1
|
Liu X, Lin Y, Wu C, Yang Y, Su D, Xian Z, Zhu Y, Yu C, Hu G, Deng W, Li Z, Bouzayen M, Chen R, Hao Y. The SlARF4-SlHB8 regulatory module mediates leaf rolling in tomato. Plant Sci 2023; 335:111790. [PMID: 37454820 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2023.111790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2023] [Revised: 06/06/2023] [Accepted: 07/11/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023]
Abstract
Leaf is the main photosynthetic organ in plants and the primary energy source all along the plant life. Given the beneficial role of leaf rolling in improving photosynthetic efficiency and yield in specific environmental conditions, a better understanding of the factors and molecular mechanisms underlying this process is highly suited. Previously, the SlARF4 knocking out mutant exhibited upward curly leaf showed higher resistance to water deficit which driving us to uncover the function of SlARF4 in regulating the curly leaf formation. In this study, we unraveled the unexplored role of the SlARF4-SlHB8 module of transcription factors in the development of leaf rolling. Both SlARF4 loss-of-function and SlHB8 overexpressing tomato plants exhibited upward-rolled leaves, reflecting the active role of the two genes in controlling leaf rolling. Dual-luciferase reporter assays and phenotypic analysis of hybrid progenies suggested that SlHB8 acts downstream of SlARF4 in curly leaf formation. SlARF4 and SlHB8 influence the development of leaf palisade tissues via modulating the expression of genes associated with curly leaf formation. SEM analysis revealed no significant differences in leaf epidermal cells between the two leaf-rolling mutants and the wild type, indicating that curly leaves of arf4 and SlHB8-OE do not result from the asymmetric leaf epidermal cell growth. Our data provide novel insight into the molecular mechanism of abaxial-adaxial determination involving SlARF4 and SlHB8 and reveals that leaf rolling operates via different regulation mechanisms in tomato and Arabidopsis model plant.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaojuan Liu
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Crop Biology and Germplasm Innovation in South China, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Horticulture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Yuxiang Lin
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Crop Biology and Germplasm Innovation in South China, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Horticulture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Caiyu Wu
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Crop Biology and Germplasm Innovation in South China, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Horticulture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Yang Yang
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Crop Biology and Germplasm Innovation in South China, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Horticulture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Deding Su
- Key Laboratory of Plant Hormones and Development Regulation of Chongqing, School of Life Sciences, Chongqing University, Chongqing, China; Center of Plant Functional Genomics, Institute of Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Chongqing University, Chongqing, China
| | - Zhiqiang Xian
- Key Laboratory of Plant Hormones and Development Regulation of Chongqing, School of Life Sciences, Chongqing University, Chongqing, China; Center of Plant Functional Genomics, Institute of Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Chongqing University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yiyi Zhu
- BioGround Biotechnology Institution, International Park of Entrepreneur' Port, Shapingba, Chongqing, China
| | - Canye Yu
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Crop Biology and Germplasm Innovation in South China, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Horticulture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Guojian Hu
- UMR990 INRA/INP-ENSAT, Université de Toulouse, Castanet-Tolosan, France
| | - Wei Deng
- Key Laboratory of Plant Hormones and Development Regulation of Chongqing, School of Life Sciences, Chongqing University, Chongqing, China; Center of Plant Functional Genomics, Institute of Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Chongqing University, Chongqing, China
| | - Zhengguo Li
- Key Laboratory of Plant Hormones and Development Regulation of Chongqing, School of Life Sciences, Chongqing University, Chongqing, China; Center of Plant Functional Genomics, Institute of Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Chongqing University, Chongqing, China
| | - Mondher Bouzayen
- UMR990 INRA/INP-ENSAT, Université de Toulouse, Castanet-Tolosan, France
| | - Riyuan Chen
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Crop Biology and Germplasm Innovation in South China, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Horticulture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China.
