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Valencia-Hernandez AM, Zillinger T, Ge Z, Tan PS, Cozijnsen A, I McFadden G, Lahoud MH, Caminschi I, Barchet W, Heath WR, Fernandez-Ruiz D. Complexing CpG adjuvants with cationic liposomes enhances vaccine-induced formation of liver T(RM) cells. Vaccine 2023; 41:1094-107. [PMID: 36609029 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2022.12.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2022] [Revised: 12/05/2022] [Accepted: 12/19/2022] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Tissue resident memory T cells (TRM cells) can provide effective tissue surveillance and can respond rapidly to infection. Vaccination strategies aimed at generating TRM cells have shown promise against a range of pathogens. We have previously shown that the choice of adjuvant critically influences CD8+ TRM cell formation in the liver. However, the range of adjuvants tested was limited. Here, we assessed the ability of a broad range of adjuvants stimulating membrane (TLR4), endosomal (TLR3, TLR7 and TLR9) and cytosolic (cGAS, RIG-I) pathogen recognition receptors for their capacity to induce CD8+ TRM formation in a subunit vaccination model. We show that CpG oligodeoxynucleotides (ODN) remain the most efficient inducers of liver TRM cells among all adjuvants tested. Moreover, their combination with the cationic liposome DOTAP further enhances the potency, particularly of the class B ODN CpG 1668 and the human TLR9 ligand CpG 2006 (CpG 7909). This study informs the design of efficient liver TRM-based vaccines for their potential translation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alice R Burton
- Division of Infection & Immunity, University College London, London, UK
| | - Laura J Pallett
- Division of Infection & Immunity, University College London, London, UK.
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Gerussi A, Halliday N, Saffioti F, Bernasconi DP, Roccarina D, Marshall A, Thorburn D. Normalization of serum immunoglobulin G levels is associated with improved transplant-free survival in patients with autoimmune hepatitis. Dig Liver Dis 2020; 52:761-7. [PMID: 32473882 DOI: 10.1016/j.dld.2020.04.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2019] [Revised: 04/09/2020] [Accepted: 04/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND There is limited evidence linking achievement of biochemical response with outcomes in Autoimmune Hepatitis (AIH), and it is unclear whether normalization of serum immunoglobulin G (IgG) levels influences prognosis. AIMS We aimed to investigate factors associated with death or liver transplantation in patients affected by AIH. METHODS We undertook a retrospective analysis of all AIH patients attending a tertiary liver unit since 1980. Patients not meeting established diagnostic criteria for AIH or with a follow-up shorter than 18 months were excluded. RESULTS 107 patients meeting inclusion criteria were included in the study. Mean age at diagnosis was 44 years, 29 patients (27.1%) had cirrhosis at baseline. Median follow-up was 79 months, and 70 patients (79.5%) reached biochemical response. Biochemical response was associated with reduced hazard of liver transplant or death (HR 0.07, 95% CI 0.01-0.46), whereas cirrhosis at diagnosis was an independent predictor of liver transplantation or death (Hazard ratio (HR) 11.8, 95%, confidence interval (CI) 1.18-117.4). Lack of normalization of serum IgG levels was associated with reduced 5-year transplant-free survival (95% in patients normalizing, compared to 86%, p = 0.02). CONCLUSION Normalization of serum IgG levels alone translates in better transplant-free survival in patients with AIH and should be a treatment target along with transaminases.
