae subsp. piscicida finely regulated the Ig response inducing a systemic increase of IgM titers in serum and a local IgT response in skin mucus when animals were exposed to the pathogen by bath challenge. Interestingly, plant-based diets inhibit IgT upregulation upon intestinal parasitic challenge, which was related to a worse disease outcome. All these results corroborate the mucosal role of IgT and emphasize the importance of a finely tuned regulation of Ig isotypes upon infection, which could be of special interest in vaccination studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria C Piazzon
- Instituto de Acuicultura Torre de la Sal, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (IATS-CSIC) , Castellón , Spain
| | - Jorge Galindo-Villegas
- Department of Cell Biology and Histology, Faculty of Biology, Biomedical Research Institute of Murcia (IMIB-Arrixaca-UMU), University of Murcia , Murcia , Spain
| | - Patricia Pereiro
- Instituto de Investigaciones Marinas, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (IIM-CSIC) , Vigo , Spain
| | - Itziar Estensoro
- Instituto de Acuicultura Torre de la Sal, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (IATS-CSIC) , Castellón , Spain
| | - Josep A Calduch-Giner
- Instituto de Acuicultura Torre de la Sal, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (IATS-CSIC) , Castellón , Spain
| | - Eduardo Gómez-Casado
- Department of Biotechnology, Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA) , Madrid , Spain
| | - Beatriz Novoa
- Instituto de Investigaciones Marinas, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (IIM-CSIC) , Vigo , Spain
| | - Victoriano Mulero
- Department of Cell Biology and Histology, Faculty of Biology, Biomedical Research Institute of Murcia (IMIB-Arrixaca-UMU), University of Murcia , Murcia , Spain
| | - Ariadna Sitjà-Bobadilla
- Instituto de Acuicultura Torre de la Sal, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (IATS-CSIC) , Castellón , Spain
| | - Jaume Pérez-Sánchez
- Instituto de Acuicultura Torre de la Sal, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (IATS-CSIC) , Castellón , Spain
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18
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Parra D, Korytář T, Takizawa F, Sunyer JO. B cells and their role in the teleost gut. Dev Comp Immunol 2016; 64:150-66. [PMID: 26995768 PMCID: PMC5125549 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2016.03.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2016] [Revised: 03/11/2016] [Accepted: 03/13/2016] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Mucosal surfaces are the main route of entry for pathogens in all living organisms. In the case of teleost fish, mucosal surfaces cover the vast majority of the animal. As these surfaces are in constant contact with the environment, fish are perpetually exposed to a vast number of pathogens. Despite the potential prevalence and variety of pathogens, mucosal surfaces are primarily populated by commensal non-pathogenic bacteria. Indeed, a fine balance between these two populations of microorganisms is crucial for animal survival. This equilibrium, controlled by the mucosal immune system, maintains homeostasis at mucosal tissues. Teleost fish possess a diffuse mucosa-associated immune system in the intestine, with B cells being one of the main responders. Immunoglobulins produced by these lymphocytes are a critical line of defense against pathogens and also prevent the entrance of commensal bacteria into the epithelium. In this review we will summarize recent literature regarding the role of B-lymphocytes and immunoglobulins in gut immunity in teleost fish, with specific focus on immunoglobulin isotypes and the microorganisms, pathogenic and non-pathogenic that interact with the immune system.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Parra
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Tomáš Korytář
- Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Fumio Takizawa
- Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - J Oriol Sunyer
- Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
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Buonocore F, Bernini C, Coscia MR, Giacomelli S, de Pascale D, Randelli E, Stocchi V, Scapigliati G. Immune response of the Antarctic teleost Trematomus bernacchii to immunization with Psychrobacter sp. (TAD1). Fish Shellfish Immunol 2016; 56:192-198. [PMID: 27417227 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2016.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2016] [Revised: 06/28/2016] [Accepted: 07/09/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Adult Trematomus bernacchii have been immunized intraperitoneally with heat-killed cells of the Antarctic marine bacterium Psychrobacter sp. (TAD1) up to 60 days. After immunizations and sampling at various times, fish sera were tested for specific IgM by ELISA, and different tissues (head kidney and spleen) were investigated for transcription of master genes of the acquired immune response (IgM, IgT, TRβ, TRγ). Results from ELISA assays showed a time-dependent induction of specific serum anti-TAD1 IgM, and western blot analysis of TAD1 lysates probed with fish sera revealed enhanced immunoreactivity in immunized animals compared to controls. Quantitative PCR analysis of transcripts coding for IgM, IgT, TRβ, TRγ was performed in T. bernacchii tissues to assess basal expression, and then on cDNAs of cells from head kidney and spleen of fish injected for 8, 24, and 72 h with inactivated TAD1. The results showed a differential basal expression of transcripts in the examined tissues, and a time-dependent strong up-regulation of IgT, TRβ, TRγ genes upon in vivo stimulation with TAD1. These results represent a first in vivo study on the mounting of a specific immune response in an Antarctic teleost species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Buonocore
- Università della Tuscia, Dipartimento per l'Innovazione Biologica, Agroalimentare e Forestale, Viterbo, Italy
| | - Chiara Bernini
- Università della Tuscia, Dipartimento per l'Innovazione Biologica, Agroalimentare e Forestale, Viterbo, Italy
| | - Maria Rosaria Coscia
- Istituto di Biochimica delle Proteine, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Napoli, Italy
| | - Stefano Giacomelli
- Istituto di Biochimica delle Proteine, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Napoli, Italy
| | - Donatella de Pascale
- Istituto di Biochimica delle Proteine, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Napoli, Italy
| | - Elisa Randelli
- Università della Tuscia, Dipartimento per l'Innovazione Biologica, Agroalimentare e Forestale, Viterbo, Italy
| | - Valentina Stocchi
- Università della Tuscia, Dipartimento per l'Innovazione Biologica, Agroalimentare e Forestale, Viterbo, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Scapigliati
- Università della Tuscia, Dipartimento per l'Innovazione Biologica, Agroalimentare e Forestale, Viterbo, Italy.
