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Ventre V, Martino R, Muñoz Torrecillas MJ. Relationship between an inconsistent degree of financial literacy and inconsistent decision-making in intertemporal choices. Heliyon 2024; 10:e27253. [PMID: 38468928 PMCID: PMC10926137 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e27253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2023] [Revised: 02/23/2024] [Accepted: 02/27/2024] [Indexed: 03/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Intertemporal choice refers to the decision-making process involving trade-offs between rewards available at different points in time (such as choosing between smaller immediate rewards versus larger rewards later on). Empirical evidence often deviates from the exponential preferences predicted by the normative model. A hyperbolic discount function better mirrors individual behavior, explaining temporal inconsistency - whereby preferences vary over time by applying a higher discount in the present. Hyperbolic preferences are associated with addictive behaviors, such as smoking and alcohol consumption, as well as depression or attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Established measures in the literature quantify the extent of deviation from exponential trend exhibited by hyperbolic preferences. In addition to behavioral and cognitive factors, it is essential to incorporate financial literacy into the examination of individual decision-making behaviors. The present study analyzes the relationship between the degree of decision-making inconsistency and the degree of financial literacy inconsistency across three dimensions: knowledge, behavior, and attitudes. It aims to illustrate while financial literacy is important, it is not sufficient to ensure rational choices. Rather, it reveals a strong correlation among its dimensions. The results of this research could be included when creating investor profiles required by MiFID, considering insights from behavioral finance studies in these profiles. What is more, understanding psychological biases that can influence financial decision-making empowers investors to make more informed decisions and avoid common pitfalls.
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Affiliation(s)
- Viviana Ventre
- Department of Mathematics and Physics, University of Campania Luigi Vanvitelli, Viale A. Lincoln, 5, 81100, Caserta, Italy
| | - Roberta Martino
- Department of Mathematics and Physics, University of Campania Luigi Vanvitelli, Viale A. Lincoln, 5, 81100, Caserta, Italy
| | - María José Muñoz Torrecillas
- Department of Economics and Business, University of Almería (Agrifood Campus of International Excellence, ceiA3, Mediterranean Research Center on Economics and Sustainable Development, CIMEDES), La Cañada de San Urbano s/n, 04120, Almería, Spain
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Cruz Rambaud S, Sánchez García J. A formal analysis of inconsistent decisions in intertemporal choice through subjective time perception. Heliyon 2023; 9:e21077. [PMID: 37954290 PMCID: PMC10637917 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e21077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2022] [Revised: 10/07/2023] [Accepted: 10/15/2023] [Indexed: 11/14/2023] Open
Abstract
The framework of this paper is subjective time perception in the context of intertemporal choice, that is to say, the process of making decisions on dated outcomes (monetary or not) by an individual or a group of individuals. In this setting, the Discounted Utility model and, more specifically, the exponential discounting have been the paradigmatic methodology used to measure the preferences on delayed outcomes. However, this model can only be applied to consistent choices in which individuals do not change their preferences when the involved rewards are delayed the same time interval. Unfortunately, this is not the case of several decision scenarios where time is viewed as a subjective variable. The objective of this paper is to formally analyze the consistency of intertemporal choices governed by a discount function, derived from the exponential, where time has been distorted according to certain psychological traits of the subjects involved in the decision-making. More specifically, the different types of decreasing impatience will be characterized by focusing on the distortion derived from the subjective perspective of time. The findings of this research are very relevant in order to explain the time-related behavior of decision-makers in some noteworthy fields such as finance, psychology, marketing or sociology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Salvador Cruz Rambaud
- Departamento de Economía y Empresa, Universidad de Almería, La Cañada de San Urbano, s/n (04120), Almería, Spain
| | - Javier Sánchez García
- Departamento de Economía y Empresa, Universidad de Almería, La Cañada de San Urbano, s/n (04120), Almería, Spain
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3
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Serranová T, Di Vico I, Tinazzi M. Functional Movement Disorder: Assessment and Treatment. Neurol Clin 2023; 41:583-603. [PMID: 37775192 DOI: 10.1016/j.ncl.2023.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/01/2023]
Abstract
Functional movement disorder (FMD) is a common, potentially reversible source of disability in neurology. Over the last two decades, there have been major advances in our understanding of the clinical picture, diagnosis, and management of this condition. Motor presentation is heterogeneous and several non-motor symptoms (e.g., pain, fatigue) are part of the clinical spectrum. The diagnosis should be made by neurologists or neuropsychiatrists based on the presence of positive signs of inconsistency and incongruence with neurological diseases. Promising evidence has accumulated for the efficacy of physiotherapy, psychotherapy, or both in the management of FMD, for a majority of patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tereza Serranová
- Department of Neurology and Centre of Clinical Neuroscience, General University Hospital and First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Kateřinská 30, 12 800, Prague, Czech Republic.
| | - Ilaria Di Vico
- Movement Disorders Division, Department of Neurosciences, Neurology Unit, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Piazzale L. A. Scuro 10, 37124, Verona, VR, Italy
| | - Michele Tinazzi
- Movement Disorders Division, Department of Neurosciences, Neurology Unit, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Piazzale L. A. Scuro 10, 37124, Verona, VR, Italy
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Dodd B, McIntosh B, Crosbie S, Holm A. Diagnosing inconsistent phonological disorder: quantitative and qualitative measures. Clin Linguist Phon 2023:1-24. [PMID: 37382651 DOI: 10.1080/02699206.2023.2224916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2022] [Revised: 05/26/2023] [Accepted: 06/05/2023] [Indexed: 06/30/2023]
Abstract
Studies of children's consistency of word production allow identification of speech sound disorder. Inconsistent errors are reported for two groups of children: childhood apraxia of speech (CAS) due to difficulty with the motoric precision and consistency of speech movements; and inconsistent phonological disorder (IPD) attributed to impaired phonological planning. This paper describes the inconsistent productions of children with IPD in comparison to typically developing children. In two studies of suspected SSD (N = 135), 22 children pronounced ≥40% of 25 words inconsistently on three repeated trials. No participant had symptoms of CAS. They were monolingual and spoke Australian- or Irish-English. Assessment determined the proportions of words said consistently (i.e. the same across productions: all correct or with the same error) or inconsistently (i.e. differently across productions: at least one correct and one error or different errors in productions). Qualitative analyses examined error types and explored the effect of target words' characteristics on inconsistency. Children with IPD produced 52% of words with different errors. While 56% of all phoneme errors were developmental (age appropriate or delayed), atypical errors typified inconsistency: default sounds and word structure errors. Words with more phonemes, syllables and consonant clusters were vulnerable to inconsistency, but their frequency of occurrence had no effect. TD children and those with IPD had different quantitative and qualitative error profiles, confirming IPD as a diagnostic category of SSD. Qualitative analyses supported the hypothesised deficit in phonological planning of words' production for children with IPD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Dodd
- Speech and Language Group, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | | | - Sharon Crosbie
- School of Allied Health, Australian Catholic University, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Alison Holm
- School of Health Sciences, University of Tasmania, Launceston, Australia
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Wang G, Chen J, Li H, Miao C, Cao Y, Li C. Reporting inconsistency between published conference abstracts and article abstracts of randomised controlled trials in prosthodontics presented at IADR general sessions. PeerJ 2023; 11:e15303. [PMID: 37168536 PMCID: PMC10166077 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.15303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2023] [Accepted: 04/05/2023] [Indexed: 05/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Background There is commonly a discrepancy between conference abstracts and published article abstracts in prosthodontic randomized controlled trials (RCTs), which may mislead the scholars those attend conferences. Objective To identify the characteristics predicting inconsistency between conference abstracts and published article abstracts in prosthodontic RCTs. Methods The conference abstracts of prosthodontic RCTs presented at the IADR general sessions from 2002 to 2015 were searched. Electronic searches of MEDLINE, EMBASE, the Cochrane Library, and Google Scholar databases were conducted to match full-text publications for conference abstracts. Two investigators extracted basic characteristics and assessed the consistency and reporting quality independently and in duplicate. The linear regression model was used to analyze the predictors of inconsistency. Results A total of 147 conference abstracts were matched with published articles. Results for the secondary outcome measure, Statistical analysis, and precision measure were less than 50% consistent, and even nearly 5% of the studies had opposite conclusions. Multiple linear regression analysis showed that three factors were correlated with lower inconsistency, including continent of origin (p = 0.011), presentation type (p = 0.017), and difference in reporting quality (p = 0.013). Conclusion Conference attendees should cautiously treat the findings of the conference abstracts. Researchers should improve the precision of the information delivered at conferences. We recommend the authors of RCTs to explain the primary difference between conference abstracts and article abstracts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guanru Wang
