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Hu Y, Sun H, Shi W, Chen C, Wu X, Jiang Y, Zhang G, Li N, Song J, Zhang H, Shen B, Zeng H, Zhang H. Immunogram defines four cancer-immunity cycle phenotypes with distinct clonal selection patterns across solid tumors. J Transl Med 2024; 22:69. [PMID: 38243238 PMCID: PMC10799518 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-023-04765-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2023] [Accepted: 11/27/2023] [Indexed: 01/21/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The cancer-immunity cycle (CI cycle) provides a theoretical framework to illustrate the process of the anticancer immune response. Recently, the update of the CI cycle theory emphasizes the importance of tumor's immunological phenotype. However, there is lack of immunological phenotype of pan-cancer based on CI cycle theory. METHODS Here, we applied a visualizing method termed 'cancer immunogram' to visualize the state of CI cycle of 8460 solid tumors from TCGA cohort. Unsupervised clustering of the cancer immunogram was performed using the nonnegative matrix factorization (NMF) analysis. We applied an evolutionary genomics approach (dN/dS ratio) to evaluate the clonal selection patterns of tumors with distinct immunogram subtypes. RESULTS We defined four major CI cycle patterns across 32 cancer types using a cancer immunogram approach. Immunogram-I was characterized by 'hot' and 'exhausted' features, indicating a favorable prognosis. Strikingly, immunogram-II, immunogram-III, and immunogram-IV represented distinct immunosuppressive patterns of 'cold' tumor. Immunogram-II was characterized by 'cold' and 'radical' features, which represented increased expression of immune inhibitor molecules and high levels of positive selection, indicating the worst prognosis. Immunogram-III was characterized by 'cold' and 'recognizable' features and upregulated expression of MHC I molecules. Immunogram-IV was characterized by 'cold' and 'inert' features, which represented overall immunosuppression, lower levels of immunoediting and positive selection, and accumulation of more tumor neoantigens. In particular, favorable overall survival was observed in metastatic urothelial cancer patients with immunogram-I and immunogram-IV after immune checkpoint inhibitor (ICI) therapy. Meanwhile, a higher response rate to ICI therapy was observed in metastatic gastric cancer patients with immunogram-I phenotype. CONCLUSIONS Our findings provide new insight into the interaction between immunity and cancer evolution, which may contribute to optimizing immunotherapy strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Hu
- Biomedical Innovation Center, Beijing Shijitan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100038, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Therapeutic Cancer Vaccines, Beijing Shijitan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100038, China
| | - Huaibo Sun
- Beijing SinoMDgene Technology CO., LTD, Beijing, 100176, China
| | - Wei Shi
- Department of General Surgery, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200040, China
| | - Chen Chen
- Biomedical Innovation Center, Beijing Shijitan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100038, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Therapeutic Cancer Vaccines, Beijing Shijitan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100038, China
| | - Xueying Wu
- Biomedical Innovation Center, Beijing Shijitan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100038, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Therapeutic Cancer Vaccines, Beijing Shijitan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100038, China
| | - Yu Jiang
- Biomedical Innovation Center, Beijing Shijitan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100038, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Therapeutic Cancer Vaccines, Beijing Shijitan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100038, China
| | - Guoying Zhang
- Biomedical Innovation Center, Beijing Shijitan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100038, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Therapeutic Cancer Vaccines, Beijing Shijitan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100038, China
| | - Na Li
- Biomedical Innovation Center, Beijing Shijitan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100038, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Therapeutic Cancer Vaccines, Beijing Shijitan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100038, China
| | - Jin Song
- Beijing Immupeutics Medicine Technology Limited, Beijing, 102609, China
| | - Hao Zhang
- Department of General Surgery, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200040, China
| | - Baiyong Shen
- Department of General Surgery, Pancreatic Disease Center, Research Institute of Pancreatic Diseases, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200025, China.
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, National Research Center for Translational Medicine (Shanghai), Shanghai, 200025, China.
| | - Hui Zeng
- Biomedical Innovation Center, Beijing Shijitan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100038, China.
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Therapeutic Cancer Vaccines, Beijing Shijitan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100038, China.
| | - Henghui Zhang
- Biomedical Innovation Center, Beijing Shijitan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100038, China.
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Therapeutic Cancer Vaccines, Beijing Shijitan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100038, China.
- Beijing Engineering Research Center of Immunocellular therapy, Beijing, 102609, China.