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Zhang N, Zhang XJ, Song YL, Lu XB, Chen DD, Xia XQ, Sunyer JO, Zhang YA. Preferential combination between the light and heavy chain isotypes of fish immunoglobulins. Dev Comp Immunol 2016; 61:169-179. [PMID: 27057962 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2016.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2016] [Revised: 04/01/2016] [Accepted: 04/01/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Immunoglobulin light chain (IgL) is necessary for the assembly of an Ig molecule, which plays important roles in the immune response. IgL genes were identified in various teleost species, but the basic functions of different IgL isotypes and the preferential combination between IgL and IgH (Ig heavy chain) isotypes remain unclear. In the current study, by EST database searching and cDNA cloning in rainbow trout, 8 IgL sequences were obtained, which could be classified into the IgLκF, IgLκG, IgLσ and IgLλ isotypes, respectively. Trout IgL isotypes were highly expressed in the immune-related tissues, and participated in the immune responses in spleen and gut by stimulation with LPS and poly (I:C). The results of FACS and LC-MS/MS indicated that the IgLκG and IgLσ isotypes preferentially bonded with the heavy chains of IgM and IgT, respectively, in trout B cells and serum. In addition, the genomic organization of trout IgL isotypes and the utilization of recombination signal sequences were studied.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nu Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Xu-Jie Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, China; College of Fisheries and Life Science, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China
| | - Yu-Long Song
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Xiao-Bing Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Dan-Dan Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Xiao-Qin Xia
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - J Oriol Sunyer
- Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Yong-An Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, China.
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21
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Munang'andu HM, Mutoloki S, Evensen Ø. A Review of the Immunological Mechanisms Following Mucosal Vaccination of Finfish. Front Immunol 2015; 6:427. [PMID: 26379665 PMCID: PMC4547047 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2015.00427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2015] [Accepted: 08/06/2015] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Mucosal organs are principle portals of entry for microbial invasion and as such developing protective vaccines against these pathogens can serve as a first line of defense against infections. In general, all mucosal organs in finfish are covered by a layer of mucus whose main function is not only to prevent pathogen attachment by being continuously secreted and sloughing-off but it serves as a vehicle for antimicrobial compounds, complement, and immunoglobulins that degrade, opsonize, and neutralize invading pathogens on mucosal surfaces. In addition, all mucosal organs in finfish possess antigen-presenting cells (APCs) that activate cells of the adaptive immune system to generate long-lasting protective immune responses. The functional activities of APCs are orchestrated by a vast array of proinflammatory cytokines and chemokines found in all mucosal organs. The adaptive immune system in mucosal organs is made of humoral immune responses that are able to neutralize invading pathogens as well as cellular-mediated immune responses whose kinetics are comparable to those induced by parenteral vaccines. In general, finfish mucosal immune system has the capacity to serve as the first-line defense mechanism against microbial invasion as well as being responsive to vaccination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hetron Mweemba Munang'andu
- Section of Aquatic Medicine and Nutrition, Department of Basic Sciences and Aquatic Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Biosciences, Norwegian University of Life Sciences , Oslo , Norway
| | - Stephen Mutoloki
- Section of Aquatic Medicine and Nutrition, Department of Basic Sciences and Aquatic Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Biosciences, Norwegian University of Life Sciences , Oslo , Norway
| | - Øystein Evensen
- Section of Aquatic Medicine and Nutrition, Department of Basic Sciences and Aquatic Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Biosciences, Norwegian University of Life Sciences , Oslo , Norway
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22
