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Leitão MM, Radai JAS, Ferrari IC, Negrão FJ, Silva-Filho SE, Oliveira RJ, Mota JDS, Kassuya CAL. Effects of an ethanolic extract and fractions from Piper glabratum (Piperaceae) leaves on pain and inflammation. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2020; 117:104762. [PMID: 32805323 DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2020.104762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2020] [Revised: 08/05/2020] [Accepted: 08/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
In the state of Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil, Piper glabratum leaves are used as a popular medicine for pain and inflammation. We performed a phytochemical analysis and evaluated the effects of ethanolic extract (EEPG) obtained from leaves of P. glabratum on toxicity as well as the effects of application of the hexanic fraction (HXPG) and the hydroalcoholic fraction (HAPG) obtained from the EEPG on inflammatory parameters and pain in mice. Swiss mice were treated with EEPG (30-300 mg/kg body weight (b.w.)), HXPG (19.5 mg/kg b.w.) or HAPG (83.37 mg/kg b.w.) and then subjected to carrageenan-induced pleurisy and paw oedema tests, the spontaneous pain, and zymosan-induced intra-articular inflammation. Wistar rats were treated with EEPG to assess acute toxicity. Phytochemical analysis of the fractions demonstrated the presence of phytol and mixture of stigmasterol and β-sitosterol in the fractions. In the acute toxicity test, LD50 above 2000 mg/kg b.w. was observed. The treatments reduced oedema, cold and mechanical hyperalgesia, leukocyte migration and protein exudation. The antihyperalgesic and anti-inflammatory properties of EEPG and fractions were demonstrated in the present study. These results from EEPG and HXPG may be related, at least in part, to modulation of the inflammatory mediators by phytol, stigmasterol and β-sitosterol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maicon M Leitão
- Faculty of Health Science, Federal University of Grande Dourados, Highway Dourados/Itahum, Km 12 - Unity II, 79, 804-970, Dourados, MS, Brazil.
| | - Joyce A S Radai
- Faculty of Health Science, Federal University of Grande Dourados, Highway Dourados/Itahum, Km 12 - Unity II, 79, 804-970, Dourados, MS, Brazil.
| | - Idalina C Ferrari
- Faculty of Health Science, Federal University of Grande Dourados, Highway Dourados/Itahum, Km 12 - Unity II, 79, 804-970, Dourados, MS, Brazil.
| | - Fábio J Negrão
- Faculty of Health Science, Federal University of Grande Dourados, Highway Dourados/Itahum, Km 12 - Unity II, 79, 804-970, Dourados, MS, Brazil.
| | - Saulo E Silva-Filho
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Food and Nutrition, Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul, Av. Costa e Silva, University District, 79070-900, Campo Grande, MS, Brazil.
| | - Rodrigo J Oliveira
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Food and Nutrition, Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul, Av. Costa e Silva, University District, 79070-900, Campo Grande, MS, Brazil.
| | - Jonas da S Mota
- Department of Chemistry, State University of Mato Grosso do Sul, University City of Dourados, 79804-97, Dourados, MS, Brazil.
| | - Candida A L Kassuya
- Faculty of Health Science, Federal University of Grande Dourados, Highway Dourados/Itahum, Km 12 - Unity II, 79, 804-970, Dourados, MS, Brazil.
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Allevato DM, Groppo M, Kiyota E, Mazzafera P, Nixon KC. Evolution of phytochemical diversity in Pilocarpus (Rutaceae). Phytochemistry 2019; 163:132-146. [PMID: 31078082 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2019.03.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2018] [Revised: 03/29/2019] [Accepted: 03/30/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The evolution of phytochemical diversity and biosynthetic pathways in plants can be evaluated from a phylogenetic and environmental perspective. Pilocarpus Vahl (Rutaceae), an economically important medicinal plant in the family Rutaceae, has a great diversity of imidazole alkaloids and coumarins. In this study, we used phylogenetic comparative methods to determine whether there is a phylogenetic signal for chemical traits across the genus Pilocarpus; this included ancestral reconstructions of continuous and discrete chemical traits. Bioclimatic variables found to be associated with the distribution of this genus were used to perform OLS regressions between chemical traits and bioclimatic variables. Next, these regression models were evaluated to test whether bioclimatic traits could significantly predict compound concentrations. Our study found that in terms of compound concentration, variation is most significantly associated with adaptive environmental convergence rather than phylogenetic relationships. The best predictive model of chemical traits was the OLS regression that modeled the relationship between coumarin and precipitation in the coldest quarter. However, we also found one chemical trait was dependent on phylogenetic history and bioclimatic factors. These findings emphasize that consideration of both environmental and phylogenetic factors is essential to tease out the intricate processes in the evolution of chemical diversity in plants. These methods can benefit fields such as conservation management, ecology, and evolutionary biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniella M Allevato
- Cornell University, L.H. Bailey Hortorium, Section of Plant Biology, School of Plant Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA.
| | - Milton Groppo
- USP Ribeirão Preto, Departamento de Biologia, Faculdade de Filosofia Ciências e Letras de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil.
| | - Eduardo Kiyota
- UNICAMP, Departamento de Biologia Vegetal, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Brazil.
| | - Paulo Mazzafera
- UNICAMP, Departamento de Biologia Vegetal, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Brazil; Escola Superior de Agricultura Luiz de Queiroz, Departamento de Produção Vegetal, Universidade de São Paulo, Piracicaba, Brazil.
| | - Kevin C Nixon
- Cornell University, L.H. Bailey Hortorium, Section of Plant Biology, School of Plant Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA.
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