| | - Yanwei Hao
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Crop Biology and Germplasm Innovation in South China, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Horticulture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Hakeem S, Ali Z, Saddique MAB, Merrium S, Arslan M, Habib-Ur-Rahman M. Leaf wettability and leaf angle affect air-moisture deposition in wheat for self-irrigation. BMC Plant Biol 2023; 23:115. [PMID: 36849909 PMCID: PMC9969695 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-023-04123-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2022] [Accepted: 02/14/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Climate change and depleting water sources demand scarce natural water supplies like air moisture to be used as an irrigation water source. Wheat production is threatened by the climate variability and extremes climate events especially heat waves and drought. The present study focused to develop the wheat plant for self-irrigation through optimizing leaf architecture and surface properties for precise irrigation. METHODS Thirty-four genotypes were selected from 1796 genotypes with all combinations of leaf angle and leaf rolling. These genotypes were characterized for morpho-physiological traits and soil moisture content at stem-elongation and booting stages. Further, a core set of ten genotypes was evaluated for stem flow efficiency and leaf wettability. RESULTS Biplot, heat map, and correlation analysis indicated wide diversity and traits association. The environmental parameters indicated substantial amount of air moisture (> 60% relative humidity) at the critical wheat growth stages. Leaf angle showed negative association with leaf rolling, physiological and yield traits, adaxial and abaxial contact angle while leaf angle showed positive association with the stem flow water. The wettability and air moisture harvesting indicated that the genotypes (coded as 1, 7, and 18) having semi-erect to erect leaf angle, spiral rolling, and hydrophilic leaf surface (<90o) with contact angle hysteresis less than 10o had higher soil moisture content (6-8%) and moisture harvesting efficiency (3.5 ml). CONCLUSIONS These findings can provide the basis to develop self-irrigating, drought-tolerant wheat cultivars as an adaptation to climate change.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sadia Hakeem
- Institute of Plant Breeding and Biotechnology, MNS University of Agriculture, Multan, Pakistan
| | - Zulfiqar Ali
- Institute of Plant Breeding and Biotechnology, MNS University of Agriculture, Multan, Pakistan.
- Department of Plant Breeding and Genetics, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan.
- Programs and Projects Department, Islamic Organization for Food Security, Mangilik Yel Ave. 55/21 AIFC, Unit 4, C4.2, Astana, Kazakhstan.
| | | | - Sabah Merrium
- Institute of Plant Breeding and Biotechnology, MNS University of Agriculture, Multan, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Arslan
- Institute of Crop Science and Resource Conservation (INRES), Crop Science Group, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany.
| | - Muhammad Habib-Ur-Rahman
- Institute of Crop Science and Resource Conservation (INRES), Crop Science Group, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany.
- Department of Agronomy, MNS University of Agriculture, Multan, Pakistan.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Saruhan Güler N, Terzi R, Demiralay M, Ozturk K, Kadioglu A. Increased dehydrin level decreases leaf rolling grade by altering the reactive oxygen species homeostasis and abscisic acid content in maize subjected to osmotic stress. 3 Biotech 2022; 12:201. [PMID: 35935540 PMCID: PMC9346039 DOI: 10.1007/s13205-022-03275-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2022] [Accepted: 07/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Dehydrins (DHNs) are stress proteins involved in the development of protective reactions in plants against dehydration. The relationship between DHNs and morphological responses such as leaf rolling in plants exposed to water deficit is not well known. In this study, we detected how variations in DHN levels affect the leaf rolling response in maize exposed to osmotic stress in relation to the antioxidant system and ABA level. In this context, we altered the DHN levels in maize seedlings by treatment with bio-regulators (salicylic acid and abscisic acid) under PEG6000-free and PEG6000-induced osmotic stress. When the DHN levels were increased by the bio-regulators (25 µM SA and 100 µM ABA), the relative expression level of the Zea mays dehydrin COR410 gene increased in the seedlings, while reactive oxygen species (ROS) and leaf rolling grade decreased. Moreover, induction of DHNs caused increases in the antioxidant enzyme activity and content of antioxidant substances, and very high amounts of endogenous abscisic acid. When DHN level was suppressed by a bio-regulator (200 µM SA) in the maize seedlings, dehydrin COR410 expression level decreased, while ROS and the leaf rolling grade increased. Moreover, the antioxidant enzyme activity and content of antioxidant substances decreased in the seedlings, while the amount of abscisic acid increased. Taken all together, an increase in DHN level by bio-regulator treatment can stimulate the antioxidant system, enable abscisic acid regulation, and thus reduce leaf rolling through decreased ROS levels. The results also indicated that DHNs may be involved in the signal pathways inducing expression of some genes related to leaf rolling response, possibly by modulating ROS levels, in maize seedlings exposed to osmotic stress.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Neslihan Saruhan Güler
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, Karadeniz Technical University, Trabzon, 61080 Turkey
| | - Rabiye Terzi
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Karadeniz Technical University, Trabzon, 61080 Turkey
| | - Mehmet Demiralay
- Department of Forest Engineering, Faculty of Forestry, Artvin Coruh University, Artvin, 08000 Turkey
| | - Kamil Ozturk
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Karadeniz Technical University, Trabzon, 61080 Turkey
| | - Asim Kadioglu
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Karadeniz Technical University, Trabzon, 61080 Turkey
