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Zhang J, Yao Z. Immune cell trafficking: a novel perspective on the gut-skin axis. Inflamm Regen 2024; 44:21. [PMID: 38654394 DOI: 10.1186/s41232-024-00334-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2024] [Accepted: 04/15/2024] [Indexed: 04/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Immune cell trafficking, an essential mechanism for maintaining immunological homeostasis and mounting effective responses to infections, operates under a stringent regulatory framework. Recent advances have shed light on the perturbation of cell migration patterns, highlighting how such disturbances can propagate inflammatory diseases from their origin to distal organs. This review collates and discusses current evidence that demonstrates atypical communication between the gut and skin, which are conventionally viewed as distinct immunological spheres, in the milieu of inflammation. We focus on the aberrant, reciprocal translocation of immune cells along the gut-skin axis as a pivotal factor linking intestinal and dermatological inflammatory conditions. Recognizing that the translation of these findings into clinical practices is nascent, we suggest that therapeutic strategies aimed at modulating the axis may offer substantial benefits in mitigating the widespread impact of inflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiayan Zhang
- Dermatology Center, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Department of Dermatology, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Institute of Dermatology, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhirong Yao
- Dermatology Center, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.
- Department of Dermatology, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.
- Institute of Dermatology, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.
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Ria F, Delogu G, Ingrosso L, Sali M, Di Sante G. Secrets and lies of host-microbial interactions: MHC restriction and trans-regulation of T cell trafficking conceal the role of microbial agents on the edge between health and multifactorial/complex diseases. Cell Mol Life Sci 2024; 81:40. [PMID: 38216734 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-023-05040-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2023] [Revised: 10/04/2023] [Accepted: 11/06/2023] [Indexed: 01/14/2024]
Abstract
Here we critically discuss data supporting the view that microbial agents (pathogens, pathobionts or commensals alike) play a relevant role in the pathogenesis of multifactorial diseases, but their role is concealed by the rules presiding over T cell antigen recognition and trafficking. These rules make it difficult to associate univocally infectious agents to diseases' pathogenesis using the paradigm developed for canonical infectious diseases. (Cross-)recognition of a variable repertoire of epitopes leads to the possibility that distinct infectious agents can determine the same disease(s). There can be the need for sequential infection/colonization by two or more microorganisms to develop a given disease. Altered spreading of infectious agents can determine an unwanted activation of T cells towards a pro-inflammatory and trafficking phenotype, due to differences in the local microenvironment. Finally, trans-regulation of T cell trafficking allows infectious agents unrelated to the specificity of T cell to modify their homing to target organs, thereby driving flares of disease. The relevant role of microbial agents in largely prevalent diseases provides a conceptual basis for the evaluation of more specific therapeutic approaches, targeted to prevent (vaccine) or cure (antibiotics and/or Biologic Response Modifiers) multifactorial diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Ria
- Department of Translational Medicine and Surgery, Section of General Pathology, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 00168, Rome, Italy
| | - G Delogu
- Mater Olbia Hospital, 07026, Olbia, Italy
- Department of Biotechnological, Basic, Intensivological and Perioperatory Sciences-Section of Microbiology, Università Cattolica del S Cuore, 00168, Rome, Italy
| | - L Ingrosso
- Department Infectious Diseases, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, 00161, Rome, Italy
- European Program for Public Health Microbiology Training (EUPHEM), European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control (ECDC), Stockholm, Sweden
| | - M Sali
- Department of Biotechnological, Basic, Intensivological and Perioperatory Sciences-Section of Microbiology, Università Cattolica del S Cuore, 00168, Rome, Italy
- Department of Laboratory and Infectivology Sciences, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, 00168, Rome, Italy
| | - G Di Sante
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, Section of Human, Clinical and Forensic Anatomy, University of Perugia, 60132, Perugia, Italy.
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Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is considered a prototypic organ specific autoimmune disease targeting the central nervous system (CNS). Blood-brain barrier (BBB) breakdown and enhanced immune cell infiltration into the CNS parenchyma are early hallmarks of CNS lesion formation. Therapeutic targeting of immune cell trafficking across the BBB has proven a successful therapy for the treatment of MS, but comes with side effects and is no longer effective once patients have entered the progressive phase of the disease. Beyond the endothelial BBB, epithelial and glial brain barriers establish compartments in the CNS that differ in their accessibility to the immune system. There is increasing evidence that brain barrier abnormalities persist during the progressive stages of MS. Here, we summarize the role of endothelial, epithelial, and glial brain barriers in maintaining CNS immune privilege and our current knowledge on how impairment of these barriers contributes to MS pathogenesis. We discuss how therapeutic stabilization of brain barriers integrity may improve the safety of current therapeutic regimes for treating MS. This may also allow for the development of entirely novel therapeutic approaches aiming to restore brain barriers integrity and thus CNS homeostasis, which may be specifically beneficial for the treatment of progressive MS.