- West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
- West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Department of Head and Neck Oncology, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Junsheng Chen
- West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Honglin Li
- West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
- West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Department of Head and Neck Oncology, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Cheng Miao
- West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
- West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Department of Head and Neck Oncology, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Yubin Cao
- West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
- West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Chunjie Li
- West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
- West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Department of Head and Neck Oncology, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
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Vance DE, Del Bene VA, Frank JS, Billings R, Triebel K, Buchholz A, Rubin LH, Woods SP, Li W, Fazeli PL. Cognitive Intra-individual Variability in HIV: an Integrative Review. Neuropsychol Rev 2022; 32:855-76. [PMID: 34826006 DOI: 10.1007/s11065-021-09528-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2021] [Accepted: 08/30/2021] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Nearly 30-50% of people living with HIV experience HIV-Associated Neurocognitive Disorder (HAND). HAND indicates performance at least one standard deviation below the normative mean on any two cognitive domains. This method for diagnosing or classifying cognitive impairment has utility, however, cognitive intraindividual variability provides a different way to understand cognitive impairment. Cognitive intraindividual variability refers to the scatter in cognitive performance within repeated measures of the same cognitive test (i.e., inconsistency) or across different cognitive tests (i.e., dispersion). Cognitive intraindividual variability is associated with cognitive impairment and cognitive decline in various clinical populations. This integrative review of 13 articles examined two types of cognitive intraindividual variability in people living with HIV, inconsistency and dispersion. Cognitive intraindividual variability appears to be a promising approach to detect subtle cognitive impairments that are not captured by traditional mean-based neuropsychological testing. Greater intraindividual variability in people living with HIV has been associated with: 1) poorer cognitive performance and cognitive decline, 2) cortical atrophy, both gray and white matter volume, 3) poorer everyday functioning (i.e., driving simulation performance), specifically medication adherence, and 4) even mortality. This inspires future directions for research. First, greater cognitive intraindividual variability may reflect a greater task demand on executive control to harness and regulate cognitive control over time. By improving executive functioning through cognitive training, it may reduce cognitive intraindividual variability which could slow down cognitive decline. Second, cognitive intraindividual variability may be reconsidered in prior cognitive intervention studies in which only mean-based cognitive outcomes were used. It is possible that such cognitive interventions may actually improve cognitive intraindividual variability, which could have clinical relevance.
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Abramsky T, Harvey S, Mosha N, Mtolela G, Gibbs A, Mshana G, Lees S, Kapiga S, Stöckl H. Longitudinal inconsistencies in women's self-reports of lifetime experience of physical and sexual IPV: evidence from the MAISHA trial and follow-on study in North-western Tanzania. BMC Womens Health 2022; 22:120. [PMID: 35428296 PMCID: PMC9013096 DOI: 10.1186/s12905-022-01697-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2021] [Accepted: 04/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Intimate partner violence (IPV) against women is pervasive throughout the world, with profound consequences for women’s health. Research to understand the extent, causes and consequences of IPV relies on self-reported data on violence, and yet there is a paucity of research into the consistency with which women report lifetime IPV over time. Methods We use data from the control group of the cluster randomised trial and a follow-on longitudinal study in Tanzania to examine discrepancies in women’s reported experience of lifetime physical IPV and sexual IPV over three time-points (T0, T29, T53 months). Among those reporting lifetime history of IPV at T0, we calculate the proportion who subsequently report no lifetime history at T29 and/or T53 (‘discrepant’ reporting). We use logistic regression to explore associations between discrepant reporting and respondent baseline characteristics, the nature of their IPV experiences at baseline, and situational factors at T53. Results Complete IPV data were available for 301 women. At T0, 154 (51%) women reported lifetime history of physical IPV, of whom 62% gave a discrepant ‘never’ report in a subsequent round. Among 93 (31%) with lifetime history of sexual IPV at T0, 73% provided a subsequent discrepant report. 73% of women reported lifetime physical IPV, and 55% lifetime sexual IPV in at least one survey round. For both IPV outcomes, women were less likely to provide discrepant reports if they had recent IPV at baseline, poor mental health (T53) and poor communication with partner (T53). For physical IPV only, reduced discrepant reporting was also associated with baseline household-level financial hardship and more severe or extensive experience of IPV. Conclusions A large proportion of women provided discrepant reports over the course of the study. Prevalence estimates of lifetime IPV from one-off cross-sectional surveys are likely to be underestimates, biased towards more recent and severe cases. To improve the stability of IPV measures, researchers should explicitly clarify the meaning of reference periods such as ‘ever’, consider using shorter reference periods (e.g. past-year), and avoid filter questions that use positive reports of lifetime IPV as a gateway to asking about more recent experiences. Trial registration: Maisha CRT01 registered at ClinicalTrials.gov #NCT02592252, registered retrospectively (13/08/2015). Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12905-022-01697-y.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanya Abramsky
- Department of Global Health and Development, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, 15-17 Tavistock Place, London, WC1H 9SH, UK
| | - Sheila Harvey
- Department of Global Health and Development, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, 15-17 Tavistock Place, London, WC1H 9SH, UK.,Mwanza Intervention Trials Unit, PO Box 11936, Mwanza, Tanzania
| | - Neema Mosha
- Mwanza Intervention Trials Unit, PO Box 11936, Mwanza, Tanzania
| | - Grace Mtolela
- Mwanza Intervention Trials Unit, PO Box 11936, Mwanza, Tanzania
| | - Andrew Gibbs
- Gender and Health Research Unit, South African Medical Research Council, 491 Peter Mokaba Road, Durban, South Africa.,Centre for Rural Health, School of Nursing and Public Health, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
| | - Gerry Mshana
- Mwanza Intervention Trials Unit, PO Box 11936, Mwanza, Tanzania.,National Institute for Medical Research, Isamilo Road, Mwanza, Tanzania
| | - Shelley Lees
- Department of Global Health and Development, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, 15-17 Tavistock Place, London, WC1H 9SH, UK
| | - Saidi Kapiga
- Mwanza Intervention Trials Unit, PO Box 11936, Mwanza, Tanzania.,Department of Infectious Diseases Epidemiology, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Keppel Street, London, WC1E 7HT, UK
| | - Heidi Stöckl
- Department of Global Health and Development, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, 15-17 Tavistock Place, London, WC1H 9SH, UK. .,Institute for Medical Information Processing, Biometry, and Epidemiology, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Elisabeth-Winterhalter-Weg 6, 81377, München, Germany. .,Pettenkofer School of Public Health, Elisabeth-Winterhalter-Weg 6, 81377, München, Germany.
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Tan P. Inconsistent idealizations and inferentialism about scientific representation. Stud Hist Philos Sci 2021; 89:11-18. [PMID: 34293638 DOI: 10.1016/j.shpsa.2021.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2020] [Revised: 06/14/2021] [Accepted: 07/03/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Inferentialists about scientific representation hold that an apparatus's representing a target system consists in the apparatus allowing "surrogative inferences" about the target. I argue that a serious problem for inferentialism arises from the fact that many scientific theories and models contain internal inconsistencies. Inferentialism, left unamended, implies that inconsistent scientific models have unlimited representational power, since an inconsistency permits any conclusion to be inferred. I consider a number of ways that inferentialists can respond to this challenge before suggesting my own solution. I develop an analogy to exploitable glitches in a game. Even though inconsistent representational apparatuses may in some sense allow for contradictions to be generated within them, doing so violates the intended function of the apparatus's parts and hence violates representational "gameplay".
