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Tinkov AA, Skalny AV, Domingo JL, Samarghandian S, Kirichuk AA, Aschner M. A review of the epidemiological and laboratory evidence of the role of aluminum exposure in pathogenesis of cardiovascular diseases. Environ Res 2024; 242:117740. [PMID: 38007081 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2023.117740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2023] [Revised: 11/13/2023] [Accepted: 11/18/2023] [Indexed: 11/27/2023]
Abstract
The objective of the present study was to review the epidemiological and laboratory evidence on the role of aluminum (Al) exposure in the pathogenesis of cardiovascular diseases. Epidemiological data demonstrated an increased incidence of cardiovascular diseases (CVD), including hypertension and atherosclerosis in occupationally exposed subjects and hemodialysis patients. In addition, Al body burden was found to be elevated in patients with coronary heart disease, hypertension, and dyslipidemia. Laboratory studies demonstrated that Al exposure induced significant ultrastructural damage in the heart, resulting in electrocardiogram alterations in association with cardiomyocyte necrosis and apoptosis, inflammation, oxidative stress, inflammation, and mitochondrial dysfunction. In agreement with the epidemiological findings, laboratory data demonstrated dyslipidemia upon Al exposure, resulting from impaired hepatic lipid catabolism, as well as promotion of low-density lipoprotein oxidation. Al was also shown to inhibit paraoxonase 1 activity and to induce endothelial dysfunction and adhesion molecule expression, further promoting atherogenesis. The role of Al in hypertension was shown to be mediated by up-regulation of NADPH-oxidase, inhibition of nitric oxide bioavailability, and stimulation of renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system. It has been also demonstrated that Al exposure targets cerebral vasculature, which may be considered a link between Al exposure and cerebrovascular diseases. Findings from other tissues lend support that ferroptosis, pyroptosis, endoplasmic reticulum stress, and modulation of gut microbiome and metabolome are involved in the development of CVD upon Al exposure. A better understanding of the role of the cardiovascular system as a target for Al toxicity will be useful for risk assessment and the development of treatment and prevention strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexey A Tinkov
- Center of Bioelementology and Human Ecology, IM Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), Moscow, 119435, Russia; Laboratory of Ecobiomonitoring and Quality Control, Yaroslavl State University, Yaroslavl, 150003, Russia; Department of Human Ecology and Bioelementology, and Department of Medical Elementology, Peoples' Friendship University of Russia (RUDN University), Moscow, 117198, Russia.
| | - Anatoly V Skalny
- Center of Bioelementology and Human Ecology, IM Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), Moscow, 119435, Russia; Department of Human Ecology and Bioelementology, and Department of Medical Elementology, Peoples' Friendship University of Russia (RUDN University), Moscow, 117198, Russia
| | - Jose L Domingo
- Laboratory of Toxicology and Environmental Health, School of Medicine, Universitat Rovira I Virgili, 4320, Reus, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Saeed Samarghandian
- Healthy Ageing Research Centre, Neyshabur University of Medical Sciences, Neyshabur, 9319774446, Iran
| | - Anatoly A Kirichuk
- Department of Human Ecology and Bioelementology, and Department of Medical Elementology, Peoples' Friendship University of Russia (RUDN University), Moscow, 117198, Russia
| | - Michael Aschner
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, 10461, USA
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Borghi AM, De Livio C, Falcinelli I, Gervasi AM. Beyond simple laboratory studies, toward interactive methods: Commentary on the review article: Beyond simple laboratory studies: Developing sophisticated models to study rich behavior. Phys Life Rev 2023; 47:197-199. [PMID: 37926023 DOI: 10.1016/j.plrev.2023.10.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2023] [Accepted: 10/18/2023] [Indexed: 11/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Anna M Borghi
- Department of Dynamic and Clinical Psychology, and Health Studies, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy; Institute of Cognitive Sciences and Technologies, Italian National Research Council, Rome, Italy.
