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Kitamoto T, Accili D. Unraveling the mysteries of hepatic insulin signaling: deconvoluting the nuclear targets of insulin. Endocr J 2023; 70:851-866. [PMID: 37245960 DOI: 10.1507/endocrj.ej23-0150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Over 100 years have passed since insulin was first administered to a diabetic patient. Since then great strides have been made in diabetes research. It has determined where insulin is secreted from, which organs it acts on, how it is transferred into the cell and is delivered to the nucleus, how it orchestrates the expression pattern of the genes, and how it works with each organ to maintain systemic metabolism. Any breakdown in this system leads to diabetes. Thanks to the numerous researchers who have dedicated their lives to cure diabetes, we now know that there are three major organs where insulin acts to maintain glucose/lipid metabolism: the liver, muscles, and fat. The failure of insulin action on these organs, such as insulin resistance, result in hyperglycemia and/or dyslipidemia. The primary trigger of this condition and its association among these tissues still remain to be uncovered. Among the major organs, the liver finely tunes the glucose/lipid metabolism to maintain metabolic flexibility, and plays a crucial role in glucose/lipid abnormality due to insulin resistance. Insulin resistance disrupts this tuning, and selective insulin resistance arises. The glucose metabolism loses its sensitivity to insulin, while the lipid metabolism maintains it. The clarification of its mechanism is warranted to reverse the metabolic abnormalities due to insulin resistance. This review will provide a brief historical review for the progress of the pathophysiology of diabetes since the discovery of insulin, followed by a review of the current research clarifying our understanding of selective insulin resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takumi Kitamoto
- Department of Diabetes, Metabolism and Endocrinology, Chiba University Hospital, Chiba 260-8670, Japan
| | - Domenico Accili
- Department of Medicine and Naomi Berrie Diabetes Center, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons of Columbia University, New York, NY 10032 USA
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Liu H, Zhao Y, Hua X, Wang D. Induction of transgenerational toxicity is associated with the activated germline insulin signals in nematodes exposed to nanoplastic at predicted environmental concentrations. Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 2022; 243:114022. [PMID: 36030687 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2022.114022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2022] [Revised: 08/16/2022] [Accepted: 08/24/2022] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Exposure to nanoplastics can induce toxicity on organisms at both parental generation (P0-G) and the offspring. However, the underlying mechanism remains unknown. Using Caenorhabditis elegans as a model organism, exposure to 20-nm polystyrene nanoparticle (PS-NP) (1-100 μg/L) upregulated the expressions of insulin ligands (INS-39, INS-3, and DAF-28), and this increase could be further detected in the offspring after PS-NP exposure. Germline ins-39, ins-3, and daf-28 RNAi induced resistance to transgenerational toxicity of PS-NP, indicating that increase in expression of these three insulin ligands mediated induction of transgenerational toxicity. These three insulin ligands transgenerationally activated function of insulin receptor DAF-2 to control transgenerational toxicity of PS-NP. Exposure to 1-100 μg/L PS-NP further upregulated DAF-2, AGE-1, and AKT-1 expressions and downregulated DAF-16 expression. During transgenerational toxicity control, DAF-16/AKT-1/AGE-1 was identified as downstream signaling cascade of DAF-2. Moreover, transcriptional factor DAF-16 activated two downstream targets of HSP-6 (a mitochondrial UPR marker) and SOD-3 (a mitochondrial SOD) to modulate transgenerational toxicity of PS-NP. Our findings indicate a crucial link between activation of insulin signaling and induction of transgenerational toxicity of nanoplastics at low concentrations in organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huanliang Liu
- Department of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Wuxi School of Medicine, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China; Medical School, Southeast University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Yunli Zhao
- Medical School, Southeast University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Xin Hua
- Medical School, Southeast University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Dayong Wang
- Medical School, Southeast University, Nanjing 210009, China.