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Tan
- Fordham University, Department of Philosophy, Lowenstein 916C, 113 W. 60th St, New York, NY 10023, USA.
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9
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Soter LK, Berg MK, Gelman SA, Kross E. What we would (but shouldn't) do for those we love: Universalism versus partiality in responding to others' moral transgressions. Cognition 2021; 217:104886. [PMID: 34428711 DOI: 10.1016/j.cognition.2021.104886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2021] [Revised: 08/11/2021] [Accepted: 08/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Recent work indicates that people are more likely to protect a close (vs. distant) other who commits a crime. But do people think it is morally right to treat close others differently? On the one hand, universalist moral principles dictate that people should be treated equally. On the other hand, close relationships are the source of special moral obligations, which may lead people to believe they ought to preferentially protect close others. Here we attempt to adjudicate between these competing considerations by examining what people think they would and should do when a close (vs. distant) other behaves immorally. Across four experiments (N = 2002), we show that people believe they morally should protect close others more than distant others. However, we also document a striking discrepancy: participants reported that they would protect close others far more than they should protect them. These findings demonstrate that people believe close relationships influence what they morally ought to do-but also that moral decisions about close others may be a context in which people are particularly likely to fail to do what they think is morally right.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura K Soter
- Department of Psychology, University of Michigan, 1004 East Hall, 530 Church Street, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA; Department of Philosophy, University of Michigan, 2215 Angell Hall, 435 S State Street, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA.
| | - Martha K Berg
- Department of Psychology, University of Michigan, 1004 East Hall, 530 Church Street, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA.
| | - Susan A Gelman
- Department of Psychology, University of Michigan, 1004 East Hall, 530 Church Street, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA.
| | - Ethan Kross
- Department of Psychology, University of Michigan, 1004 East Hall, 530 Church Street, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA.
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10
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Rissling O, Kaiser L, Schulz S, Langer G, Schwingshackl L. [GRADE guidelines 20: Assessing the certainty of evidence in the importance of outcomes or values and preferences- inconsistency, imprecision, and other domains]. Z Evid Fortbild Qual Gesundhwes 2021; 164:79-89. [PMID: 34253480 DOI: 10.1016/j.zefq.2021.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2021] [Accepted: 05/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To provide Grading of Recommendations, Assessment, Development, and Evaluation (GRADE) guidance for assessing inconsistency, imprecision, and other domains for the certainty of evidence about the relative importance of outcomes. STUDY DESIGN AND SETTING We applied the GRADE domains to rate the certainty of evidence in the importance of outcomes to several systematic reviews, iteratively reviewed draft guidance, and consulted GRADE members and other stakeholders for feedback. RESULTS We describe the rationale for considering the remaining GRADE domains when rating the certainty in a body of evidence for the relative importance of outcomes. As meta-analyses are not common in this context, inconsistency and imprecision assessments are challenging. Furthermore, confusion exists about inconsistency, imprecision, and true variability in the relative importance of outcomes. To clarify this issue, we suggest that the true variability is neither equivalent to inconsistency nor imprecision. Specifically, inconsistency arises from population, intervention, comparison and outcome and methodological elements that should be explored and, if possible, explained. The width of the confidence interval and sample size inform judgments about imprecision. We also provide suggestions on how to detect publication bias and discuss the domains to rate up the certainty. CONCLUSION We provide guidance and examples for rating inconsistency, imprecision, and other domains for a body of evidence describing the relative importance of outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olesja Rissling
- Abteilung Fachberatung Medizin, Gemeinsamer Bundesausschuss, Berlin, Deutschland.
| | - Laura Kaiser
- Abteilung Fachberatung Medizin, Gemeinsamer Bundesausschuss, Berlin, Deutschland
| | - Sandra Schulz
- Abteilung Fachberatung Medizin, Gemeinsamer Bundesausschuss, Berlin, Deutschland
| | - Gero Langer
- Institut für Gesundheits- und Pflegewissenschaft German Center for Evidence-based Nursing »sapere aude«, Medizinische Fakultät der Martin-Luther-Universität Halle-Wittenberg, Deutschland
| | - Lukas Schwingshackl
- Institut für Evidenz in der Medizin, Universitätsklinikum und Medizinische Fakultät, Universität Freiburg, Freiburg, Deutschland
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11
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Yoon JH, Dias S, Hahn S. A method for assessing robustness of the results of a star-shaped network meta-analysis under the unidentifiable consistency assumption. BMC Med Res Methodol 2021; 21:113. [PMID: 34074239 PMCID: PMC8171049 DOI: 10.1186/s12874-021-01290-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2020] [Accepted: 04/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background In a star-shaped network, pairwise comparisons link treatments with a reference treatment (often placebo or standard care), but not with each other. Thus, comparisons between non-reference treatments rely on indirect evidence, and are based on the unidentifiable consistency assumption, limiting the reliability of the results. We suggest a method of performing a sensitivity analysis through data imputation to assess the robustness of results with an unknown degree of inconsistency. Methods The method involves imputation of data for randomized controlled trials comparing non-reference treatments, to produce a complete network. The imputed data simulate a situation that would allow mixed treatment comparison, with a statistically acceptable extent of inconsistency. By comparing the agreement between the results obtained from the original star-shaped network meta-analysis and the results after incorporating the imputed data, the robustness of the results of the original star-shaped network meta-analysis can be quantified and assessed. To illustrate this method, we applied it to two real datasets and some simulated datasets. Results Applying the method to the star-shaped network formed by discarding all comparisons between non-reference treatments from a real complete network, 33% of the results from the analysis incorporating imputed data under acceptable inconsistency indicated that the treatment ranking would be different from the ranking obtained from the star-shaped network. Through a simulation study, we demonstrated the sensitivity of the results after data imputation for a star-shaped network with different levels of within- and between-study variability. An extended usability of the method was also demonstrated by another example where some head-to-head comparisons were incorporated. Conclusions Our method will serve as a practical technique to assess the reliability of results from a star-shaped network meta-analysis under the unverifiable consistency assumption. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12874-021-01290-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeong-Hwa Yoon
- Interdisciplinary Program in Medical Informatics, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea.,Institute of Health Policy and Management, Medical Research Center, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Sofia Dias
- Centre for Reviews and Dissemination, University of York, York, UK
| | - Seokyung Hahn
- Institute of Health Policy and Management, Medical Research Center, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea. .,Department of Human Systems Medicine, Medical Statistics Laboratory, Seoul National University College of Medicine, 103 Daehak-ro, Jongno-gu, Seoul, 03080, South Korea.
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12
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von Coelln R, Gruber-Baldini AL, Reich SG, Armstrong MJ, Savitt JM, Shulman LM. The inconsistency and instability of Parkinson's disease motor subtypes. Parkinsonism Relat Disord 2021; 88:13-18. [PMID: 34091412 DOI: 10.1016/j.parkreldis.2021.05.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2020] [Revised: 05/02/2021] [Accepted: 05/16/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Tremor-dominant (TD), indeterminate/mixed (ID/M) and postural instability gait difficulty/akinetic-rigid (PIGD/AR) are commonly used subtypes to categorize Parkinson's disease (PD) patients based on their most prominent motor signs. Three different algorithms to determine these motor subtypes are used. Here, we examined if PD subtypes are consistent among algorithms and if subtype stability over time depends on the applied algorithm. METHODS Using a large longitudinal PD database, we applied 3 published algorithms of PD motor subtype classification in two sets of analyses: 1) cross-sectional analysis in 1185 patients, determining the prevalence of subtypes in 5-year intervals of disease duration; 2) longitudinal analysis of 178 patients, comparing subtypes of individual patients at baseline (within 5 years of diagnosis) and at follow-up ≥ 5 years after baseline. RESULTS Cross-sectionally, prevalence of subtypes varied widely among the 3 algorithms: 5-32% TD, 9-31% ID/M, and 59-75% PIGD/AR. For all 3 algorithms, cross-sectional analysis showed a marked decline of TD prevalence with disease duration and a corresponding increase in PIGD/AR prevalence, driven by increasing gait/balance scores over time. Longitudinally, only 15-36% of baseline TD patients were still categorized as TD at 6.2 ± 1.0 years of follow-up. In 15-39% of baseline TD patients, the subtype changed to ID/M, and 46-50% changed to PIGD/AR. This shift was observed using all 3 algorithms. CONCLUSION PD motor subtypes determined by different established algorithms are inconsistent and unstable over time. Lack of subtype fidelity should be considered when interpreting biomarker-subtype correlation and highlights the need for better definition of PD subtypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- R von Coelln
- Department of Neurology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.