| | - Chiara De Livio
- Department of Psychology, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Angelo Mattia Gervasi
- Department of Psychology, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy; Lyon Neuroscience Research Center, INSERM, Lyon, France
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Walker RH, Belvin AC, Mouser JB, Pennino A, Plont S, Robinson CD, Smith LB, Thapa J, Zipper CE, Angermeier PL, Entrekin SA. Global review reveals how disparate study motivations, analytical designs, and focal ions limit understanding of salinization effects on freshwater animals. Sci Total Environ 2023:164061. [PMID: 37247728 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.164061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2022] [Revised: 05/05/2023] [Accepted: 05/07/2023] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Global salinization of freshwaters is adversely affecting biotic communities and ecosystem processes. We reviewed six decades (1960-2020) of literature published on animal responses to increased salinities across different taxonomic and ecological contexts and identified knowledge gaps. From 585 journal articles, we characterized 5924 responses of mollusks, macro-crustaceans, zooplankton, non-arthropod invertebrates (NAI), insects, fishes, and amphibians to salinization. Insects and fishes were the most studied taxa; Na+ and Cl- were the most studied ions-. Collectively, concentrations of the ions examined typically spanned five orders of magnitude. Species' invasiveness was a key motivation for studying mollusks, macro-crustaceans, and fishes; threats of urbanization and road salts were key motivations for studying NAI, zooplankton, and amphibians. Laboratory studies were more common than field studies for most taxa. Focal life stages in laboratory studies varied widely but juveniles and adults were represented similarly in field studies. Studies of mollusks, NAI, and macro-crustacean focused on adults; studies of zooplankton, insects, fishes, and amphibians focused on juveniles. Organismal- and population-level responses measuring solute uptake, internal chemistry, body condition, or ion concentrations predominated laboratory studies; population- and assemblage-level responses measuring abundance, spatial distribution, or assemblage composition predominated field studies. Negative responses to salinization predominated but positive and unimodal responses were apparent across all taxa and organizational levels. Key topics for further research include a) salinity responses by more taxa, b) responses to especially toxic ions (i.e., K+, HCO3-, SO42-, Mg2+), c) mechanisms causing positive and unimodal responses, d) traits underpinning responses, e) effects transcending organizational levels, f) ion-specific response thresholds, and g) interactions between salinity and other stressors. Our review suggests inter-taxa variation in sensitivity to salinization reflects occurrence of certain biological traits, including gill-breathing, semi-permeable skin, multiple life stages, and limited mobility. We propose a traits-based framework to predict salinization sensitivity from shared traits. This evolutionary approach could inform management aimed at preventing or reducing adverse impacts of freshwater salinization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard H Walker
- Department of Biology and Chemistry, Upper Iowa University, 605 Washington Street, P.O. Box 1857, Fayette, IA 52142, USA; Department of Entomology, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA, USA.
| | - Abigail C Belvin
- Department of Entomology, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA, USA.
| | - Joshua B Mouser
- Department of Fish and Wildlife Conservation, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA, USA.
| | - Amanda Pennino
- Department of Forestry and Environmental Conservation, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA, USA.
| | - Stephen Plont
- Department of Biological Sciences, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA, USA.
| | | | - Lucy B Smith
- Virginia Department of Environmental Quality, Salem, VA, USA.
| | | | - Carl E Zipper
- School of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA, USA.
| | - Paul L Angermeier
- Department of Fish and Wildlife Conservation, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA, USA; U. S. Geological Survey, Virginia Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA, USA.
| | - Sally A Entrekin
- Department of Entomology, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA, USA.
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Delgado AH, Sauro S, Lima AF, Loguercio AD, Della Bona A, Mazzoni A, Collares FM, Staxrud F, Ferracane J, Tsoi J, Amato J, Neuhaus KW, Ceballos L, Breschi L, Hannig M, Melo MA, Özcan M, Scotti N, Opdam N, Yamaguchi S, Paris S, Turkun LS, Doméjean S, Rosa V, Palin W, Schwendicke F. RoBDEMAT: A risk of bias tool and guideline to support reporting of pre-clinical dental materials research and assessment of systematic reviews. J Dent 2022; 127:104350. [PMID: 36341980 DOI: 10.1016/j.jdent.2022.104350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2022] [Revised: 10/10/2022] [Accepted: 10/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To develop a risk of bias tool for pre-clinical dental materials research studies that aims to support reporting of future investigations and improve assessment in systematic reviews. METHODS A four-stage process following EQUATOR network recommendations was followed, which included project launch, literature review, Delphi process and the tool finalization. With the support of the European Federation of Conservative Dentistry (EFCD) and the Dental Materials Group of the International Association for Dental Research (DMG-IADR), a total of 26 expert stakeholders were included in the development and Delphi vote of the initial proposal. The proposal was built using data gathered from the literature review stage. During this stage, recent systematic reviews featuring dental materials research, and risk of bias tools found in the literature were comprehensively scanned for bias sources. The experts thus reached a consensus for the items, domains and judgement related to the tool, allowing a detailed guide for each item and corresponding signalling questions. RESULTS The tool features nine items in total, spread between 4 domains, pertaining to the following types of bias: bias related to planning and allocation (D1), specimen preparation (D2), outcome assessment (D3) and data treatment and outcome reporting (D4). RoBDEMAT, as presented, features signalling questions and a guide that can be used for RoB judgement. Its use as a checklist is preferred over a final summary score. CONCLUSION RoBDEMAT is the first risk of bias tool for pre-clinical dental materials research, supported and developed by a broad group of expert stakeholders in the field, validating its future use. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE This new tool will contribute the study field by improving the scientific quality and rigour of dental materials research studies and their systematic reviews. Such studies are the foundation and support of future clinical research and evidence-based decisions.