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Pan J, Kothan S, Liu L, Moe ATM, Dong L, Sun Y, Yang Y. Autophagy participants in the dedifferentiation of mouse 3T3-L1 adipocytes triggered by hypofunction of insulin signaling. Cell Signal 2021; 80:109911. [PMID: 33422645 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2020.109911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2020] [Revised: 12/28/2020] [Accepted: 12/29/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Our previous data indicate that both insulin and IGF-1 signallings dysfunction promotes the dedifferentiation of primary human and mouse white adipocytes. Based on the fact that insulin activates mTOR and inhibits autophagy, and autophagy deficiency can inhibit the differentiation of white adipocytes, we speculate that autophagy may be related to the dedifferentiation of white adipocytes. We investigated the underlying mechanism of autophagy during dedifferentiation of mouse 3T3-L1 adipocytes. After incomplete inhibition of insulin and IGF-1 signallings, 3T3-L1 adipocytes manifest dedifferentiation accompanied with an increase of autophagy level. If induction only of autophagy in the adipocytes, then the cells also occur somewhat dedifferentiation, and with a slight decrease of insulin signal, while its degree was weaker than insulin signal inhibited cells. Notably, after inhibition of the insulin and IGF-1 signallings and simultaneously inducing autophagy, the dedifferentiation of 3T3-L1 adipocytes was the most obvious compared with other groups, and the insulin and IGF-1 signallings decreases was greater than the cells with inhibition only of insulin signalling. If inhibition of both insulin signal and autophagy simultaneously, the dedifferentiation of the adipocytes reveals similar tendencies to the cells that insulin signal was inhibited. No significant dedifferentiation occurs of 3T3-L1 cells if only inhibition of autophagy. Taken all together, in this study, we proved that autophagy is positively related to the dedifferentiation of 3T3-L1 adipocytes and is regulated through the insulin-PI3K-AKT-mTOCR1-autophagy pathway. Autophagy may also has a certain degree of negative feedback affect on the insulin signalling of 3T3-L1 cells. Our work may help to better understand the biological properties of mature adipocytes and may help formulate anti-obesity strategies by regulating insulin and insulin signaling level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Pan
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Resistant Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Normal University, Jinan 250014, China; Center of Radiation Research and Medical Imaging, Department of Radiologic Technology, Faculty of Associated Medical Sciences, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand.
| | - Suchart Kothan
- Center of Radiation Research and Medical Imaging, Department of Radiologic Technology, Faculty of Associated Medical Sciences, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
| | - Laihao Liu
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Resistant Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Normal University, Jinan 250014, China
| | - Aye Thidar Moe Moe
- Center of Radiation Research and Medical Imaging, Department of Radiologic Technology, Faculty of Associated Medical Sciences, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
| | - Liwei Dong
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Resistant Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Normal University, Jinan 250014, China
| | - Yanan Sun
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Resistant Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Normal University, Jinan 250014, China
| | - Yiyi Yang
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Resistant Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Normal University, Jinan 250014, China
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Cao Y, Liu B, Xu W, Wang L, Shi F, Li N, Lei Y, Wang J, Tian Q, Zhou X. Inhibition of mTORC1 improves STZ-induced AD-like impairments in mice. Brain Res Bull 2020; 162:166-179. [PMID: 32599128 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2020.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2020] [Revised: 05/29/2020] [Accepted: 06/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) share some pathological features, including tau hyperphosphorylation and deficits in insulin signaling, but the underlying mechanism and effective drugs for treating AD are unknown. The AD-like brain impairments are almost same in both of mouse type 2 DM models induced by the multiple low-dose intraperitoneal (i.p.) streptozotocin (STZ) injection and twice intracerebroventricular (i.c.v.) STZ injection. We found that memory disorders, impairment of insulin signaling, and AD-like tauopathies were exhibited in two different STZ-induced mouse models and that the level of Advanced Glycation End Products (AGEs) was increased in two STZ mouse models. Inhibition of mTORC1 with rapamycin reversed the deficits of insulin signaling associated kinases activity, decreased levels of AGEs and AD-like tau phosphorylation, and also improved memory deficit in both STZ mice. Rapamycin attenuated HG-induced tau hyperphosphorylation via the AKT/AMPK/GSK-3β pathways and p70S6K in SH-SY5Y cells. Taken together, these data demonstrated that rapamycin improved STZ-induced AD-like tauopathies and memory deficit in mice via improving p70S6K and AKT/AMPK/GSK-3β signaling and decreasing AGEs. Therefore, regulating insulin signaling via mTORC1 is a new strategy for preventing T2DM-associated AD, and mTORC1 is a potential drug target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun Cao
