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Guo K, He X, Zhao H, Ma C. Characterisation of degradation products of tegoprazan by LC-MS and GC-MS. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2023; 228:115323. [PMID: 36921447 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2023.115323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2023] [Revised: 03/01/2023] [Accepted: 03/02/2023] [Indexed: 03/06/2023]
Abstract
Tegoprazan is a novel orally active potassium-competitive acid blocker (P-CAB), capable of binding to the K+ binding site of H+/K+-ATPase in a reversible way to inhibit gastric acid secretion. Tegoprazan has been approved for treating acid-related diseases. In this study, stress testings of tegoprazan were performed under various conditions, including hydrolysis (acidic, alkaline, and neutral), oxidation, photolysis, and thermal stress. Tegoprazan showed instability in acidic, alkaline, and oxidative conditions. Eight degradation products (DPs) were identified. The DPs were characterized by LC-HRMS, LC-MSn, or GC-Q-TOF-MS. Meanwhile, DP-1, DP-2 and DP-3 were successfully synthesized and confirmed by NMR. The degradation pathway of tegoprazan was summarized. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study on the forced degradation of tegoprazan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaijing Guo
- Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Xiao He
- Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Hongyi Zhao
- Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Chen Ma
- Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China.
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López GD, Suesca E, Álvarez-Rivera G, Rosato AE, Ibáñez E, Cifuentes A, Leidy C, Carazzone C. Carotenogenesis of Staphylococcus aureus: New insights and impact on membrane biophysical properties. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2021; 1866:158941. [PMID: 33862238 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2021.158941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2021] [Revised: 03/18/2021] [Accepted: 03/31/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Staphyloxanthin (STX) is a saccharolipid derived from a carotenoid in Staphylococcus aureus involved in oxidative-stress tolerance and antimicrobial peptide resistance. STX influences the biophysical properties of the bacterial membrane and has been associated to the formation of lipid domains in the regulation of methicillin-resistance. In this work, a targeted metabolomics and biophysical characterization study was carried out to investigate the biosynthetic pathways of carotenoids, and their impact on the membrane biophysical properties. Five different S. aureus strains were investigated, including three wild-type strains containing the crtM gene related to STX biosynthesis, a crtM-deletion mutant, and a crtMN plasmid-complemented variant. LC-DAD-MS/MS analysis of extracts allowed the identification of 34 metabolites related to carotenogenesis in S. aureus at different growth phases (8, 24 and 48 h), showing the progression of these metabolites as the bacteria advances into the stationary phase. For the first time, 22 members of a large family of carotenoids were identified, including STX and STX-homologues, as well as Dehydro-STX and Dehydro-STX-homologues. Moreover, thermotropic behavior of the CH2 stretch of lipid acyl chains in live cells by FTIR, show that the presence of STX increases acyl chain order at the bacterial growth temperature. Indeed, the cooperative melting event of the bacterial membrane, which occurs around 15 °C in the native strains, shifts with increased carotenoid content. These results show the diversity biosynthetic of carotenoids in S. aureus, and their influence on membrane biophysical properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerson-Dirceu López
- Laboratory of Advanced Analytical Techniques in Natural Products (LATNAP), Chemistry Department, Universidad de los Andes, Bogotá D.C., Colombia; Laboratory of Biophysics, Physics Department, Universidad de los Andes, Bogotá D.C., Colombia; Laboratory of Foodomics, Institute of Food Science Research, CIAL, CSIC, Madrid, Spain
| | - Elizabeth Suesca
- Laboratory of Biophysics, Physics Department, Universidad de los Andes, Bogotá D.C., Colombia
| | | | - Adriana E Rosato
- Molecular Microbiology Diagnostics-Research, Riverside University Health System, Professor Loma Linda University, Moreno Valley, CA, USA
| | - Elena Ibáñez
- Laboratory of Foodomics, Institute of Food Science Research, CIAL, CSIC, Madrid, Spain
| | - Alejandro Cifuentes
- Laboratory of Foodomics, Institute of Food Science Research, CIAL, CSIC, Madrid, Spain
| | - Chad Leidy
- Laboratory of Biophysics, Physics Department, Universidad de los Andes, Bogotá D.C., Colombia.
| | - Chiara Carazzone
- Laboratory of Advanced Analytical Techniques in Natural Products (LATNAP), Chemistry Department, Universidad de los Andes, Bogotá D.C., Colombia.