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Affiliation(s)
- António Hs Delgado
- Centro de Investigação Interdisciplinar Egas Moniz (CiiEM), Monte de Caparica, Almada 2829-511 Portugal; Department of Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering, UCL Eastman Dental Institute, London, UK.
| | - Salvatore Sauro
- Dental Biomaterials and Minimally Invasive Dentistry, Department of Dentistry, Cardenal Herrera-CEU University, CEU Universities, Valencia, Spain
| | - Adriano F Lima
- Dental Research Division, Paulista University, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Alessandro D Loguercio
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, School of Dentistry, State University of Ponta Grossa, PR, Brazil
| | - Alvaro Della Bona
- Postgraduate Program in Dentistry, School of Dentistry, University of Passo Fundo, Passo Fundo, RS, Brazil
| | - Annalisa Mazzoni
- Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences (DIBINEM), University of Bologna-Alma Mater Studiorum, Bologna, Italy
| | | | - Frode Staxrud
- Nordic Institute for Dental Materials (NIOM), Oslo, Norway
| | - Jack Ferracane
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, Oregon Health & Science University, 2730 S. Moody Avenue Portland, OR 97201, Oregon, USA
| | - James Tsoi
- Dental Materials Science, Applied Oral Sciences and Community Dental Care, Faculty of Dentistry, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR
| | - Julia Amato
- Department of Periodontology, Endodontology and Cariology, University Center for Dental Medicine Basel UZB, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Klaus W Neuhaus
- Department of Periodontology, Endodontology and Cariology, University Center for Dental Medicine Basel UZB, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland; Department of Dermatology, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Laura Ceballos
- Nursing and Stomatology Department, Health Sciences Faculty, Rey Juan Carlos University, Alcorcón, Madrid, Spain
| | - Lorenzo Breschi
- Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences (DIBINEM), University of Bologna-Alma Mater Studiorum, Bologna, Italy
| | - Matthias Hannig
- Clinic of Operative Dentistry, Periodontology and Preventive Dentistry, Saarland University, 66421 Homburg, Germany
| | - Mary Anne Melo
- Division of Operative Dentistry, Department of General Dentistry, University of Maryland School of Dentistry, 650 West Baltimore St, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - Mutlu Özcan
- University of Zürich, Division of Dental Biomaterials, Center for Oral Medicine, Clinic for Reconstructive Dentistry, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Nicola Scotti
- Department of Surgical Sciences, Dental School Lingotto, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Niek Opdam
- Radboud University Medical Centre, Department of Dentistry, Radboud Institute for Health Sciences, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Satoshi Yamaguchi
- Department of Biomaterials Science, Osaka University Graduate School of Dentistry, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Sebastian Paris
- Department of Operative, Preventive and Paediatric Dentistry, Center of Oral Health Sciences, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Germany
| | - Lezize Sebnem Turkun
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, Ege University School of Dentistry, 35100 Bornova/Izmir Turkey
| | - Sophie Doméjean
- CHU Estaing, Service d'Odontologie, Clermont-Ferrand, France; Université Clermont Auvergne, UFR d'Odontologie, Clermont-Ferrand, France; Centre de Recherche en Odontologie Clinique EA 4847, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Vinicius Rosa
- Faculty of Dentistry, National University of Singapore, Singapore; ORCHIDS: Oral Care Health Innovations and Designs Singapore, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - William Palin
- Dental and Biomaterials Sciences, School of Dentistry, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, UK
| | - Falk Schwendicke
- Department of Operative and Preventive Dentistry, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Germany, Aßmannshauser Str. 4-6, 14199 Berlin, German
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Kollmer CA. International Culture Collections and the Value of Microbial Life: Johanna Westerdijk's Fungi and Ernst Georg Pringsheim's Algae. J Hist Biol 2022; 55:59-87. [PMID: 35258710 DOI: 10.1007/s10739-022-09669-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/15/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Around the turn of the twentieth century, microbiologists in Western Europe and North America began to organize centralized collections of microbial cultures. Collectors published lists of the strains they cultured, offering to send duplicates to colleagues near and far. This essay explores the history of microbial culture collections through two cases: Johanna Westerdijk's collection of phytopathogenic fungi in the Netherlands and Ernst Georg Pringsheim's collection of single-celled algae at the German University in Prague. Historians of science have tended to look at twentieth-century biological specimen collections as either repositories of communal research materials or storehouses of economically important biological variation. An examination of Westerdijk's and Pringsheim's collections illustrates how collectors, researchers, and patrons ascribed different kinds of value to collections featuring distinctive microbial life forms. This essay argues that characteristics of cultivated microorganisms, such as a fungus's propensity to infect crops or an alga's amenability to experimentation, shaped the trajectories of Westerdijk's and Pringsheim's collections as these collectors developed relationships with colleagues and patrons. Letters between Westerdijk and Pringsheim open a window onto divergences in their approaches to collecting cultures, while also shedding light on the aspirational internationality of the collections that resulted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles A Kollmer