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Brea D, Poon C, Benakis C, Lubitz G, Murphy M, Iadecola C, Anrather J. Stroke affects intestinal immune cell trafficking to the central nervous system. Brain Behav Immun 2021; 96:295-302. [PMID: 33989742 PMCID: PMC8672365 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2021.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2020] [Revised: 05/04/2021] [Accepted: 05/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Stroke is an acute neurological disease with a strong inflammatory component that can be regulated by the intestinal microbiota and intestinal immune cells. Although stroke has been shown to alter immune cell populations in the gut, the dynamics of cell trafficking have not been elucidated. To study the trafficking of gut-derived immune cells after stroke, we used mice expressing the photoconvertible protein Kikume Green-Red, which turns form green to red when exposed to violet light. Mice underwent laparotomy and the small intestine was exposed to violet laser light. Immune cells were isolated from the small intestine immediately after photoconversion and 2 days later. Percentage of immune cells (CD45+KikR+) that expressed the red variant of the protein (KikR) was higher immediately after photoconversion than 2 days later, indicating cell egress from the small intestine. To investigate whether intestinal immune cells traffic to the periphery and/or the central nervous system (CNS) after stroke, we analyzed KikR+ immune cells (2 days after photoconversion) in peripheral lymphoid organs, meninges and brain, 3 and 14 days after transient occlusion of the middle cerebral artery (tMCAo) or sham-surgery. Although migration was observed in naïve and sham animals, stroke induced a higher mobilization of gut KikR+ immune cells, especially at 3 days after stroke, to all the organs analyzed. Notably, we detected a significant migration of CD45hi immune cells from the gut to the brain and meninges at 3 days after stroke. Comparison of cell trafficking between organs revealed a significant preference of intestinal CD11c+ cells to migrate from the small intestine to brain and meninges after stroke. We conclude that stroke increases immune cell trafficking from the small intestine to peripheral lymphoid organs and the CNS where they might contribute to post-stroke inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Brea
- Feil Family Brain and Mind Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, United States.
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Josef Anrather
- Feil Family Brain and Mind Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, United States.
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Zundler S, Tauschek V, Neurath MF. Immune Cell Circuits in Mucosal Wound Healing: Clinical Implications. Visc Med 2020; 36:129-136. [PMID: 32355670 DOI: 10.1159/000506846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2020] [Accepted: 02/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background An intact mucosal barrier is essential for homeostasis in the gastrointestinal tract. Various pathological conditions such as infection or immune-mediated inflammation as well as therapeutic interventions like bowel surgery can result in injury of the intestinal mucosa. To counteract potential negative sequelae and to restore integrity of the tissue, a tightly regulated machinery of mechanisms exists, which crucially depends on the presence and absence of various immune cell subsets in different phases of intestinal wound healing. Cell trafficking is an increasingly acknowledged process that steers the localization of cells in tissues and the circulation. Thus, such cell circuits also crucially impact on the recruitment of immune cells in wound healing. Summary We performed a selective literature research. In our review, we will shortly delineate some basic principles of intestinal immune cell trafficking before discussing the contribution of different immune cells to wound healing. Finally, we will discuss potential clinical implications of immune cell trafficking and wound healing interactions in inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) and bowel surgery. Key Messages Intestinal wound healing has immense importance in pathological conditions like IBD, anastomotic healing, and others. Immune cell trafficking is indispensable for the correct temporal and spatial interaction of the cells involved. Further research is required to understand the final consequences of interfering with immune cell trafficking for intestinal wound healing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Zundler
- Department of Medicine 1, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Kussmaul Campus for Medical Research & Translational Research Center, Erlangen, Germany.,Deutsches Zentrum Immuntherapie, University Hospital Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Verena Tauschek
- Department of Medicine 1, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Kussmaul Campus for Medical Research & Translational Research Center, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Markus F Neurath
- Department of Medicine 1, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Kussmaul Campus for Medical Research & Translational Research Center, Erlangen, Germany.,Deutsches Zentrum Immuntherapie, University Hospital Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