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Makesh M, Sudheesh PS, Cain KD. Systemic and mucosal immune response of rainbow trout to immunization with an attenuated Flavobacterium psychrophilum vaccine strain by different routes. Fish Shellfish Immunol 2015; 44:156-163. [PMID: 25687393 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2015.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2014] [Revised: 02/02/2015] [Accepted: 02/03/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Teleosts possess three immunoglobulin (Ig) heavy chain isotypes viz., IgM, IgT and IgD and all three isotypes are reported in rainbow trout. The expression of these Ig isotypes in response to different immunization routes was investigated and results provide a better understanding of the role these Igs in different tissues. Rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) were immunized with an attenuated Flavobacterium psychrophilum strain, 259-93-B.17 grown under iron limiting conditions, by intraperitoneal, anal intubation and immersion routes. Serum, gill mucus, skin mucus and intestinal mucus samples were collected at 0, 3, 7, 14, 28, 42 and 56 days post immunization by sacrificing four fish from each treatment group and the unimmunized control group, and the IgM levels were estimated by an enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). In addition, blood, gill, skin and intestinal tissue samples were collected for Ig gene expression studies. The secretory IgM, IgD and IgT gene expression levels in these tissues were estimated by reverse transcription quantitative real time PCR (RT-qPCR). Levels of IgM in serum, gill and skin mucus increased significantly by 28 days after immunization in the intraperitoneally immunized group, while no significant increase in IgM level was observed in fish groups immunized by other routes. Secretory IgD and IgT expression levels were significantly upregulated in gills of fish immunized by the immersion route. Similarly, secretory IgT and IgD were upregulated in intestines of fish immunized by anal intubation route. The results confirm mucosal association of IgT and suggest that IgD may also be specialized in mucosal immunity and contribute to immediate protection to the fish at mucosal surfaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Makesh
- Department of Fish and Wildlife Sciences, College of Natural Resources, University of Idaho, Moscow, ID 83844-1136, USA; Aquatic Environment and Health Management Division, Central Institute of Fisheries Education, Versova, Mumbai 400061, India.
| | - Ponnerassery S Sudheesh
- Department of Fish and Wildlife Sciences, College of Natural Resources, University of Idaho, Moscow, ID 83844-1136, USA
| | - Kenneth D Cain
- Department of Fish and Wildlife Sciences, College of Natural Resources, University of Idaho, Moscow, ID 83844-1136, USA
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Valdenegro-Vega VA, Polinski M, Bridle A, Crosbie P, Leef M, Nowak BF. Effects of single and repeated infections with Neoparamoeba perurans on antibody levels and immune gene expression in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar). Fish Shellfish Immunol 2015; 42:522-529. [PMID: 25433137 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2014.11.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2014] [Revised: 11/17/2014] [Accepted: 11/21/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Amoebic gill disease (AGD) is the main health problem for the salmon industry in Tasmania, Australia and is now reported in most salmon producing countries. Antibody and gene expression responses to the pathogen, Neoparamoeba perurans, have been studied independently following primary exposure; however, the effects of sequential reinfection, which can often occur during net-pen culture of salmon, remain unclear. The association between the transcription of immunoglobulin (Ig) and their systemic and mucosal antibody levels in regards to AGD is unknown. Herein, we assessed the antibody responses as well as Ig transcription in the gills of Atlantic salmon infected only once and also sequentially with N. perurans. After four successive AGD challenges, no significant differences in plasma or skin mucus levels of IgM were observed between AGD-naïve and challenged fish. However, IgM gene expression in gill lesions of AGD-affected fish increased up to 31 d after infection, while no changes in IgT, TCR and CD8 transcription were observed. Changes at IgM transcription level did not match the lack of antibody response in mucus, which is possibly explained by weak correlations existing between protein and mRNA abundances in cells and tissues. In the second experiment, which investigated Ig responses to AGD at the transcriptional as well as antibody production level in salmon after a single infection, the levels of serum or skin mucus IgM antibody were not affected and no changes in the IgM or IgT transcription were induced.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victoria A Valdenegro-Vega
- Institute for Marine and Antarctic Studies (IMAS), University of Tasmania, Locked Bag 1370, Launceston, Tasmania 7250, Australia.
| | - Mark Polinski
- Institute for Marine and Antarctic Studies (IMAS), University of Tasmania, Locked Bag 1370, Launceston, Tasmania 7250, Australia
| | - Andrew Bridle
- Institute for Marine and Antarctic Studies (IMAS), University of Tasmania, Locked Bag 1370, Launceston, Tasmania 7250, Australia
| | - Philip Crosbie
- Institute for Marine and Antarctic Studies (IMAS), University of Tasmania, Locked Bag 1370, Launceston, Tasmania 7250, Australia
| | - Melanie Leef
- Institute for Marine and Antarctic Studies (IMAS), University of Tasmania, Locked Bag 1370, Launceston, Tasmania 7250, Australia
| | - Barbara F Nowak
- Institute for Marine and Antarctic Studies (IMAS), University of Tasmania, Locked Bag 1370, Launceston, Tasmania 7250, Australia
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