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Li Y, Yang Y, Liu Y, Li D, Zhao Y, Li Z, Liu Y, Jiang D, Li J, Zhou H, Chen J, Zhuang C, Liu Z. Overexpression of OsAGO1b Induces Adaxially Rolled Leaves by Affecting Leaf Abaxial Sclerenchymatous Cell Development in Rice. Rice (N Y) 2019; 12:60. [PMID: 31396773 PMCID: PMC6687834 DOI: 10.1186/s12284-019-0323-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2018] [Accepted: 08/02/2019] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND ARGONAUTE 1 (AGO1) proteins can recruit small RNAs to regulate gene expression, involving several growth and development processes in Arabidopsis. Rice genome contains four AGO1 genes, OsAGO1a to OsAGO1d. However, the regulatory functions to rice growth and development of each AGO1 gene are still unknown. RESULTS We obtained overexpression and RNAi transgenic lines of each OsAGO1 gene. However, only up- and down-regulation of OsAGO1b caused multiple abnormal phenotypic changes in rice, indicating that OsAGO1b is the key player in rice growth and organ development compared with other three OsAGO1s. qRT-PCR assays showed that OsAGO1b was almost unanimously expressed in leaves at different developmental stages, and strongly expressed in spikelets at S1 to S3 stages. OsAGO1b is a typical AGO protein, and co-localized in both the nucleus and cytoplasm simultaneously. Overexpression of OsAGO1b caused adaxially rolled leaves and a series of abnormal phenotypes, such as the reduced tiller number and plant height. Knockdown lines of OsAGO1b showed almost normal leaves, but the seed setting percentage was significantly reduced accompanied by the disturbed anther patterning and reduced pollen fertility. Further anatomical observation revealed that OsAGO1b overexpression plants showed the partially defective development of sclerenchymatous cells on the abaxial side of leaves. In situ hybridization showed OsAGO1b mRNA was uniformly accumulated in P1 to P3 primordia without polarity property, suggesting OsAGO1b did not regulate the adaxial-abaxial polarity development directly. The expression levels of several genes related to leaf polarity development and vascular bundle differentiation were observably changed. Notably, the accumulation of miR166 and TAS3-siRNA was decreased, and their targeted OSHBs and OsARFs were significantly up-regulated. The mRNA distribution patterns of OSHB3 and OsARF4 in leaves remained almost unchanged between ZH11 and OsAGO1b overexpression lines, but their expression levels were enhanced at the regions of vascular bundles and sclerenchymatous cell differentiation. CONCLUSIONS In summary, we demonstrated OsAGO1b is the leading player among four OsAGO1s in rice growth and development. We propose that OsAGO1b may regulate the abaxial sclerenchymatous cell differentiation by affecting the expression of OSHBs in rice.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Youhan Li
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources, College of Life Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642 China
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Plant Resources and Sustainable Use, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650223 China
| | - Yiqi Yang
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources, College of Life Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642 China
| | - Ye Liu
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Plant Resources and Sustainable Use, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650223 China
- School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026 China
| | - Dexia Li
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources, College of Life Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642 China
| | - Yahuan Zhao
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources, College of Life Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642 China
| | - Zhijie Li
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources, College of Life Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642 China
| | - Ying Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources, College of Life Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642 China
| | - Dagang Jiang
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources, College of Life Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642 China
| | - Jing Li
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources, College of Life Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642 China
| | - Hai Zhou
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources, College of Life Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642 China
| | - Jianghua Chen
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Plant Resources and Sustainable Use, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650223 China
| | - Chuxiong Zhuang
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources, College of Life Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642 China
| | - Zhenlan Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources, College of Life Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642 China
- Guangdong Key Laboratory for Innovative Development and Utilization of Forest Plant Germplasm, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642 China
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Bodlah MA, Gu LL, Tan Y, Liu XD. Behavioural adaptation of the rice leaf folder Cnaphalocrocis medinalis to short-term heat stress. J Insect Physiol 2017; 100:28-34. [PMID: 28522415 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinsphys.2017.