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Smith PLP, Mottahedin A, Svedin P, Mohn CJ, Hagberg H, Ek J, Mallard C. Peripheral myeloid cells contribute to brain injury in male neonatal mice. J Neuroinflammation 2018; 15:301. [PMID: 30376851 PMCID: PMC6208095 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-018-1344-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2018] [Accepted: 10/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Neonatal brain injury is increasingly understood to be linked to inflammatory processes that involve specialised CNS and peripheral immune interactions. However, the role of peripheral myeloid cells in neonatal hypoxic-ischemic (HI) brain injury remains to be fully investigated. Methods We employed the Lys-EGFP-ki mouse that allows enhanced green fluorescent protein (EGFP)-positive mature myeloid cells of peripheral origin to be easily identified in the CNS. Using both flow cytometry and confocal microscopy, we investigated the accumulation of total EGFP+ myeloid cells and myeloid cell subtypes: inflammatory monocytes, resident monocytes and granulocytes, in the CNS for several weeks following induction of cerebral HI in postnatal day 9 mice. We used antibody treatment to curb brain infiltration of myeloid cells and subsequently evaluated HI-induced brain injury. Results We demonstrate a temporally biphasic pattern of inflammatory monocyte and granulocyte infiltration, characterised by peak infiltration at 1 day and 7 days after hypoxia-ischemia. This occurs against a backdrop of continuous low-level resident monocyte infiltration. Antibody-mediated depletion of circulating myeloid cells reduced immune cell accumulation in the brain and reduced neuronal loss in male but not female mice. Conclusion This study offers new insight into sex-dependent central-peripheral immune communication following neonatal brain injury and merits renewed interest in the roles of granulocytes and monocytes in lesion development. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12974-018-1344-9) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter L P Smith
- Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Department of Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Box 432, SE-405 30, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Amin Mottahedin
- Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Department of Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Box 432, SE-405 30, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Pernilla Svedin
- Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Department of Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Box 432, SE-405 30, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Carl-Johan Mohn
- Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Department of Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Box 432, SE-405 30, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Henrik Hagberg
- Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Department of Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Box 432, SE-405 30, Gothenburg, Sweden.,Institute of Clinical Sciences, Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Joakim Ek
- Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Department of Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Box 432, SE-405 30, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Carina Mallard
- Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Department of Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Box 432, SE-405 30, Gothenburg, Sweden.
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MacPherson KP, Sompol P, Kannarkat GT, Chang J, Sniffen L, Wildner ME, Norris CM, Tansey MG. Peripheral administration of the soluble TNF inhibitor XPro1595 modifies brain immune cell profiles, decreases beta-amyloid plaque load, and rescues impaired long-term potentiation in 5xFAD mice. Neurobiol Dis 2017; 102:81-95. [PMID: 28237313 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2017.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2016] [Revised: 01/28/2017] [Accepted: 02/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Clinical and animal model studies have implicated inflammation and peripheral immune cell responses in the pathophysiology of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Peripheral immune cells including T cells circulate in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) of healthy adults and are found in the brains of AD patients and AD rodent models. Blocking entry of peripheral macrophages into the CNS was reported to increase amyloid burden in an AD mouse model. To assess inflammation in the 5xFAD (Tg) mouse model, we first quantified central and immune cell profiles in the deep cervical lymph nodes and spleen. In the brains of Tg mice, activated (MHCII+, CD45high, and Ly6Chigh) myeloid-derived CD11b+ immune cells are decreased while CD3+ T cells are increased as a function of age relative to non-Tg mice. These immunological changes along with evidence of increased mRNA levels for several cytokines suggest that immune regulation and trafficking patterns are altered in Tg mice. Levels of soluble Tumor Necrosis Factor (sTNF) modulate blood-brain barrier (BBB) permeability and are increased in CSF and brain parenchyma post-mortem in AD subjects and Tg mice. We report here that in vivo peripheral administration of XPro1595, a novel biologic that sequesters sTNF into inactive heterotrimers, reduced the age-dependent increase in activated immune cells in Tg mice, while decreasing the overall number of CD4+ T cells. In addition, XPro1595 treatment in vivo rescued impaired long-term potentiation (LTP) measured in brain slices in association with decreased Aβ plaques in the subiculum. Selective targeting of sTNF may modulate brain immune cell infiltration, and prevent or delay neuronal dysfunction in AD. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Immune cells and cytokines perform specialized functions inside and outside the brain to maintain optimal brain health; but the extent to which their activities change in response to neuronal dysfunction and degeneration is not well understood. Our findings indicate that neutralization of sTNF reduced the age-dependent increase in activated immune cells in Tg mice, while decreasing the overall number of CD4+ T cells. In addition, impaired long-term potentiation (LTP) was rescued by XPro1595 in association with decreased hippocampal Aβ plaques. Selective targeting of sTNF holds translational potential to modulate brain immune cell infiltration, dampen neuroinflammation, and prevent or delay neuronal dysfunction in AD.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Pradoldej Sompol
- Sanders-Brown Center on Aging, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, KY 40536, United States
| | | | - Jianjun Chang
- Emory University School of Medicine, 30322, United States
| | | | - Mary E Wildner
- Emory University School of Medicine, 30322, United States
| | - Christopher M Norris
- Sanders-Brown Center on Aging, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, KY 40536, United States
| | - Malú G Tansey
- Emory University School of Medicine, 30322, United States.
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