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Asín-Prieto E, Parra-Guillen ZP, Mantilla JDG, Vandenbossche J, Stuyckens K, de Trixhe XW, Perez-Ruixo JJ, Troconiz IF. Immune network for viral hepatitis B: Topological representation. Eur J Pharm Sci 2019; 136:104939. [PMID: 31195071 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2019.05.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2019] [Accepted: 05/23/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The liver is a well-known immunotolerogenic environment, which provides the adequate setting for liver infectious pathogens persistence such as the hepatitis B virus (HBV). Consequently, HBV infection can derive in the development of chronic disease in a proportion of the patients. If this situation persists in time, chronic hepatitis B (CHB) would end in cirrhosis, hepatocellular carcinoma and eventually, the death of the patient. It is thought that this immunotolerogenic environment is the result of complex interactions between different elements of the immune system and the viral biology. Therefore, the purpose of this work is to unravel the mechanisms implied in the development of CHB and to design a tool able to help in the study of adequate therapies. Firstly, a conceptual framework with the main components of the immune system and viral dynamics was constructed providing an overall insight on the pathways and interactions implied in this disease. Secondly, a review of the literature was performed in a modular fashion: (i) viral dynamics, (ii) innate immune response, (iii) humoral and (iv) cellular adaptive immune responses and (v) tolerogenic aspects. Finally, the information collected was integrated into a single topological representation that could serve as the plan for the systems pharmacology model architecture. This representation can be considered as the previous unavoidable step to the construction of a quantitative model that could assist in biomarker and target identification, drug design and development, dosing optimization and disease progression analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eduardo Asín-Prieto
- Pharmacometrics & Systems Pharmacology, Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Chemistry, School of Pharmacy and Nutrition, University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain; IdiSNA, Navarra Institute for Health Research, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Zinnia P Parra-Guillen
- Pharmacometrics & Systems Pharmacology, Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Chemistry, School of Pharmacy and Nutrition, University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain; IdiSNA, Navarra Institute for Health Research, Pamplona, Spain
| | - José David Gómez Mantilla
- Pharmacometrics & Systems Pharmacology, Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Chemistry, School of Pharmacy and Nutrition, University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain; IdiSNA, Navarra Institute for Health Research, Pamplona, Spain
| | | | - Kim Stuyckens
- Global Clinical Pharmacology, Janssen R&D, Beerse, Belgium
| | | | | | - Iñaki F Troconiz
- Pharmacometrics & Systems Pharmacology, Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Chemistry, School of Pharmacy and Nutrition, University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain; IdiSNA, Navarra Institute for Health Research, Pamplona, Spain.
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Le Guen V, Judor JP, Boeffard F, Gauttier V, Ferry N, Soulillou JP, Brouard S, Conchon S. Alloantigen gene transfer to hepatocytes promotes tolerance to pancreatic islet graft by inducing CD8 + regulatory T cells. J Hepatol 2017; 66:765-777. [PMID: 27914923 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhep.2016.11.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2016] [Revised: 11/10/2016] [Accepted: 11/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Induction of donor-specific immune tolerance is a good alternative to chronic life-long immunosuppression for transplant patients. Donor major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules represent the main targets of the allogeneic immune response of transplant recipients. Liver targeted gene transfer with viral vectors induces tolerance toward the encoded antigen. The aim of this work was to determine whether alloantigen gene transfer to hepatocytes induces tolerance and promotes graft acceptance. METHODS C57BL/6 (H-2b) mice were treated with adeno-associated viral (AAV) vector targeting the expression of the MHC class I molecule H-2Kd to hepatocytes, before transplantation with fully allogeneic pancreatic islet from BALB/c mice (H-2d). RESULTS AAV H-2Kd treated mice were tolerant to the alloantigen, as demonstrated by its long-term expression by the hepatocytes, even after a highly immunogenic challenge with an adenoviral vector. After chemical induction of diabetes, the AAV treated mice had significantly delayed rejection of fully allogeneic pancreatic islet grafts, with more than 40% of recipients tolerant (>100days). AAV-mediated expression of H-2Kd in the liver induced the local expansion of CD8+ T lymphocytes with allo-specific suppressive properties. The adoptive transfer of these liver-generated CD8+ Tregs into naive diabetic mice promoted the long-term survival of allogeneic pancreatic islet grafts. CONCLUSION AAV-mediated long-term expression of a single MHC class I molecule in the liver induces the generation of a subset of allo-specific CD8+ Treg cells, which promote tolerance toward fully allogeneic graft. Liver gene transfer represents a promising strategy for in vivo induction of donor-specific tolerance. LAY SUMMARY The liver has a special immune system, biased toward tolerance. In this study, we investigated the possibility of harnessing this property of the liver to induce tolerance to an allogeneic transplantation. We demonstrate for the first time that the in vivo gene transfer of an allogeneic antigen with an adeno-associated viral vector to mouse hepatocytes induces the expansion of a population of CD8+ regulatory T lymphocytes. These Tregs are then instrumental in preventing the rejection of allogeneic pancreatic islets transplanted in these animals. Allogeneic transplantation is the main treatment for the end-stage diseases of a number of organs. Life-long immunosuppressive treatments are still required to limit graft rejection, and these treatments exhibit serious side effects. Our present findings open a new avenue for promoting allo-specific tolerance via in vivo induction of CD8+ Treg expansion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentin Le Guen
- Centre de Recherche en Transplantation et Immunologie UMR1064, INSERM, Université de Nantes, Nantes, France; Institut de Transplantation Urologie Néphrologie (ITUN), CHU Nantes, Nantes, France
| | - Jean-Paul Judor
- Centre de Recherche en Transplantation et Immunologie UMR1064, INSERM, Université de Nantes, Nantes, France; Institut de Transplantation Urologie Néphrologie (ITUN), CHU Nantes, Nantes, France
| | - Françoise Boeffard
- Centre de Recherche en Transplantation et Immunologie UMR1064, INSERM, Université de Nantes, Nantes, France; Institut de Transplantation Urologie Néphrologie (ITUN), CHU Nantes, Nantes, France
| | - Vanessa Gauttier
- Centre de Recherche en Transplantation et Immunologie UMR1064, INSERM, Université de Nantes, Nantes, France; Institut de Transplantation Urologie Néphrologie (ITUN), CHU Nantes, Nantes, France
| | - Nicolas Ferry
- Département de Thérapie Cellulaire, CHU Saint Louis, Paris, France
| | - Jean-Paul Soulillou
- Centre de Recherche en Transplantation et Immunologie UMR1064, INSERM, Université de Nantes, Nantes, France; Institut de Transplantation Urologie Néphrologie (ITUN), CHU Nantes, Nantes, France
| | - Sophie Brouard
- Centre de Recherche en Transplantation et Immunologie UMR1064, INSERM, Université de Nantes, Nantes, France; Institut de Transplantation Urologie Néphrologie (ITUN), CHU Nantes, Nantes, France
| | - Sophie Conchon
- Centre de Recherche en Transplantation et Immunologie UMR1064, INSERM, Université de Nantes, Nantes, France; Institut de Transplantation Urologie Néphrologie (ITUN), CHU Nantes, Nantes, France.
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Lin RP. Changes in serum levels of anti-mitochondrial antibody subtypes, liver function indexes, and immunological indexes in patients with primary biliary cirrhosis. Shijie Huaren Xiaohua Zazhi 2017; 25:364-368. [DOI: 10.11569/wcjd.v25.i4.364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM To detect the changes in anti-mitochondrial antibody (AMA) subtypes, liver function, and immunological indexes in patients with primary biliary cirrhosis (PBC) and to analyze their clinical significance.
METHODS Seventy-two PBC patients treated between January 2014 and August 2016 at our hospital, 88 non-PBC patients and 50 normal healthy controls were included in this study. Serum levels of AMA subtypes, liver function indexes, and immunological indexes were compared between the three groups.
RESULTS Of all PBC patients, 63.8% were positive for AMA-M2, 38.9% positive for AMA-M4, 22.2% positive for AMA-M9, 30.6% positive for both AMA-M2 and AMA-M4, 25.0% positive for both AMA-M2 and AMA-M9, and 16.7% positive for all three subtypes. The positive rates of AMA subtypes were significantly higher in PBC patients than in the other two groups (P < 0.05). Compared with the normal control group, liver function indexes increased to different extents in the PBC and non-PBC groups, and the increase was more significant in the PBC group than in the non-PBC group (P < 0.05). Compared with the normal control group, immunological indexes increased to varying degrees in the other two groups, and the increase was more significant in the PBC group (P < 0.05). C3 and C4 had no obvious differences between the three groups (P > 0.05).
CONCLUSION AMA detection has important value in the diagnosis of PBC, and the changes in liver function and immunological indexes are of great significance for evaluation of the condition of patients with PBC.