- Division of Humanities and Social Sciences, Caltech, Pasadena, CA, USA.
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Neuhaus KW, Eggmann F, Kühnisch J, Kapor S, Janjic Rankovic M, Schüler I, Krause F, Lussi A, Michou S, Ekstrand K, Huysmans MC. STAndard Reporting of CAries Detection and Diagnostic Studies (STARCARDDS). Clin Oral Investig 2021. [PMID: 34623505 DOI: 10.1007/s00784-021-04173-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2020] [Accepted: 08/31/2021] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
Aim The aim of this paper is to present recommendations from an international workshop which evaluated the methodology and reporting of caries diagnostic studies. As a unique feature, this type of studies is focused on caries lesion detection and assessment, and many of them are carried out in vitro, because of the possibility of histological validation of the whole caries spectrum. This feature is not well covered in the existing reporting STARD guideline within the EQUATOR Network. Participants and methods An international working group of 13 cariology researchers was formed. The STARD checklist was reviewed and modified for caries detection and diagnosis purposes, in a three-step process of evaluation, consensual modification, and delivery during three 2-day workshops over 18 months. Special attention was paid to reporting requirements of caries studies that solely focus on reliability. Results The STARD checklist was modified in 14/30 items, with an emphasis on issues of sample selection (tooth selection in in vitro studies), blinding, and detailed reporting of results. Conclusion Following STARCARDDS (STAndard Reporting of CAries Detection and Diagnostic Studies) is expected to result in complete reporting of study design and methodology in future caries diagnosis and detection experiments both in vivo and in vitro, thus allowing for better comparability of studies and higher quality of systematic reviews. Clinical relevance Standardization of caries diagnostic studies leads to a better comparability among future studies, both in vivo and in vitro.
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Abstract
Inherited bone marrow failure syndromes are a group of genetic disorders associated with bone marrow production defects resulting in single or multiple cytopenias. Many of these disorders predispose the patient to hematologic and nonhematologic malignancies, requiring life-long follow-up. A positive family history of hematologic disorders or malignancies is frequent, as these disorders commonly run in families, and selection of family members as potential bone marrow donors should be performed with caution to avoid transplanting potentially defective stem cells. This review highlights the most common genetic disorders associated with bone marrow failure.
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Hamidi H, Sharifi Haddad A, Wisdom Otumudia E, Rafati R, Mohammadian E, Azdarpour A, Giles Pilcher W, Wilhelm Fuehrmann P, Ricardo Sosa L, Cota N, Cruz García D, Ibrahim RM, Damiev M, Tanujaya E. Recent applications of ultrasonic waves in improved oil recovery: A review of techniques and results. Ultrasonics 2021; 110:106288. [PMID: 33142226 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultras.2020.106288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2019] [Revised: 09/17/2020] [Accepted: 10/16/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Ultrasound technique is an inexpensive and ecofriendly technology commonly used in oil and gas industry to improve oil recovery and its applications have been successfully tested in both laboratory and field scales. In this technique, high-power ultrasonic waves are utilized downhole to improve oil recovery and reduce formation damage in near wellbore region that causes a reduction in hydrocarbon production rate due to the penetration of mud, scale deposition, etc. In most of the cases, barriers for the oil flow to the wellbore are effectively removed by using the ultrasound technique and the effect of improved oil recovery may last up to several months. The aim of this paper is to provide an overview of recent laboratory, field and mathematical studies to serve as reference for future extensive examination of ultrasound assisted improved oil recovery. As an added value to this field of study, research gaps and opportunities based on the review of recent works were identified and factors that needs to be considered to improve the outcome of future studies were recommended.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hossein Hamidi
- School of Engineering, King's College, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen AB24 3UE, UK.