- Key Laboratory of Neurological Diseases of Education Ministry, Department of Pathophysiology, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, PR China
| | - Bingjin Liu
- School of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Taizhou Vocational and Technical College, Taizhou 318000, PR China
| | - Weiqi Xu
- Key Laboratory of Neurological Diseases of Education Ministry, Department of Pathophysiology, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, PR China
| | - Lin Wang
- Key Laboratory of Neurological Diseases of Education Ministry, Department of Pathophysiology, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, PR China
| | - Fangxiao Shi
- Key Laboratory of Neurological Diseases of Education Ministry, Department of Pathophysiology, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, PR China
| | - Na Li
- Key Laboratory of Neurological Diseases of Education Ministry, Department of Pathophysiology, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, PR China
| | - Ying Lei
- Key Laboratory of Neurological Diseases of Education Ministry, Department of Pathophysiology, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, PR China
| | - Jianzhi Wang
- Key Laboratory of Neurological Diseases of Education Ministry, Department of Pathophysiology, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, PR China
| | - Qing Tian
- Key Laboratory of Neurological Diseases of Education Ministry, Department of Pathophysiology, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, PR China.
| | - Xinwen Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Neurological Diseases of Education Ministry, Department of Pathophysiology, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, PR China.
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Nomiyama R, Emoto M, Fukuda N, Matsui K, Kondo M, Sakane A, Sasaki T, Tanizawa Y. Protein kinase C iota facilitates insulin-induced glucose transport by phosphorylation of soluble nSF attachment protein receptor regulator (SNARE) double C2 domain protein b. J Diabetes Investig 2019; 10:591-601. [PMID: 30369065 PMCID: PMC6497606 DOI: 10.1111/jdi.12965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2018] [Revised: 09/25/2018] [Accepted: 10/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
AIMS/INTRODUCTION Double C2 domain protein b (DOC2b), one of the synaptotagmins, has been shown to translocate to the plasma membrane, and to initiate membrane-fusion processes of vesicles containing glucose transporter 4 proteins on insulin stimulation. However, the mechanism by which DOC2b is regulated remains unclear. Herein, we identified the upstream regulatory factors of DOC2b in insulin signal transduction. We also examined the role of DOC2b on systemic homeostasis using DOC2b knockout (KO) mice. MATERIALS AND METHODS We first identified DOC2b binding proteins by immunoprecipitation and mutagenesis experiments. Then, DOC2b KO mice were generated by disrupting the first exon of the DOC2b gene. In addition to the histological examination, glucose metabolism was assessed by measuring parameters on glucose/insulin tolerance tests. Insulin-stimulated glucose uptake was also measured using isolated soleus muscle and epididymal adipose tissue. RESULTS We identified an isoform of atypical protein kinase C (protein kinase C iota) that can bind to DOC2b and phosphorylates one of the serine residues of DOC2b (S34). This phosphorylation is essential for DOC2b translocation. DOC2b KO mice showed insulin resistance and impaired oral glucose tolerance on insulin and glucose tolerance tests, respectively. Insulin-stimulated glucose uptake was impaired in isolated soleus muscle and epididymal adipose tissues from DOC2b KO mice. CONCLUSIONS We propose a novel insulin signaling mechanism by which protein kinase C iota phosphorylates DOC2b, leading to glucose transporter 4 vesicle translocation, fusion and facilitation of glucose uptake in response to insulin. The present results also showed DOC2b to play important roles in systemic glucose homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryuta Nomiyama
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism, Hematological Sciences and TherapeuticsYamaguchi University Graduate School of MedicineUbeJapan
| | - Masahiro Emoto
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism, Hematological Sciences and TherapeuticsYamaguchi University Graduate School of MedicineUbeJapan
- Emoto ClinicUbeJapan
| | - Naofumi Fukuda
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism, Hematological Sciences and TherapeuticsYamaguchi University Graduate School of MedicineUbeJapan
| | - Kumiko Matsui
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism, Hematological Sciences and TherapeuticsYamaguchi University Graduate School of MedicineUbeJapan
| | - Manabu Kondo
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism, Hematological Sciences and TherapeuticsYamaguchi University Graduate School of MedicineUbeJapan
| | - Ayuko Sakane
- Department of BiochemistryTokushima University Graduate School of Medical SciencesTokushimaJapan
| | - Takuya Sasaki
- Department of BiochemistryTokushima University Graduate School of Medical SciencesTokushimaJapan
| | - Yukio Tanizawa
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism, Hematological Sciences and TherapeuticsYamaguchi University Graduate School of MedicineUbeJapan