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Xu F, Li FC, Zhang YF, Shen SJ, Yang P, Yang XX, Shang MY, Liu GX, Li YL, Cai SQ. Discovery of the active compounds of Smilacis Glabrae Rhizoma by utilizing the relationship between the individual differences in blood drug concentration and the pharmacological effect in rats. J Ethnopharmacol 2020; 258:112886. [PMID: 32325179 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2020.112886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2019] [Revised: 03/06/2020] [Accepted: 04/13/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE This study addresses the rapid discovery of the active compounds (the original constituents and/or metabolites) of a traditional Chinese drug, Smilacis Glabrae Rhizoma (SGR). AIM OF THE STUDY The aim of this study was to develop a new method to find out the active compounds of traditional drugs in vivo. MATERIALS AND METHODS A method was established to discover and identify the potential active compounds in drug-containing plasma from rats that were orally administered SGR extract, utilizing the relationship between the individual differences in blood drug concentrations in the rats and the resulting differences in pharmacological effect, and the method was denoted as the RID-PE method. For this method, we used high-performance liquid chromatography with a diode array detector combined with electrospray ionization ion trap time-of-flight multistage mass spectrometry (LC-MSn) to identify the compounds (the original constituents and metabolites) and to determine the peak areas of the compounds in drug-containing plasma following SGR treatment. The anti-inflammatory effect of SGR was evaluated using a carrageenan-induced inflammatory rat model. According to the percent inhibition of paw edema in each model rat (14 rats total) orally administered SGR extract, the plasma samples from the rats were sorted and divided into 7 groups. Each group consisted of two plasma samples, and their percent inhibition of paw edema were similar to each other. We performed an LC-MSn analysis on 3 plasma groups, which showed large differences in the inhibition rates, with percent inhibitions of 92.7%, 72.4% and 38.4%. The correlation coefficients (r) between the peak area of each compound and the pharmacological effect (inhibition ratio) of SGR in the three groups were analyzed using SPSS software. When the correlation coefficients of the compounds are greater than 0.8 (0.8 < r ≤1), these compounds are strongly and positively correlated with anti-inflammatory activity, making them potential anti-inflammatory active compounds. RESULTS Fifty-eight potential anti-inflammatory compounds (0.8 < r ≤ 1) from SGR were discovered in model rat plasma using the RID-PE method, 47 of which were considered to be new potentially anti-inflammatory compounds. Among these compounds, four original constituents and 5 isomers of potential anti-inflammatory metabolites were validated to have significant anti-inflammatory effects, and they included astilbin, syringic acid, catechin, coumalic acid, resveratrol-3'-O-glucuronide (RG, isomer of M2 or M3), 3'-O-methyl-(+)-epicatechin-4'-O-glucuronide (CA-1, isomer of M16), 4'-O-methyl-(+)-epicatechin-3'-O-glucuronide (CA-2, isomer of M16), 4'-O-methyl-(+)-epicatechin-7-O-glucuronide (CA-3, isomer of M16) and 3'-O-methyl-(+)-epicatechin-7-O-glucuronide (CA-4, isomer of M16). In addition, four isomers (CA-1-CA-4) were reported to have anti-inflammatory effects for the first time, and CA-3 was a new compound. CONCLUSIONS The RID-PE method can be used to discover and identify the active constituents and metabolites of SGR systematically and in vivo. Furthermore, these findings enhance our understanding of the metabolism and effective forms of SGR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, Peking University, 38 Xueyuan Road, Beijing, 100191, PR China.
| | - Feng-Chun Li
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, Peking University, 38 Xueyuan Road, Beijing, 100191, PR China.
| | - Yi-Fan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, Peking University, 38 Xueyuan Road, Beijing, 100191, PR China.