| | - A L Gruber-Baldini
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - S G Reich
- Department of Neurology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - M J Armstrong
- Department of Neurology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - J M Savitt
- Department of Neurology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - L M Shulman
- Department of Neurology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
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13
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Schumacher RA, Pierrehumbert JB. Familiarity, consistency, and systematizing in morphology. Cognition 2021; 212:104512. [PMID: 33852981 DOI: 10.1016/j.cognition.2020.104512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2017] [Revised: 10/11/2020] [Accepted: 11/05/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Language learning involves exposure to inconsistent systems - that is, systems where multiple patterns or methods exist to mark some meaning. Inconsistent systems often change to be more regular over time - they become systematized. However, some recent studies have reported that learners tend to reproduce inconsistency in the input, leading to models in which the language learning mechanism is basically preservatory. We ran an artificial language learning experiment using a novel paradigm to extend our understanding of systematizing versus preservatory mechanisms in language learning. Participants were taught two number marking systems, either completely consistently (the probability P of the system is 1.00) or inconsistently (with P = 0.875 for one system and P = 0.125 for the other, and so on for P = 0.75 and P = 0.625). One marking system was a plural-marking system. The other was a typologically rare singulative-marking system. When generalizing to novel items, participants produced more regular output patterns overall for more consistent input conditions than for less consistent ones, and more for the plural-marking conditions than for the singulative-marking conditions. For the singulative-marking conditions, the inter-participant variation was much greater than for the plural-marking ones; some individuals systematized towards the more familiar pattern, some systematized towards the less familiar pattern and some were not significantly different from probability-matching. We analyze the variation in relation to current statistical learning models, showing that preservatory learning models, as well as all models with a single free parameter, fail to capture our results. We show how a model with two free parameters in which individuals can vary in their propensity to systematize in any given situation is more successful. We also discuss implications for the theory of language change.
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14
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Khemlani S, Johnson-Laird PN. Causal conflicts produce domino effects. Q J Exp Psychol (Hove) 2020; 73:2317-2327. [PMID: 32967522 DOI: 10.1177/1747021820958416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Inconsistent beliefs call for revision-but which of them should individuals revise? A long-standing view is that they should make minimal changes that restore consistency. An alternative view is that their primary task is to explain how the inconsistency arose. Hence, they are likely to violate minimalism in two ways: they should infer more information than is strictly necessary to establish consistency and they should reject more information than is strictly necessary to establish consistency. Previous studies corroborated the first effect: reasoners use causal simulations to build explanations that resolve inconsistencies. Here, we show that the second effect is true too: they use causal simulations to reject more information than is strictly necessary to establish consistency. When they abandon a cause, the effects of the cause topple like dominos: Reasoners tend to deny the occurrence of each subsequent event in the chain. Four studies corroborated this prediction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sangeet Khemlani
- Navy Center for Applied Research in Artificial Intelligence, U.S. Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, DC, USA
| | - P N Johnson-Laird
- Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA.,New York University, New York, NY, USA
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15
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Zarifian T, Ahmadi A, Ebadi A. Development and measurement of psychometric properties of the Persian test of speech consistency in children with typical development. Appl Neuropsychol Child 2020; 11:226-234. [PMID: 32649235 DOI: 10.1080/21622965.2020.1786831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
The current research pursues the study of developing the Persian test of speech consistency and investigating speech consistency in normally developing children in Iran. After developing the Persian test of speech consistency, the obtained speech samples of 317 participants (163 girls and 154 boys) were analyzed. This test of consistency includes 27 items. Experts' consensus over the characteristics of the Persian test of speech consistency was above 85%. Different age groups had statistically significant differences for the mean scores of the variable responses (p < .001), consistent correct (p < .001), and consistent incorrect responses (p = .007) in the Persian test of speech consistency. Also, there was a high value for the inter-rater reliability (ICC = .88, p < .001) as well as the moderate value for the test-retest reliability (ICC = .89, p < .001). The Persian test of speech consistency is regarded as a reliable and valid scale for measuring the speech consistency in Persian-speaking children. Future studies are proposed to investigate the speech consistency in Persian-speaking children with various kinds of speech sound disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Talieh Zarifian
- Department of Speech Therapy, University of Social Welfare and Rehabilitation Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Akram Ahmadi
- Department of Speech Therapy, School of Rehabilitation, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran.,Mobility Impairment Research Center, Babol, Iran
| | - Abbas Ebadi
- Behavioral Sciences Research Center, Life Style Institute, Faculty of Nursing, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,Faculty of nursing, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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16
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Abstract
There is extensive literature debating whether perceived size is used to guide grasping. A possible reason for not using judged size is that using judged positions might lead to more precise movements. As this argument does not hold for small objects and all studies showing an effect of the Ebbinghaus illusion on grasping used small objects, we hypothesized that size information is used for small objects but not for large ones. Using a modified diagonal illusion, we obtained an effect of about 10% on perceptual judgements, without an effect on grasping, irrespective of object size. We therefore reject our precision hypothesis. We discuss the results in the framework of grasping as moving digits to positions on an object. We conclude that the reported disagreement on the effect of illusions is because the Ebbinghaus illusion not only affects size, but—unlike most size illusions—also affects perceived positions.
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17
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Munoz E, Stawski RS, Sliwinski MJ, Smyth JM, MacDonald SWS. The Ups and Downs of Cognitive Function: Neuroticism and Negative Affect Drive Performance Inconsistency. J Gerontol B Psychol Sci Soc Sci 2020; 75:263-273. [PMID: 29590450 PMCID: PMC7179809 DOI: 10.1093/geronb/gby032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2017] [Accepted: 03/23/2018] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Response time inconsistency (RTI)-or trial-to-trial variability in speeded performance-is increasingly recognized as an indicator of transient lapses of attention, cognitive health status, and central nervous system integrity, as well as a potential early indicator of normal and pathological cognitive aging. Comparatively, little research has examined personality predictors of RTI across adulthood. METHODS We evaluated the association between the personality trait neuroticism and RTI in a community-dwelling sample of 317 adults between the ages of 19-83 and tested for two indirect pathways through negative affect (NA) and cognitive interference (CI). RESULTS The personality trait neuroticism predicted greater RTI independent of mean response time performance and demographic covariates; the results were age-invariant. Furthermore, NA (but not CI) accounted for this association and moderated mediation model results indicated that older adults were more vulnerable to the adverse effects of NA. DISCUSSION Neuroticism predicts greater RTI irrespective of mean performance and this effect is driven largely by heightened negative emotionality that may be particularly detrimental for older adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth Munoz
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Riverside
| | - Robert S Stawski
- College of Public Health and Human Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis
| | - Martin J Sliwinski
- Department of Human Development and Family Studies and Center for Healthy Aging
| | - Joshua M Smyth
- Department of Biobehavioral Health, Pennsylvania State University, University Park
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18
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Babic A, Tokalic R, Amílcar Silva Cunha J, Novak I, Suto J, Vidak M, Miosic I, Vuka I, Poklepovic Pericic T, Puljak L. Assessments of attrition bias in Cochrane systematic reviews are highly inconsistent and thus hindering trial comparability. BMC Med Res Methodol 2019; 19:76. [PMID: 30953448 PMCID: PMC6451283 DOI: 10.1186/s12874-019-0717-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2017] [Accepted: 03/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Background An important part of the systematic review methodology is appraisal of the risk of bias in included studies. Cochrane systematic reviews are considered golden standard regarding systematic review methodology, but Cochrane’s instructions for assessing risk of attrition bias are vague, which may lead to inconsistencies in authors’ assessments. The aim of this study was to analyze consistency of judgments and support for judgments of attrition bias in Cochrane reviews of interventions published in the Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews (CDSR). Methods We analyzed Cochrane reviews published from July 2015 to June 2016 in the CDSR. We extracted data on number of included trials, judgment of attrition risk of bias for each included trial (low, unclear or high) and accompanying support for the judgment (supporting explanation). We also assessed how many Cochrane reviews had different judgments for the same supporting explanations. Results In the main analysis we included 10,292 judgments and supporting explanations for attrition bias from 729 Cochrane reviews. We categorized supporting explanations for those judgments into four categories and we found that most of the supporting explanations were unclear. Numerical indicators for percent of attrition, as well as statistics related to attrition were judged very differently. One third of Cochrane review authors had more than one category of supporting explanation; some had up to four different categories. Inconsistencies were found even with the number of judgments, names of risk of bias domains and different judgments for the same supporting explanations in the same Cochrane review. Conclusion We found very high inconsistency in methods of appraising risk of attrition bias in recent Cochrane reviews. Systematic review authors need clear guidance about different categories they should assess and judgments for those explanations. Clear instructions about appraising risk of attrition bias will improve reliability of the Cochrane’s risk of bias tool, help authors in making decisions about risk of bias and help in making reliable decisions in healthcare. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12874-019-0717-9) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrija Babic
- Institute of Emergency Medicine in Split-Dalmatia County, Split, Croatia
| | | | | | - Ivana Novak
- University of Split School of Medicine, Split, Croatia
| | - Jelena Suto
- University of Split School of Medicine, Split, Croatia
| | - Marin Vidak
- University of Split School of Medicine, Split, Croatia
| | - Ivana Miosic
- University of Split School of Medicine, Split, Croatia
| | - Ivana Vuka
- University of Split School of Medicine, Split, Croatia
| | | | - Livia Puljak
- Center for Evidence-Based Medicine and Health Care, Catholic University of Croatia, Ilica 242, 10000, Zagreb, Croatia.