| | - Amin Sharifi Haddad
- School of Engineering, King's College, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen AB24 3UE, UK
| | | | - Roozbeh Rafati
- School of Engineering, King's College, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen AB24 3UE, UK
| | - Erfan Mohammadian
- Faculty of Chemical Engineering, Universiti Teknologi MARA, 40450 Shah Alam, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Amin Azdarpour
- Department of Petroleum Engineering, Marvdasht Branch, Islamic Azad University, Marvdasht, Iran
| | - William Giles Pilcher
- School of Engineering, King's College, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen AB24 3UE, UK
| | | | - Leonel Ricardo Sosa
- School of Engineering, King's College, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen AB24 3UE, UK
| | - Nikola Cota
- School of Engineering, King's College, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen AB24 3UE, UK
| | - Diego Cruz García
- School of Engineering, King's College, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen AB24 3UE, UK
| | - Rahma M Ibrahim
- School of Engineering, King's College, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen AB24 3UE, UK
| | - Mansur Damiev
- School of Engineering, King's College, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen AB24 3UE, UK
| | - Edo Tanujaya
- School of Engineering, King's College, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen AB24 3UE, UK
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McAdam K, Warrington A, Hughes A, Adams D, Margham J, Vas C, Davis P, Costigan S, Proctor C. Use of social media to establish vapers puffing behaviour: Findings and implications for laboratory evaluation of e-cigarette emissions. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2019; 107:104423. [PMID: 31310846 DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2019.104423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2018] [Revised: 06/12/2019] [Accepted: 07/12/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The recent growth in e-cigarette use has presented many challenges to Public Health research, including understanding the potential for e-cigarettes to generate toxic aerosol constituents during use. Recent research has established that the way e-cigarettes are puffed influences the magnitude of emissions from these devices, with puff duration the dominant driving force. Standardised puffing machine methods are being developed to harmonise testing approaches across laboratories, but critical to their success is the degree with which they accurately reflect vapers real-world puffing behaviours (topography). Relatively limited data is available examining the way vapers puff, with significant inconsistencies between studies. Here we report the creation and analysis of a large database of public-domain vaping videos to establish e-cigarettes puffing behaviour in near natural settings. Over 300 videos containing 1200 puffing events from 252 vapers were obtained from social media sources, divided approximately equally amongst cigalike, Ego and Advanced Personal Vapouriser ("APV", also referred to as "boxmod") types of e-cigarettes. Analysis showed that similar mean puff durations were found for all three categories of vaping devices. This includes direct-to-lung as well as mouth-to-lung puffing behaviours. A 3 s puff duration, as used in the recently published ISO puffing standard ISO 20,768:2018, appears appropriate for average behaviours. However, the wide diversity of puffing durations observed amongst vapers means it may be challenging to identify a simple yet comprehensively representative single machine-puffing regimen for laboratory studies. A puff duration of around 5.6 s appears to represent 95th percentile puffing behaviours amongst vapers and may be an appropriate choice for scientists and regulators seeking an additional more intense puffing regime. A range of new behavioural patterns have been identified whose impact on aerosol exposure need to be considered. Public-domain video records of vapers provides valuable and accessible insights into real-world use behaviours. It is freely available, and constantly updated with new material, and therefore provides a valuable resource for scientists seeking to understand real-world vaping behaviours.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin McAdam
- Research & Development Centre, British American Tobacco, Regents Park Road, Southampton, SO15 8TL, UK.