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Al Baki MA, Jung JK, Kim Y. Regulation of hemolymph trehalose titers by insulin signaling in the legume pod borer, Maruca vitrata (Lepidoptera: Crambidae). Peptides 2018; 106:28-36. [PMID: 29935203 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2018.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2018] [Revised: 06/08/2018] [Accepted: 06/19/2018] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
A disaccharide, trehalose, is a main hemolymph sugar of the legume pod borer, Maruca vitrata larvae, but its titers fluctuated with feeding activity. During diurnal feeding in the photophase, hemolymph trehalose remained at a relatively low level (69 mM) and increased (98 mM) during scotophase. Starvation significantly increased the hemolymph trehalose level, in which the elevation of trehalose titers was dependent on the non-feeding period. The down-regulation of the trehalose level during the active feeding period seemed to result from mediation of the insulin/IGF signal (IIS). Injection of a porcine insulin suppressed the trehalose level in a dose-dependent manner. Genes associated with IIS of M. vitrata were predicted from its larval transcriptome, and their expression was confirmed in different developmental stages and tissues. All seven IIS genes selected were expressed in all developmental stages and different tissues. Silencing of four IIS genes (insulin receptor, Forkhead box O, a serine-threonine protein kinase, target of rapamycin) by RNA interference significantly modulated the hemolymph trehalose level. Starvation treatment changed expression of two trehalose metabolism-associated genes (trehalose phosphate synthase (TPS) and trehalase (TRE)) as well as the IIS genes. Silencing of TPS or TRE expression significantly down- or up-regulated the hemolymph trehalose level, respectively. In addition, silencing of IIS genes altered both TPS and TRE expression, indicating a functional link between IIS and trehalose metabolism. These results suggest that nutrients obtained from feeding activate IIS of M. vitrata, which then down-regulates the hemolymph trehalose level by altering trehalose metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md Abdullah Al Baki
- Department of Plant Medicals, Andong National University, Andong 37629, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin Kyo Jung
- Division of Crop Cultivation and Environment Research, Department of Central Area Crop Science, National Institute of Crop Science, Rural Development Administration, Suwon 16429, Republic of Korea
| | - Yonggyun Kim
- Department of Plant Medicals, Andong National University, Andong 37629, Republic of Korea.
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Li H, Liu S, Yuan H, Niu Y, Fu L. Sestrin 2 induces autophagy and attenuates insulin resistance by regulating AMPK signaling in C2C12 myotubes. Exp Cell Res 2017; 354:18-24. [PMID: 28300563 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2017.03.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2017] [Revised: 03/09/2017] [Accepted: 03/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Impaired insulin-stimulated glucose uptake in skeletal muscle serves a critical role in the development of insulin resistance (IR), whereas the precise mechanism of the process remains unknown. Recently, the evolutionarily conserved, stress-inducible protein Sestrin2 (Sesn2) has been proposed to play a protective role against obesity-induced IR and diabetes. Activation of Sesn2 may activate AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) accompanied by suppression of mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR), which may ultimately lead to autophagy induction. In view of the potential protective effects of autophagy on the physiological and the pathological regulatory processes via the regulation of energy homeostasis and metabolism, we investigated the effects of Sesn2 on the components of the insulin signaling pathway and insulin-stimulated glucose uptake in palmitate-induced insulin-resistant C2C12 myotubes. We showed that Sesn2 effectively restored the impaired insulin signaling. Moreover, autophagic activity decreased in response to palmitate, whereas Sesn2 significantly reversed the palmitate-suppressed autophagic signaling in this context. Our findings further revealed that Sesn2-induced autophagy contributed to restore the impaired insulin signaling through the activation of AMPK signal. Even in the presence of palmitate, Sesn2 up-regulation maintained insulin sensitivity and glucose metabolism via AMPK-dependent autophagic activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huige Li
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Science, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300070, China
| | - Sujuan Liu
- Department of Anatomy and Embryology, School of Basic Medical Science, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300070, China
| | - Hairui Yuan
- Key Laboratory of Hormones and Development (Ministry of Health), Tianjin Key Laboratory of Metabolic Diseases, Tianjin Metabolic Diseases Hospital & Tianjin Institute of Endocrinology, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300070, China
| | - Yanmei Niu
- Department of Rehabilitation, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300070, China
| | - Li Fu
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Science, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300070, China.