| | - Shu-Jie Shen
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, Peking University, 38 Xueyuan Road, Beijing, 100191, PR China.
| | - Ping Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, Peking University, 38 Xueyuan Road, Beijing, 100191, PR China.
| | - Xin-Xin Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, Peking University, 38 Xueyuan Road, Beijing, 100191, PR China.
| | - Ming-Ying Shang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, Peking University, 38 Xueyuan Road, Beijing, 100191, PR China.
| | - Guang-Xue Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, Peking University, 38 Xueyuan Road, Beijing, 100191, PR China.
| | - Yao-Li Li
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, Peking University, 38 Xueyuan Road, Beijing, 100191, PR China.
| | - Shao-Qing Cai
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, Peking University, 38 Xueyuan Road, Beijing, 100191, PR China.
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Almeida EV, De Brito SL. Alkaline degradation of lyophilized DMSA prior to labeling with 99mTc: Identification and development of the degradation pathway by HPLC and MS. Nucl Med Biol 2018; 57:20-7. [PMID: 29223716 DOI: 10.1016/j.nucmedbio.2017.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2017] [Revised: 09/05/2017] [Accepted: 11/06/2017] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Complexes of technetium-99m (99mTc) with meso-dimercaptosuccinic acid (DMSA) have been widely used as diagnostic agents in nuclear medicine. The degradation products (DP) of DMSA formed under different forced conditions have been identified through HPLC-DAD and LC-MSn studies. In this study, the DMSA kit was subjected to forced degradation under hydrolysis conditions as prescribed by the International Conference on Harmonization (ICH) guideline Q1A. METHODS Chromatographic separation was accomplished on a reverse phase Shim-Pack VP-ODS (150 mm × 4.6 mm; 5 μm) analytical column using the gradient elution method. LC-MSn analysis was performed using an Esquire 3000 Plus ion trap mass spectrometer, operating under electrospray ionization (ESI). RESULTS No products were found under acidic or neutral stress conditions. All the products found were identified through LC-MSn analyses and their fragmentation pathways were proposed. The DMSA standard degraded into an adduct DMSA dimer (2DMSA[-2H+Na]+) and adduct DMSA bound to fumaric acid and dithioglucolic acid (DTGA). In the DMSA kit, the degradation products were dimers and trimers of DMSA with tin. A possible degradation pathway is presented. CONCLUSIONS This method proved to be convenient and effective since it provided fast and efficient separation of DMSA from its degradation products. The degradation studies carried out were able to delineate the stability of the DMSA standard and the DMSA kit.
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Michely JA, Meyer MR, Maurer HH. Dried urine spots - A novel sampling technique for comprehensive LC-MS n drug screening. Anal Chim Acta 2017; 982:112-121. [PMID: 28734350 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2017.05.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2017] [Revised: 05/12/2017] [Accepted: 05/18/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Dried matrix spot (DMS) technique as alternative sampling strategy, especially dried urine spots (DUS), might be an alternative for drug screening. So far only particular drugs or drug classes were covered in DMS screenings. Therefore, workup of DUS for a broad comprehensive library-based LC-MSn screening was developed. It consisted of enzymatic on-spot deconjugation followed by liquid extraction and LC-MSn analysis. This workup was compared to established urine precipitation (UP) and validated according to international guidelines for qualitative approaches, using exemplary compounds of several drug classes (antidepressants, benzodiazepines, cardiovascular drugs, neuroleptics, opioids, stimulants, etc.) with a broad range of (physico-)chemical properties and chromatographic behaviors. On-spot conjugate cleavage and liquid extraction was sufficient for most compounds and the validation results comparable to those obtained after simple UP. For demonstrating the applicability, 103 authentic urine samples, six rat urine samples after low dose substance administrations, and two proficiency tests for systematic toxicological urinalysis were worked up with the new DUS approach or by UP without or with conjugate cleavage. In the authentic urine samples, 112 different drugs out of 43 categories plus metabolites were identified via the used LC-MSn library. With the new DUS approach, 5% less positive hits could be found compared to the UP approach and 15% less than the latter after conjugate cleavage. The differences should be caused mainly by smaller urine volumes used for DUS. In the two proficiency tests, all 15 drugs could be detected. Unfortunately, all three approaches were not able to detect very low-dosed substances in rat urine samples. However, they could be detected using a more sensitive LC-high resolution-MS/MS approach showing that the DUS workup was also suitable for those. In conclusion, DUS might be an alternative sampling technique for comprehensive drug testing or adherence monitoring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julian A Michely
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Toxicology, Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Saarland University, 66421 Homburg (Saar), Germany
| | - Markus R Meyer
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Toxicology, Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Saarland University, 66421 Homburg (Saar), Germany
| | - Hans H Maurer
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Toxicology, Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Saarland University, 66421 Homburg (Saar), Germany.