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Valenza C, Trapani D, Fusco N, Wang X, Cristofanilli M, Ueno NT, Curigliano G. The immunogram of inflammatory breast cancer. Cancer Treat Rev 2023; 119:102598. [PMID: 37437342 DOI: 10.1016/j.ctrv.2023.102598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2023] [Revised: 07/04/2023] [Accepted: 07/07/2023] [Indexed: 07/14/2023]
Abstract
Inflammatory breast cancer (IBC) is the most aggressive and fatal clinical presentation of breast cancer. Despite the term "inflammatory", based on the clinical presentation, IBC is biologically driven by an immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment (TME). Whether IBC can be switched into an immune-inflamed TME by immune-checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) is a matter of debate. Presently, measurable biomarkers of IBC-TME have never been synthetized into a comprehensive portray of the immune-milieu (i.e., an immunogram), describing the immune-vulnerability of IBC and potentially predicting the response to ICIs. We propose an immunogram for IBC, based on preclinical and clinical studies, including six parameters: the presence of immune-effector cells, of immune-suppressive cells and of immune checkpoints, the general immune status, the activation of immune-suppressive pathways, the tumor foreignness. The IBC immunogram suggests the existence of a preexisting immune TME that is suppressed by mechanisms of immune-escape but might be restored by ICIs. The combination of chemotherapy and ICIs in patients with IBC is based on a strong biological rationale. However, the design and the development of clinical trials assessing the incorporation of ICIs raise many methodological and practical issues. In parallel with the further comprehension of IBC biology, the prospective validation and integration of biomarkers predictive of response to ICIs are warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmine Valenza
- Division of New Drugs and Early Drug Development for Innovative Therapies, European Institute of Oncology, IRCCS, Milan, Italy; Department of Oncology and Hemato-Oncology, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Dario Trapani
- Division of New Drugs and Early Drug Development for Innovative Therapies, European Institute of Oncology, IRCCS, Milan, Italy; Department of Oncology and Hemato-Oncology, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Nicola Fusco
- Department of Oncology and Hemato-Oncology, University of Milan, Milan, Italy; Division of Pathology, IEO, European Institute of Oncology, IRCCS, Milan, Italy
| | - Xiaoping Wang
- The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Department of Breast Medical Oncology, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Massimo Cristofanilli
- Division of Medical Oncology, Internal Medicine Department, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Naoto T Ueno
- University of Hawai'i Cancer Center, Honolulu, HI 96813, USA
| | - Giuseppe Curigliano
- Division of New Drugs and Early Drug Development for Innovative Therapies, European Institute of Oncology, IRCCS, Milan, Italy; Department of Oncology and Hemato-Oncology, University of Milan, Milan, Italy.
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Schaebs FS, Marshall-Pescini S, Range F, Deschner T. Analytical validation of an Enzyme Immunoassay for the measurement of urinary oxytocin in dogs and wolves. Gen Comp Endocrinol 2019; 281:73-82. [PMID: 31121163 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygcen.2019.05.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2018] [Revised: 04/23/2019] [Accepted: 05/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Assessing changes in oxytocin (OT) levels in response to a variety of social stimuli has become of major interest in the field of behavioral endocrinology. OT is involved in the regulation of various aspects of social behavior such as tolerance, and the formation and maintenance of social bonds but also the regulation of stress. All of these aspects have been identified as potential targets of selection during the domestication process. Therefore, comparing the role of the oxytocinergic system in various aspects of dog and wolf social behavior, might help to understand whether this system was involved in the domestication process. Studies assessing OT levels in dogs and wolves have used invasively collected plasma and serum samples and non-invasively collected urine samples. However, when using an assay system on a new species a careful and complete validation of the method is of crucial importance, and to date no proper validation, to assess urinary OT levels in dogs and wolves, has been reported. We therefore conducted an analytical validation of an Enzyme Immunoassay (EIA) for the measurement of OT in urine of dogs and wolves, using a commercially available EIA. Stability tests revealed that OT levels degrade over time when stored at 4 °C, but are little affected by repeated thawing. In addition, our results indicate that the variance in OT levels is slightly lower when phosphoric acid is added following collection to prevent OT degradation. Long term storage tests revealed that urinary OT levels are least variable when stored as extracts in ethanol at -20 °C, rather than as unextracted urine samples. Validation results were acceptable with regard to parallelism, but values for accuracy and extraction efficiency were not meeting the standard criteria usually applied to steroid EIAs, especially when assessed for the lower range of the assay. The results of this study highlight the importance of an analytical assay validation, since even if validation parameters are not optimal, if published, they allow readers to estimate the relevance of studies using the validated method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Franka S Schaebs
- Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Deutscher Platz 6, 04103 Leipzig, Germany.
| | - Sarah Marshall-Pescini
- Wolf Science Center, Domestication Lab, Konrad Lorenz Institute of Ethology, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Savoyenstraße 1a, A-1160 Vienna, Austria; Comparative Cognition, Messerli Research Institute, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Medical University of Vienna, University of Vienna, Veterinärplatz 1, 1210 Vienna, Austria.
| | - Friederike Range
- Wolf Science Center, Domestication Lab, Konrad Lorenz Institute of Ethology, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Savoyenstraße 1a, A-1160 Vienna, Austria; Comparative Cognition, Messerli Research Institute, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Medical University of Vienna, University of Vienna, Veterinärplatz 1, 1210 Vienna, Austria.
| | - Tobias Deschner
- Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Deutscher Platz 6, 04103 Leipzig, Germany.
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