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Wang D, Liu X, Liu Y, Shen G, Zhu X, Li S. Treatment effects of Cardiotrophin-1 (CT-1) on streptozotocin-induced memory deficits in mice. Exp Gerontol 2017; 92:42-45. [PMID: 28285145 DOI: 10.1016/j.exger.2017.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2017] [Revised: 03/06/2017] [Accepted: 03/07/2017] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Increasing evidence has shown that diabetes-associated cognitive impairment is correlated with mitochondrial dysfunction and resultant synaptic injury as well as brain insulin resistance. Cardiotrophin-1 (CT-1), a regulator of energy metabolism, has been shown to exhibit impressive neuroprotective effects. In this study, we evaluated the effects of CT-1 on brain pathological features in intracerebroventrical-streptozotocin (ICV-STZ)-treated mouse model, and explored its potential mechanisms. STZ was injected twice (3mg/kg, ICV) on alternate days (day 1 and day 3) in mice. Daily treatment with CT-1 (1μg/day, ICV) starting from the first dose of STZ for 14days showed that CT-1 significantly improved learning and memory deficits, alleviated mitochondrial dysfunction, and increased synaptic density in the CA1 region of the hippocampus in ICV-STZ-treated mice. Moreover, CT-1 significantly enhanced insulin signaling pathway in the hippocampus of ICV-STZ-treated mice when compared with the control. However, all the protective effects including biochemistry, pathological changes and cognitive function could be blocked by an ICV injection of Compound C, a specific AMPK inhibitor. Taken together, these results suggested that CT-1 improves pathological changes and cognitive impairments via AMPK activation in ICV-STZ mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongmei Wang
- Department of Pathogen Biology, Medical College, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, China.
| | - Xiaozhuan Liu
- Department of Immunology, Medical College, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, China
| | - Yumei Liu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, China
| | - Guomin Shen
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medical College, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, China
| | - Xiaoying Zhu
- Department of Pathogen Biology, Medical College, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, China
| | - Sanqiang Li
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medical College, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, China
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Onoue T, Goto M, Tominaga T, Sugiyama M, Tsunekawa T, Hagiwara D, Banno R, Suga H, Sugimura Y, Arima H. Reactive oxygen species mediate insulin signal transduction in mouse hypothalamus. Neurosci Lett 2016; 619:1-7. [PMID: 26968348 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2016.03.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2016] [Revised: 02/29/2016] [Accepted: 03/07/2016] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
In the hypothalamus, several reports have implied that ROS mediate physiological effects of insulin. In this study, we investigated the mechanisms of insulin-induced ROS production and the effect of ROS on insulin signal transduction in mouse hypothalamic organotypic cultures. Insulin increased intracellular ROS, which were suppressed by NADPH oxidase inhibitor. H2O2 increased phospho-insulin receptor β (p-IRβ) and phospho-Akt (p-Akt) levels. Insulin-induced increases in p-IRβ and p-Akt levels were attenuated by ROS scavenger or NADPH oxidase inhibitor. Our data suggest that insulin-induced phosphorylation of IRβ and Akt is mediated via ROS which are predominantly produced by NADPH oxidase in mouse hypothalamus.
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