| | - Anna Warrington
- Research & Development Centre, British American Tobacco, Regents Park Road, Southampton, SO15 8TL, UK
| | - Alice Hughes
- Research & Development Centre, British American Tobacco, Regents Park Road, Southampton, SO15 8TL, UK
| | - David Adams
- Research & Development Centre, British American Tobacco, Regents Park Road, Southampton, SO15 8TL, UK
| | - Jennifer Margham
- Research & Development Centre, British American Tobacco, Regents Park Road, Southampton, SO15 8TL, UK
| | - Carl Vas
- Research & Development Centre, British American Tobacco, Regents Park Road, Southampton, SO15 8TL, UK
| | - Pete Davis
- Research & Development Centre, British American Tobacco, Regents Park Road, Southampton, SO15 8TL, UK
| | - Sandra Costigan
- Research & Development Centre, British American Tobacco, Regents Park Road, Southampton, SO15 8TL, UK
| | - Christopher Proctor
- Research & Development Centre, British American Tobacco, Regents Park Road, Southampton, SO15 8TL, UK
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Wang J, Zhang X, Wang Z, Kang R. A relative method for measuring nitric oxide (NO) fluxes from forest soils. Sci Total Environ 2017; 574:544-552. [PMID: 27648532 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.09.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2016] [Revised: 08/25/2016] [Accepted: 09/02/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Many forest ecosystems in the world are suffering from high load of nitrogen (N) deposition and acting as potential contributors to atmospheric nitric oxide (NO), which regulates the oxidative capacity of the troposphere. However, the observation of NO flux with traditional dynamic chamber method is laborious in the forest ecosystem, particularly when the electric power generation system is unavailable. In this work, a relative method based on Fick's law of diffusion was developed to measure NO fluxes from forest soils. This method describes the relationship between NO and other trace gases, such as N2O or CO2, concerning gas fluxes and gas concentration gradients between the uppermost soil layer and the atmosphere. This relative method can be expressed as two forms: based on the directly obtained soil gas and based on the equilibrium gas at soil water surface. To testify the applicability of this method, both laboratory and field experiments were conducted with soil from an N-saturated subtropical forest in Southwestern China. The results demonstrate that the NO fluxes measured based on the later form agreed well with those observed by chamber method, with the deviation rates of around 9% and 30%, respectively. In conclusion, this relative method provides a sound methodological basis for interpreting NO flux variations in the field, especially in N-saturated forest ecosystems, and allows an improvement of statistical N-budget in the world.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaqi Wang
- Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Xiaoshan Zhang
- Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China.
| | - Zhangwei Wang
- Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Ronghua Kang
- Norwegian University of Life Sciences, postbox 5003, Ås 1432, Norway
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Alshakhs MJ, Kovscek AR. Understanding the role of brine ionic composition on oil recovery by assessment of wettability from colloidal forces. Adv Colloid Interface Sci 2016; 233:126-138. [PMID: 26344867 DOI: 10.1016/j.cis.2015.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2015] [Revised: 08/10/2015] [Accepted: 08/11/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
The impact of injection brine salinity and ionic composition on oil recovery has been an active area of research for the past 25years. Evidence from laboratory studies and field tests suggests that implementing certain modifications to the ionic composition of the injection brine leads to greater oil recovery. The role of salinity modification is attributed to its ability to shift wettability of a rock surface toward water wetness. The amount of trapped oil released depends on the nature of rock, oil, and brine surface interactions. Reservoir rocks exhibit different affinities to fluids. Carbonates show stronger adsorption of oil films as opposed to the strongly water-wet and mixed-wet sandstones. The concentration of divalent ions and total salinity of the injection brine are other important factors to consider. Accordingly, this paper provides a review of laboratory and field studies of the role of brine composition on oil recovery from carbonaceous rock as well as rationalization of results using DLVO (Derjaguin, Landau, Verwey and Overbeek) theory of surface forces. DLVO evaluates the contribution of each component of the oil/brine/rock system to the wettability. Measuring zeta potential of each pair of surfaces by a charged particle suspension method is used to estimate double layer forces, disjoining pressure, and contact-angle. We demonstrate the applicability of the DLVO approach by showing a comprehensive experimental study that investigates the effect of divalent ions in carbonates, and uses disjoining pressure results to rationalize observations from core flooding and direct contact-angle measurements.
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Abstract
Osteomyelitis of the foot and ankle is a common, potentially devastating condition with diagnostic and treatment challenges. Understanding the epidemiology and pathogenesis of osteomyelitis can raise clinical suspicion and guide testing and treatments. History and physical examination, laboratory studies, vascular studies, histologic and microbiologic analyses, and various imaging modalities contribute to diagnosis and treatment. Treatment including empiric broad-spectrum antibiotics and surgery should take a multidisciplinary approach to optimize patient factors, ensure eradication of the infection, and restore function. Optimization of vascular status, soft tissues, limb biomechanics, and physiologic state of the patient must be considered to accelerate and ensure healing.
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