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19
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Stawski RS, MacDonald SWS, Brewster PWH, Munoz E, Cerino ES, Halliday DWR. A Comprehensive Comparison of Quantifications of Intraindividual Variability in Response Times: A Measurement Burst Approach. J Gerontol B Psychol Sci Soc Sci 2019; 74:397-408. [PMID: 29029201 PMCID: PMC6377057 DOI: 10.1093/geronb/gbx115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2017] [Accepted: 09/06/2017] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To formally identify and contrast the most commonly-employed quantifications of response time inconsistency (RTI) and elucidate their utility for understanding within-person (WP) and between-person (BP) variation in cognitive function with increasing age. METHOD Using two measurement burst studies of cognitive aging, we systematically identified and computed five RTI quantifications from select disciplines to examine: (a) correlations among RTI quantifications; (b) the distribution of BP and WP variation in RTI; and (c) the comparability of RTI quantifications for predicting attention switching. RESULTS Comparable patterns were observed across studies. There was significant variation in RTI BP as well as WP across sessions and bursts. Correlations among RTI quantifications were generally strong and positive both WP and BP, except for the coefficient of variation. Independent prediction models indicated that slower mean response time (RT) and greater RTI were associated with slower attention switching both WP and BP. For selecting simultaneous prediction models, collinearity resulted in inflated standard errors and unstable model estimates. DISCUSSION RTI reflects a novel dimension of performance that is a robust and theoretically informative predictor of BP and WP variation in cognitive function. Among the plenitude of RTI quantifications, not all are interchangeable, nor of comparable predictive utility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert S Stawski
- School of Social and Behavioral Health Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis
| | - Stuart W S MacDonald
- Department of Psychology, University of Victoria, British Columbia
- Institute on Aging and Lifelong Health, University of Victoria, British Columbia
| | - Paul W H Brewster
- Department of Psychology, University of Victoria, British Columbia
- Institute on Aging and Lifelong Health, University of Victoria, British Columbia
| | - Elizabeth Munoz
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Riverside
| | - Eric S Cerino
- School of Social and Behavioral Health Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis
| | - Drew W R Halliday
- Department of Psychology, University of Victoria, British Columbia
- Institute on Aging and Lifelong Health, University of Victoria, British Columbia
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20
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Brignardello-Petersen R, Mustafa RA, Siemieniuk RAC, Murad MH, Agoritsas T, Izcovich A, Schünemann HJ, Guyatt GH; GRADE Working Group. GRADE approach to rate the certainty from a network meta-analysis: addressing incoherence. J Clin Epidemiol 2019; 108:77-85. [PMID: 30529648 DOI: 10.1016/j.jclinepi.2018.11.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2018] [Revised: 10/26/2018] [Accepted: 11/30/2018] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
This article presents official guidance from the Grading of Recommendations Assessments, Development, and Evaluation (GRADE) working group on how to address incoherence when assessing the certainty in the evidence from network meta-analysis. Incoherence represents important differences between direct and indirect estimates that contribute to a network estimate. Bias due to limitations in study design or publication bias, indirectness, and intransitivity may be responsible for incoherence. Addressing incoherence requires a judgment regarding the importance of the impact on the network estimate. Reviewers need to be alert to the possibility of misguidedly arriving at excessively low ratings of certainty by rating down for both incoherence and other closely related GRADE domains. This article describes and illustrates each of these issues and provides explicit guidance on how to deal with them.
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21
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Kopinke FD, Georgi A, Goss KU. Comment on "Mistakes and inconsistencies regarding adsorption of contaminants from aqueous solution: A critical review, published by Tran et al. [Water Research 120, 2017, 88-116]". Water Res 2018; 129:520-521. [PMID: 29037511 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2017.09.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2017] [Revised: 09/27/2017] [Accepted: 09/28/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Correct treatment of adsorption thermodynamics requires consistent handling of adsorption isotherms and the corresponding sorption coefficients. The present comment points to some inconsistencies and misunderstandings in a recent review article.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frank-Dieter Kopinke
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research - UFZ, Leipzig D-04318, Germany.
| | - Anett Georgi
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research - UFZ, Leipzig D-04318, Germany
| | - Kai-Uwe Goss
- Department Analytical Environmental Chemistry, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research - UFZ, Leipzig D-04318, Germany
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22
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Li G, Abbade LPF, Nwosu I, Jin Y, Leenus A, Maaz M, Wang M, Bhatt M, Zielinski L, Sanger N, Bantoto B, Luo C, Shams I, Shahid H, Chang Y, Sun G, Mbuagbaw L, Samaan Z, Levine MAH, Adachi JD, Thabane L. A systematic review of comparisons between protocols or registrations and full reports in primary biomedical research. BMC Med Res Methodol 2018; 18:9. [PMID: 29325533 PMCID: PMC5765717 DOI: 10.1186/s12874-017-0465-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2017] [Accepted: 12/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Prospective study protocols and registrations can play a significant role in reducing incomplete or selective reporting of primary biomedical research, because they are pre-specified blueprints which are available for the evaluation of, and comparison with, full reports. However, inconsistencies between protocols or registrations and full reports have been frequently documented. In this systematic review, which forms part of our series on the state of reporting of primary biomedical, we aimed to survey the existing evidence of inconsistencies between protocols or registrations (i.e., what was planned to be done and/or what was actually done) and full reports (i.e., what was reported in the literature); this was based on findings from systematic reviews and surveys in the literature. METHODS Electronic databases, including CINAHL, MEDLINE, Web of Science, and EMBASE, were searched to identify eligible surveys and systematic reviews. Our primary outcome was the level of inconsistency (expressed as a percentage, with higher percentages indicating greater inconsistency) between protocols or registration and full reports. We summarized the findings from the included systematic reviews and surveys qualitatively. RESULTS There were 37 studies (33 surveys and 4 systematic reviews) included in our analyses. Most studies (n = 36) compared protocols or registrations with full reports in clinical trials, while a single survey focused on primary studies of clinical trials and observational research. High inconsistency levels were found in outcome reporting (ranging from 14% to 100%), subgroup reporting (from 12% to 100%), statistical analyses (from 9% to 47%), and other measure comparisons. Some factors, such as outcomes with significant results, sponsorship, type of outcome and disease speciality were reported to be significantly related to inconsistent reporting. CONCLUSIONS We found that inconsistent reporting between protocols or registrations and full reports of primary biomedical research is frequent, prevalent and suboptimal. We also identified methodological issues such as the need for consensus on measuring inconsistency across sources for trial reports, and more studies evaluating transparency and reproducibility in reporting all aspects of study design and analysis. A joint effort involving authors, journals, sponsors, regulators and research ethics committees is required to solve this problem.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guowei Li
- Department of Health Research Methods, Evidence, and Impact, McMaster University, St. Joseph's Healthcare, Hamilton, 501-25 Charlton Avenue East, Hamilton, ON, L8N 1Y2, Canada. .,St. Joseph's Healthcare Hamilton, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada. .,Centre for Evaluation of Medicines, Programs for Assessment of Technology in Health (PATH) Research Institute, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada.