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2017] [Revised: 05/11/2017] [Accepted: 05/12/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Under ongoing climate warming, both the degree and number of high-temperature events in summer may increase, and behavioural adaptation is an important ecological strategy employed by insects to cope with such events. The rice leaf folder, Cnaphalocrocis medinalis Güenée, is a serious insect pest of rice fields in summer. Population outbreaks have become more frequent in the last ten years. In addition to adult migration, rice leaf folders are thought to have other thermal adaptations. Therefore, the behaviours of larval and adult rice leaf folders, such as leaf folding (making shelter) and habitat selection for pupae and eggs, were observed on rice plants under heat stress. The results showed that larval shelter-making velocities significantly decreased during or after four hours of heat exposure, and shelter size decreased as the temperature increased. Larvae preferred to pupate on young rice leaves at 27°C and middle-aged leaves at 30°C, but they strongly preferred older leaves when reared at 34°C. Female moths generally preferred to oviposit on the top of young leaves, but they preferred the middle and lower leaves for egg deposition when exposed to 36 and 40°C, respectively. Furthermore, more eggs were distributed on the lower surfaces of rice leaves with an increase in heat stress. These behavioural responses of rice leaf folders to heat stress indicate that this pest has great potential to adapt to high temperatures; therefore, the possibility of a population outbreak will remain high despite global warming.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Ling-Ling Gu
- Department of Entomology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Ye Tan
- Department of Entomology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Xiang-Dong Liu
- Department of Entomology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Zhang L, Dong C, Zhang Q, Zhao G, Li F, Xia C, Zhang L, Han L, Wu J, Jia J, Liu X, Kong X. The wheat MYB transcription factor TaMYB18 regulates leaf rolling in rice. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2016; 481:77-83. [PMID: 27825968 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2016.11.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2016] [Accepted: 11/04/2016] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Leaf rolling is an important agronomic trait in crop breeding. Moderate leaf rolling maintains the erectness of leaves and minimizes shadowing between leaves, leading to improved photosynthetic efficiency. Although some genes controlling leaf rolling have been isolated from rice and other plant species, few studies have examined leaf rolling in wheat. In the present study, the leaf rolling regulator gene, TaMYB18, was identified in a large-scale transgene project involving the transformation of 1455 wheat transcription factor genes into rice. Three homologous sequences of TaMYB18 were isolated from hexaploid wheat and localized to chromosomes 5A, 5B and 5D, respectively. TaMYB18, an R2R3-MYB transcription factor, localized to the nucleus. TaMYB18 overexpression induced leaf rolling in transgenic rice. Additionally, the three members of TaMYB18 exhibited functional redundancy in rice. Furthermore, the function of TaMYB18 in regulating leaf rolling in rice was a dose-dependent. Taken together, these results indicate that TaMYB18 may play an important role in the regulation of leaf development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lichao Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Resources and Germplasm Enhancement, Ministry of Agriculture, The National Key Facility for Crop Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement, Institute of Crop Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China.
| | - Chunhao Dong
- Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Resources and Germplasm Enhancement, Ministry of Agriculture, The National Key Facility for Crop Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement, Institute of Crop Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China.
| | - Qiang Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Resources and Germplasm Enhancement, Ministry of Agriculture, The National Key Facility for Crop Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement, Institute of Crop Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China.
| | - Guangyao Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Resources and Germplasm Enhancement, Ministry of Agriculture, The National Key Facility for Crop Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement, Institute of Crop Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China.
| | - Fu Li
- Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Resources and Germplasm Enhancement, Ministry of Agriculture, The National Key Facility for Crop Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement, Institute of Crop Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China.
| | - Chuan Xia
- Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Resources and Germplasm Enhancement, Ministry of Agriculture, The National Key Facility for Crop Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement, Institute of Crop Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China.
| | - Lina Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Resources and Germplasm Enhancement, Ministry of Agriculture, The National Key Facility for Crop Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement, Institute of Crop Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China.
| | - Longzhi Han
- Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Resources and Germplasm Enhancement, Ministry of Agriculture, The National Key Facility for Crop Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement, Institute of Crop Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China.
| | - Jinxia Wu
- Department of Plant Molecular Biology, Biotechnology Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China.
| | - Jizeng Jia
- Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Resources and Germplasm Enhancement, Ministry of Agriculture, The National Key Facility for Crop Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement, Institute of Crop Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China.
| | - Xu Liu
- Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Resources and Germplasm Enhancement, Ministry of Agriculture, The National Key Facility for Crop Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement, Institute of Crop Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China.
| | - Xiuying Kong
- Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Resources and Germplasm Enhancement, Ministry of Agriculture, The National Key Facility for Crop Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement, Institute of Crop Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China.
| |
Collapse
|