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Nowak A, Czyżowska A, Huben K, Sójka M, Kuberski S, Otlewska A, Śliżewska K. Prebiotics and age, but not probiotics affect the transformation of 2-amino-3-methyl-3H-imidazo[4,5-f]quinoline (IQ) by fecal microbiota - An in vitro study. Anaerobe 2016; 39:124-35. [PMID: 27034248 DOI: 10.1016/j.anaerobe.2016.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2016] [Revised: 03/15/2016] [Accepted: 03/22/2016] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Heterocyclic aromatic amines (HAAs) are carcinogens which are formed in meat cooked using high-temperature methods. The human gastrointestinal (GI) microbiota plays a crucial role in maintaining health in humans of different ages, and especially in the elderly. However, the GI microbiota, whose metabolism and composition changes with age, may also be responsible for the activation of mutagenic substances reaching the colon with diet. Probiotics and prebiotics are promising in terms of reducing the destructive effects of HAAs. The aim of the study was to determine if fecal microbiota derived from the feces of 27 volunteers: infants (up to 18 months), adults (aged 23-39 years), the sub-elderly (aged 64-65 years), and the elderly (aged 76-87 years), and the presence of probiotics or prebiotics, affected the transformation of IQ (2-amino-3-methylimidazo[4,5-f]quinoline) to 7-OH-IQ (2-amino-3,6-dihydro-3-methyl-7H-imidazo[4,5-f]quinoline-7-one). The compounds were identified using LC-MS(n), NMR, and FTIR. Their genotoxicity was compared in the comet assay. Individual strains capable of IQ transformation were also identified. 7-OH-IQ was detected in six persons (two children and four elderly individuals). The degree of IQ conversion ranged from 26% (4-month-old girl) to 94% (81-year-old woman) of the initial quantity. Four Enterococcus isolates: two Enterococcus faecium and two Enterococcus faecalis strains, as well as one Clostridium difficile strain (LOCK 1030, from the culture collection) converted IQ to 7-OH-IQ. The genotoxicity of samples containing 7-OH-IQ was even three times higher (P < 0.05) than those with IQ and was correlated with the degree of IQ conversion and 7-OH-IQ concentration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adriana Nowak
- Institute of Fermentation Technology and Microbiology, Lodz University of Technology, Wólczańska 171/173, 90-924 Lodz, Poland.
| | - Agata Czyżowska
- Institute of Fermentation Technology and Microbiology, Lodz University of Technology, Wólczańska 171/173, 90-924 Lodz, Poland
| | - Krzysztof Huben
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Lodz University of Technology, Żeromskiego 116, 90-924 Lodz, Poland
| | - Michał Sójka
- Institute of Chemical Technology of Food, Lodz University of Technology, Stefanowskiego 4/10, 90-924 Lodz, Poland
| | - Sławomir Kuberski
- Faculty of Process and Environmental Engineering, Division of Molecular Engineering, Lodz University of Technology, Wólczańska 213, 90-924 Lodz, Poland
| | - Anna Otlewska
- Institute of Fermentation Technology and Microbiology, Lodz University of Technology, Wólczańska 171/173, 90-924 Lodz, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Śliżewska
- Institute of Fermentation Technology and Microbiology, Lodz University of Technology, Wólczańska 171/173, 90-924 Lodz, Poland
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