| | - Luciana P F Abbade
- Department of Dermatology and Radiotherapy, Botucatu Medical School, Universidade Estadual Paulista, UNESP, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Ikunna Nwosu
- Department of Health Research Methods, Evidence, and Impact, McMaster University, St. Joseph's Healthcare, Hamilton, 501-25 Charlton Avenue East, Hamilton, ON, L8N 1Y2, Canada
| | - Yanling Jin
- Department of Health Research Methods, Evidence, and Impact, McMaster University, St. Joseph's Healthcare, Hamilton, 501-25 Charlton Avenue East, Hamilton, ON, L8N 1Y2, Canada
| | - Alvin Leenus
- Faculty of Health Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Muhammad Maaz
- Faculty of Health Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Mei Wang
- Department of Health Research Methods, Evidence, and Impact, McMaster University, St. Joseph's Healthcare, Hamilton, 501-25 Charlton Avenue East, Hamilton, ON, L8N 1Y2, Canada
| | - Meha Bhatt
- Department of Health Research Methods, Evidence, and Impact, McMaster University, St. Joseph's Healthcare, Hamilton, 501-25 Charlton Avenue East, Hamilton, ON, L8N 1Y2, Canada
| | - Laura Zielinski
- McMaster Integrative Neuroscience Discovery and Study, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Nitika Sanger
- Medical Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Bianca Bantoto
- Integrated Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Candice Luo
- Faculty of Health Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Ieta Shams
- Psychology, Neuroscience and Behaviour, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Hamnah Shahid
- Arts and Science, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Yaping Chang
- Department of Health Research Methods, Evidence, and Impact, McMaster University, St. Joseph's Healthcare, Hamilton, 501-25 Charlton Avenue East, Hamilton, ON, L8N 1Y2, Canada
| | - Guangwen Sun
- Department of Health Research Methods, Evidence, and Impact, McMaster University, St. Joseph's Healthcare, Hamilton, 501-25 Charlton Avenue East, Hamilton, ON, L8N 1Y2, Canada
| | - Lawrence Mbuagbaw
- Department of Health Research Methods, Evidence, and Impact, McMaster University, St. Joseph's Healthcare, Hamilton, 501-25 Charlton Avenue East, Hamilton, ON, L8N 1Y2, Canada.,St. Joseph's Healthcare Hamilton, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Zainab Samaan
- Department of Health Research Methods, Evidence, and Impact, McMaster University, St. Joseph's Healthcare, Hamilton, 501-25 Charlton Avenue East, Hamilton, ON, L8N 1Y2, Canada.,Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada
| | - Mitchell A H Levine
- Department of Health Research Methods, Evidence, and Impact, McMaster University, St. Joseph's Healthcare, Hamilton, 501-25 Charlton Avenue East, Hamilton, ON, L8N 1Y2, Canada.,St. Joseph's Healthcare Hamilton, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada.,Centre for Evaluation of Medicines, Programs for Assessment of Technology in Health (PATH) Research Institute, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada.,Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada
| | - Jonathan D Adachi
- Department of Health Research Methods, Evidence, and Impact, McMaster University, St. Joseph's Healthcare, Hamilton, 501-25 Charlton Avenue East, Hamilton, ON, L8N 1Y2, Canada.,St. Joseph's Healthcare Hamilton, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada.,Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada
| | - Lehana Thabane
- Department of Health Research Methods, Evidence, and Impact, McMaster University, St. Joseph's Healthcare, Hamilton, 501-25 Charlton Avenue East, Hamilton, ON, L8N 1Y2, Canada. .,St. Joseph's Healthcare Hamilton, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada. .,Department of Health Research Methods, Evidence, and Impact, McMaster University, Father Sean O'Sullivan Research Centre, St. Joseph's Healthcare Hamilton, 3rd Floor Martha, Room H325, 50 Charlton Avenue E, Hamilton, ON, L8N 4A6, Canada.
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Tran HN, You SJ, Hosseini-Bandegharaei A, Chao HP. Mistakes and inconsistencies regarding adsorption of contaminants from aqueous solutions: A critical review. Water Res 2017; 120:88-116. [PMID: 28478298 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2017.04.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 971] [Impact Index Per Article: 138.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2016] [Revised: 03/29/2017] [Accepted: 04/06/2017] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
In recent years, adsorption science and technology for water and wastewater treatment has attracted substantial attention from the scientific community. However, the number of publications containing inconsistent concepts is increasing. Many publications either reiterate previously discussed mistakes or create new mistakes. The inconsistencies are reflected by the increasing publication of certain types of article in this field, including "short communications", "discussions", "critical reviews", "comments", "letters to the editor", and "correspondence (comment/rebuttal)". This article aims to discuss (1) the inaccurate use of technical terms, (2) the problem associated with quantities for measuring adsorption performance, (3) the important roles of the adsorbate and adsorbent pKa, (4) mistakes related to the study of adsorption kinetics, isotherms, and thermodynamics, (5) several problems related to adsorption mechanisms, (6) inconsistent data points in experimental data and model fitting, (7) mistakes in measuring the specific surface area of an adsorbent, and (8) other mistakes found in the literature. Furthermore, correct expressions and original citations of the relevant models (i.e., adsorption kinetics and isotherms) are provided. The authors hope that this work will be helpful for readers, researchers, reviewers, and editors who are interested in the field of adsorption studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hai Nguyen Tran
- Department of Civil Engineering, Chung Yuan Christian University, Chungli 320, Taiwan; Department of Environmental Engineering, Chung Yuan Christian University, Chungli 320, Taiwan.
| | - Sheng-Jie You
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Chung Yuan Christian University, Chungli 320, Taiwan
| | - Ahmad Hosseini-Bandegharaei
- Wastewater Division, Faculty of Health, Sabzevar University of Medical Sciences, PO Box 319, Sabzevar, Iran; Department of Engineering, Kashmar Branch, Islamic Azad University, PO Box 161, Kashmar, Iran
| | - Huan-Ping Chao
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Chung Yuan Christian University, Chungli 320, Taiwan.
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24
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Šarc A, Stepišnik-Perdih T, Petkovšek M, Dular M. The issue of cavitation number value in studies of water treatment by hydrodynamic cavitation. Ultrason Sonochem 2017; 34:51-59. [PMID: 27773276 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultsonch.2016.05.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2016] [Revised: 04/29/2016] [Accepted: 05/12/2016] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Within the last years there has been a substantial increase in reports of utilization of hydrodynamic cavitation in various applications. It has came to our attention that many times the results are poorly repeatable with the main reason being that the researchers put significant emphasis on the value of the cavitation number when describing the conditions at which their device operates. In the present paper we firstly point to the fact that the cavitation number cannot be used as a single parameter that gives the cavitation condition and that large inconsistencies in the reports exist. Then we show experiments where the influences of the geometry, the flow velocity, the medium temperature and quality on the size, dynamics and aggressiveness of cavitation were assessed. Finally we show that there are significant inconsistencies in the definition of the cavitation number itself. In conclusions we propose a number of parameters, which should accompany any report on the utilization of hydrodynamic cavitation, to make it repeatable and to enable faster progress of science and technology development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrej Šarc
- University of Ljubljana, Askerceva 6, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | | | | | - Matevž Dular
- University of Ljubljana, Askerceva 6, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia.
