[Optimisation of risk and crisis communication of governments, authorities and public health institutions-challenges in long-lasting crises illustrated by the COVID-19 pandemic]

The COVID-19 pandemic demonstrates the great importance of risk and crisis communication. In a dynamic situation, authorities and policymakers face the challenge of dealing with a large amount of data, reviewing it and communicating it in a way that is appropriate for diverse target groups. Comprehensible and unambiguous information on risks and options for action make a significant contribution to the objective and subjective safety of the population. Hence, there is a great need to use the experience gained from the pandemic to optimize risk and crisis communication.Digitalization enables multimodal arrangements - that is, the combination of text, graphics, icons, images, animations and sound. These arrangements play an increasingly important role in risk and crisis communication. It is of interest to what extent the communicative interaction of authorities, media and other public actors in crisis preparation and management in view of a complex public can be improved with the help of target group-specific communication and how legal certainty can be ensured for official and media practice. Accordingly, the article pursues three objectives:1. It describes the challenges faced by authorities and media actors in pandemic communication.2. It shows the role of multimodal arrangements as well as the necessary research perspectives to grasp the complexity of communicative crisis management in the federal system.3. It provides a rationale for how an interdisciplinary research network from the fields of media, communication and law can gain insights into the evidence-based use of multimodal communication.

Markets in crypto-assets regulation: Does it provide legal certainty and increase adoption of crypto-assets?

This study discusses the European Union's proposal for a Regulation on Markets in Crypto-Assets, now subject to formal approval by the European Parliament. The objective is to explore whether it will positively impact the adoption of crypto-assets in the financial sector. The use of crypto-assets is growing. However, some stakeholders in the financial service sector remain skeptical and hesitant to adopt assets that are yet to be defined and have an unclear legal status. This regulatory uncertainty has been identified as the primary reason for the reluctant adoption. The proposed regulation (part of the EU's Digital Finance Strategy) aims to provide this legal certainty for currently unregulated crypto-assets. This study investigates whether or not the proposed regulation can be expected to have the intended effect by reviewing the proposed regulation itself, the opinions and reactions of the various stakeholders, and secondary literature. Findings reveal that such regulation will most likely not accelerate the adoption of crypto-assets in the EU financial services sector, at least not sufficiently or as intended. Some suggestions are made to improve the proposal.

The concept of procedural law regarding the implementation of collective agreements with legal certainty in termination of employment in Indonesia

Bipartite negotiations are an effort to resolve disputes that the parties must take in advance, as mandated in Article 3 of Law Number 2 of 2004. Suppose there is an agreement in bipartite negotiations. In that case, these agreements are written into a collective contract that is then registered with an industrial relations court to obtain a registration certificate. However, collective agreements that have been agreed upon and registered and have executorial legal force are still being sued by one of the court parties. The purpose of this study is to obtain an overview and analyze the concept of procedural law regarding the implementation of collective agreements with legal certainty in terminating employment in Indonesia. This research is legal research using a statutory approach, a conceptual approach, and a case approach-the collection of material through the literature study method, with primary and secondary legal materials. Furthermore, the traditional fabric is studied and analyzed by the approaches used in this study to answer legal issues in this study. In this article, the author offers 2 (two) procedural law concepts regarding the implementation of collective agreements. First, a lawsuit for disputes that have been resolved through a cooperative agreement may not be accepted by the court, and the judge does not need to process the case further. Still, a file research process is sufficient to explore the main problem of the parties, if the problem is related to one of the parties breaking the promise by referring to the recorded evidence issued by the same court, the Panel of Judges is sufficient to hold a deliberation and only determine with a single judge that the case has been resolved and choose the order for execution. The second concept is that the lawsuit is still being processed. Still, it is only continued until the interim decision stage if, at the initial examination stage, it is known that the dispute has been resolved through a collective agreement. This is far more effective, efficient and fair, and provides legal certainty for the parties.