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25
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Abstract
Background Various ℓ1-penalised estimation methods such as graphical lasso and CLIME are widely used for sparse precision matrix estimation and learning of undirected network structure from data. Many of these methods have been shown to be consistent under various quantitative assumptions about the underlying true covariance matrix. Intuitively, these conditions are related to situations where the penalty term will dominate the optimisation. Results We explore the consistency of ℓ1-based methods for a class of bipartite graphs motivated by the structure of models commonly used for gene regulatory networks. We show that all ℓ1-based methods fail dramatically for models with nearly linear dependencies between the variables. We also study the consistency on models derived from real gene expression data and note that the assumptions needed for consistency never hold even for modest sized gene networks and ℓ1-based methods also become unreliable in practice for larger networks. Conclusions Our results demonstrate that ℓ1-penalised undirected network structure learning methods are unable to reliably learn many sparse bipartite graph structures, which arise often in gene expression data. Users of such methods should be aware of the consistency criteria of the methods and check if they are likely to be met in their application of interest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Otte Heinävaara
- Helsinki Institute for Information Technology HIIT, Department of Computer Science, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Janne Leppä-Aho
- Helsinki Institute for Information Technology HIIT, Department of Computer Science, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Jukka Corander
- Helsinki Institute for Information Technology HIIT, Department of Mathematics and Statistics, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.,Department of Biostatistics, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Antti Honkela
- Helsinki Institute for Information Technology HIIT, Department of Computer Science, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.
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26
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Assareh H, Achat HM, Guevarra VM, Stubbs JM. Effect of change in coding rules on recording diabetes in hospital administrative datasets. Int J Med Inform 2016; 94:182-90. [PMID: 27573326 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijmedinf.2016.07.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2015] [Revised: 07/19/2016] [Accepted: 07/20/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
AIM During 2008-2011 Australian Coding Standards mandated a causal relationship between diabetes and inpatient care as a criterion for recording diabetes as a comorbidity in hospital administrative datasets. We aim to measure the effect of the causality mandate on recorded diabetes and associated inter-hospital variations. METHOD For patients with diabetes, all admissions between 2004 and 2013 to all New South Wales acute public hospitals were investigated. Poisson mixed models were employed to derive adjusted rates and variations. RESULTS The non-recorded diabetes incidence rate was 20.7%. The causality mandate increased the incidence rate four fold during the change period, 2008-2011, compared to the pre- or post-change periods (32.5% vs 8.4% and 6.9%). The inter-hospital variation was also higher, with twice the difference in the non-recorded rate between hospitals with the highest and lowest rates (50% vs 24% and 27% risk gap). The variation decreased during the change period (29%), while the rate continued to rise (53%). Admission characteristics accounted for over 44% of the variation compared with at most two per cent attributable to patient or hospital characteristics. Contributing characteristics explained less of the variation within the change period compared to pre- or post-change (46% vs 58% and 53%). Hospital relative performance was not constant over time. CONCLUSION The causality mandate substantially increased the non-recorded diabetes rate and associated inter-hospital variation. Longitudinal accumulation of clinical information at the patient level, and the development of appropriate adoption protocols to achieve comprehensive and timely implementation of coding changes are essential to supporting the integrity of hospital administrative datasets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hassan Assareh
- Epidemiology and Health Analytics, Western Sydney Local Health District, Sydney, Australia.
| | - Helen M Achat
- Epidemiology and Health Analytics, Western Sydney Local Health District, Sydney, Australia
| | - Veth M Guevarra
- Epidemiology and Health Analytics, Western Sydney Local Health District, Sydney, Australia
| | - Joanne M Stubbs
- Epidemiology and Health Analytics, Western Sydney Local Health District, Sydney, Australia
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27
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Grand JHG, Stawski RS, MacDonald SWS. Comparing individual differences in inconsistency and plasticity as predictors of cognitive function in older adults. J Clin Exp Neuropsychol 2016; 38:534-50. [PMID: 26898536 DOI: 10.1080/13803395.2015.1136598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Recent theorizing differentiates key constraints on cognition, including one's current range of processing efficiency (i.e., flexibility or inconsistency) as well as the capacity to expand flexibility over time (i.e., plasticity). The present study uses intensive assessment of response time data to examine the interplay between markers of intraindividual variability (inconsistency) and gains across biweekly retest sessions (plasticity) in relation to age-related cognitive function. METHOD Participants included 304 adults (aged 64 to 92 years: M = 74.02, SD = 5.95) from Project MIND, a longitudinal burst design study assessing performance across micro and macro intervals (response latency trials, weekly bursts, annual retests). For two reaction time (RT) measures (choice RT and one-back choice RT), baseline measures of RT inconsistency (intraindividual standard deviation, ISD, across trials at the first testing session) and plasticity (within-person performance gains in average RT across the 5 biweekly burst sessions) were computed and were then employed in linear mixed models as predictors of individual differences in cognitive function and longitudinal (6-year) rates of cognitive change. RESULTS Independent of chronological age and years of education, higher RT inconsistency was associated uniformly with poorer cognitive function at baseline and with increased cognitive decline for measures of episodic memory and crystallized verbal ability. In contrast, predictive associations for plasticity were more modest for baseline cognitive function and were absent for 6-year cognitive change. CONCLUSIONS These findings underscore the potential utility of response times for articulating inconsistency and plasticity as dynamic predictors of cognitive function in older adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacob H G Grand
- a Department of Psychology , University of Victoria , Victoria, BC , Canada.,c Centre on Aging, University of Victoria , Victoria, BC , Canada
| | - Robert S Stawski
- b School of Social and Behavioral Health Sciences, Oregon State University , Corvallis , OR , USA
| | - Stuart W S MacDonald
- a Department of Psychology , University of Victoria , Victoria, BC , Canada.,c Centre on Aging, University of Victoria , Victoria, BC , Canada
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Liu X, Wang N, Wei G, Fan S, Lu Y, Zhu Y, Chen Q, Huang M, Zhou H, Zheng J. Consistency and pathophysiological characterization of a rat polymicrobial sepsis model via the improved cecal ligation and puncture surgery. Int Immunopharmacol 2016; 32:66-75. [PMID: 26802602 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2015.12.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2015] [Revised: 12/24/2015] [Accepted: 12/29/2015] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Sepsis is the leading cause of death for critical ill patients and an essential focus in immunopharmacological research. The cecal ligation and puncture (CLP) model is regarded as a golden standard model for sepsis study. However, this animal model is easily affected by variability problems and dramatically affects pharmacological evaluation of anti-sepsis therapies, which requires standardized procedures and stable outcomes. Herein, the traditional syringe needle based puncture method was used as the major unstable factor for CLP models. Syringe needles created varied mortality in parallel experimental groups of CLP rats; they were inconsistent for severity control as mortality in CLP rats was not correlated with change in punctures, ligation lengths, or needle sizes. Moreover, the use of drainage tubes or strips, which was supposed to strengthen drainage stability, also failed to improve consistency of traditional syringe needles. To solve the consistency problem, an improved design of CLP surgery by puncture with newly-developed three-edged needles was described herein. In contrast to traditional syringe needles, these three-edged needles ensured more stable outcomes in repetitive groups. Furthermore, increased severity was found to be consistent with the enlarged needle size, as shown by the elevated mortality, increased proinflammatory cytokines, abnormal coagulation, worsen acidosis and more severe acute lung injury. In conclusion, application of the newly-developed three-edged needles provides a simple and feasible method to improve stability when conducting CLP surgery, which is significant for pharmacological studies on sepsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Liu
- Medical Research Center, Southwest Hospital, the Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, 400038, PR China
| | - Ning Wang
- Medical Research Center, Southwest Hospital, the Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, 400038, PR China
| | - Guo Wei
- Medical Research Center, Southwest Hospital, the Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, 400038, PR China
| | - Shijun Fan
- Medical Research Center, Southwest Hospital, the Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, 400038, PR China
| | - Yongling Lu
- Medical Research Center, Southwest Hospital, the Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, 400038, PR China
| | - Yuanfeng Zhu
- Medical Research Center, Southwest Hospital, the Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, 400038, PR China
| | - Qian Chen
- Medical Research Center, Southwest Hospital, the Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, 400038, PR China
| | - Min Huang
- Medical Research Center, Southwest Hospital, the Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, 400038, PR China
| | - Hong Zhou
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, the Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, 400038, PR China.
| | - Jiang Zheng
- Medical Research Center, Southwest Hospital, the Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, 400038, PR China.
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Zhang H, Wang W, Yu S, Xiao Y, Chen J. The prognosis and clinical characteristics of advanced (malignant) solid pseudopapillary neoplasm of the pancreas. Tumour Biol 2016; 37:5347-53. [PMID: 26561472 DOI: 10.1007/s13277-015-4371-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2015] [Accepted: 11/03/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Until today, there is no consistency about the prognosis and the diagnostic criteria of the "malignant" pancreatic solid pseudopapillary neoplasms (m-SPNs). We here made a retrospective study of 26 such cases and try to give a comprehensive description of their pathological characteristics and clinical course. We found out that among those malignant cases, the most common involved extrapancreatic organ was the duodenum, followed by the spleen and the portal vein. The lymph node and the liver metastasis were also seen in 19 % cases, respectively. Most of the patients were female (22/26). Calcification, foamy cytoplasm, and bizarre nuclei of tumor cells were more common in male patients. Every patient underwent surgical resection and had excellent prognosis. There were two patients who had metastasis to the liver 6 years after excision. The recurrence status correlated with the family history of malignant tumor. No patient died of the disease directly during the mean follow-up time of 73.9 months (21-135 months). Our results supported the idea that the prognosis of the advanced stage SPNs was excellent. The surgical resection seemed effectively enough for these patients. However, all the patients need close follow-ups, especially those who had family history of malignant tumors.
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30
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McCrae CS, Dzierzewski JM, McNamara JPH, Vatthauer KE, Roth AJ, Rowe MA. Changes in Sleep Predict Changes in Affect in Older Caregivers of Individuals with Alzheimer's Dementia: A Multilevel Model Approach. J Gerontol B Psychol Sci Soc Sci 2014; 71:458-62. [PMID: 25429026 DOI: 10.1093/geronb/gbu162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2014] [Accepted: 10/16/2014] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Understanding predictors of older dementia caregivers' mood could provide insight into potential treatments which may delay institutionalization of their care recipient. Research with older noncaregivers has shown that nights characterized by better subjective sleep were associated with days characterized by higher positive and lower negative affect, and vice versa. Examining daily relationships is important, as sleep and affect are state-like behaviors that fluctuate within individuals, across time. This study was a preliminary examination of whether a sample with a greater proportion of older dementia caregivers exhibits similar daily sleep/affect associations. METHODS Sleep diaries, actigraphy, and affect data were collected concurrently for 7 days in 55 community-dwelling, dementia caregivers (M = 62.80 years, SD = 12.21; 77.8% female). Sleep and affect were examined within- (day-to-day level) and between-persons (mean level). RESULTS Findings for older noncaregivers were replicated for negative affect only. Specifically, nights characterized by better subjective sleep were characterized by lower negative affect, and vice versa. DISCUSSION Examining older caregivers' daily sleep/affect association is important, because caregiving-related awakenings are unavoidable, often unpredictable, and can impact mood. Future research is needed to examine whether regularization in awakenings and/or negative affect represent important secondary, or even target, treatment outcomes for this vulnerable population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina S McCrae
- Department of Clinical and Health Psychology, University of Florida, Gainesville.
| | - Joseph M Dzierzewski
- Geriatric Research, Education, and Clinical Center, VA Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, California. David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles
| | | | - Karlyn E Vatthauer
- Department of Clinical and Health Psychology, University of Florida, Gainesville
| | - Alicia J Roth
- Department of Clinical and Health Psychology, University of Florida, Gainesville
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Marshall PJ, Drew AR. What makes Simon Says so difficult for young children? J Exp Child Psychol 2014; 126:112-9. [PMID: 24907632 DOI: 10.1016/j.jecp.2014.03.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2013] [Revised: 03/30/2014] [Accepted: 03/30/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Compared with conceptually similar response inhibition tasks, the game of Simon Says is particularly challenging for young children. However, possible reasons for this difference have not been systematically investigated. Here we tested the relative influence of two dissociable characteristics of the standard Simon Says task: receiving both inhibition and activation commands from the same experimenter and seeing the experimenter perform the movement along with the commands. A sample of 74 children (mean age = 55 months) were randomly assigned to complete one of five possible tasks. Four of the five tasks were variations of Simon Says involving combinations of one or two experimenters and the presence versus absence of the experimenter's movements. The fifth task was Bear-Dragon, a commonly used executive function task in which one experimenter employed two puppets to give action commands to children. Analyses revealed that children's performance was significantly worse on the one-person Simon Says tasks compared with the two-person tasks and the Bear-Dragon task. The presence of the experimenters' movements alongside their commands did not have a significant effect on children's performance. The requirement to respond to one person who is changing how different rules apply to similar actions appears to be an important determinant of the difficulty of Simon Says for young children. In terms of implications, inconsistency in how an adult applies rules to children's actions may be a detrimental social influence on the development of cognitive control during early childhood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter J Marshall
- Department of Psychology, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19122, USA.
| | - Ashley R Drew
- Department of Psychology, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19122, USA
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Soler-Hampejsek E, Grant MJ, Mensch BS, Hewett PC, Rankin J. The effect of school status and academic skills on the reporting of premarital sexual behavior: evidence from a longitudinal study in rural Malawi. J Adolesc Health 2013; 53:228-34. [PMID: 23688856 PMCID: PMC3752995 DOI: 10.1016/j.jadohealth.2013.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2011] [Revised: 03/04/2013] [Accepted: 03/05/2013] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Reliable data on sexual behavior are needed to identify adolescents at risk of acquiring human immunodeficiency virus or other sexually transmitted diseases, as well as unintended pregnancies. This study aimed to investigate whether schooling status and literacy and numeracy skills affect adolescents' reports of premarital sex, collected using audio computer-assisted self-interviews. METHODS We analyzed data on 2,320 participants in the first three rounds of the Malawi Schooling and Adolescent Study to estimate the level of inconsistency in reporting premarital sex among rural Malawian adolescents. We used multivariate logistic regressions to examine the relationships between school status and academic skills and premarital sexual behavior reports. RESULTS Males were more likely than females to report premarital sex at baseline, whereas females were more likely than males to report sex inconsistently within and across rounds. School-going females and males were more likely to report never having had sex at baseline and to retract reports of ever having sex across rounds than were their peers who had recently left school. School-going females were also more likely to report sex inconsistently at baseline. Literate and numerate respondents were less likely to report sex inconsistently at baseline; however, they were more likely to retract sex reports across rounds. CONCLUSIONS The level of inconsistency both within a survey round and across rounds reflects the difficulties in collecting reliable sexual behavior data from young people in settings such as rural Malawi, where education levels are low and sex among school-going females is not socially accepted.
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Abstract
How do people maintain consistent impressions of other people when other people are often inconsistent? The present research addresses this question by combining recent neuroscientific insights with ecologically meaningful behavioral methods. Participants formed impressions of real people whom they met in a personally involving situation. fMRI and supporting behavioral data revealed that outcome dependency (i.e., depending on another person for a desired outcome) alters previously identified neural dynamics of impression formation. Consistent with past research, a functional localizer identified a region of dorsomedial PFC previously linked to social impression formation. In the main task, this ROI revealed the predicted patterns of activity across outcome dependency conditions: greater BOLD response when information confirmed (vs. violated) social expectations if participants were outcome-independent, and the reverse pattern if participants were outcome-dependent. We suggest that, although social perceivers often discount expectancy-disconfirming information as noise, being dependent on another person for a desired outcome focuses impression-formation processing on the most diagnostic information, rather than on the most tractable information.
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