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Abstract
The tumor microenvironment (TME) in the liver plays an important role in primary and metastatic liver tumor formation and tumor growth promotion. Cellular and non-cellular components of the TME significantly influence tumor development, growth, metastatic spread, anti-tumor immunity and response to tumor therapy. The cellular components of the TME in the liver not only consist of infiltrating immune cells, but also of liver-resident cells such as liver sinusoidal endothelial cells (LSEC) and hepatic stellate cells (HSC), which promote tumor growth by negatively regulating tumor-associated immune responses. In this review, we characterize cells of the TME with pro- and anti-tumor function in primary and metastatic liver tumors. Furthermore, we summarize mechanisms that permit growth of hepatic tumors despite the occurrence of spontaneous anti-tumor immune responses and how novel therapeutic approaches targeting the TME could unleash tumor-specific immune responses to improve survival of liver cancer patients.
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Allegretti AS, Ortiz G, Kalim S, Wibecan J, Zhang D, Shan HY, Xu D, Chung RT, Karumanchi SA, Thadhani RI. Siglec-7 as a Novel Biomarker to Predict Mortality in Decompensated Cirrhosis and Acute Kidney Injury. Dig Dis Sci 2016; 61:3609-3620. [PMID: 27655105 PMCID: PMC5106324 DOI: 10.1007/s10620-016-4316-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2016] [Accepted: 09/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Patients with decompensated cirrhosis have high morbidity and are commonly hospitalized with acute kidney injury. AIMS We examined serum levels of Siglec-7, a transmembrane receptor that regulates immune activity, as a biomarker for mortality in patients with cirrhosis and acute kidney injury. METHODS Serum Siglec-7 was measured in hospitalized patients with cirrhosis and acute kidney injury, as well as in reference groups with acute liver injury/acute kidney injury, cirrhosis without acute kidney injury, and sepsis without liver disease. Clinical characteristics and subsequent outcomes were examined using univariate and multivariable analyses according to initial Siglec-7 levels. Primary outcome was death by 90 days. RESULTS One hundred twenty-eight subjects were included, 92 of which had cirrhosis and acute kidney injury and were used in the primary analysis. Average Model for End-Stage Liver Disease (MELD) score was 24 [95 % CI 23, 26], and serum creatinine was 2.5 [2.2, 2.8] mg/dL at the time Siglec-7 was measured. After adjusting for age and MELD score, high serum Siglec-7 level predicted mortality with a hazard ratio of 1.96 [1.04, 3.69; p = 0.04]. There was no difference in Siglec-7 levels by etiology of AKI (p = 0.24). Addition of serum Siglec-7 to MELD score improved discrimination for 90-day mortality [category-free net reclassification index = 0.38 (p = 0.04); integrated discrimination increment = 0.043 (p = 0.04)]. CONCLUSION Serum Siglec-7 was associated with increased mortality among hospitalized patients with cirrhosis and acute kidney injury. Addition of Siglec-7 to MELD score may increase discrimination to predict 90-day mortality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew S. Allegretti
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Guillermo Ortiz
- Department of Medicine, St. Elizabeth’s Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Sahir Kalim
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Joshua Wibecan
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Dongsheng Zhang
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Hui Yi Shan
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, Keck School of Medicine of USC, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Dihua Xu
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Raymond T. Chung
- Liver Center and Gastrointestinal Division, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - S. Ananth Karumanchi
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Ravi I. Thadhani
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
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Marques PE, Oliveira AG, Chang L, Paula-Neto HA, Menezes GB. Understanding liver immunology using intravital microscopy. J Hepatol 2015; 63:733-42. [PMID: 26055800 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhep.2015.05.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2015] [Revised: 05/21/2015] [Accepted: 05/21/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The liver has come a long way since it was considered only a metabolic organ attached to the gastrointestinal tract. The simultaneous ascension of immunology and intravital microscopy evidenced the liver as a central axis in the immune system, controlling immune responses to local and systemic agents as well as disease tolerance. The multiple hepatic cell populations are organized in a vascular environment that promotes intimate cellular interactions, including initiation of innate and adaptive immune responses, rapid leukocyte recruitment, pathogen clearance and production of a variety of immune mediators. In this review, we focus on the advances in liver immunology supported by intravital microscopy in diseases such as isquemia/reperfusion, acute liver injury and infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pedro Elias Marques
- Laboratório de Imunobiofotônica, Departamento de Morfologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - André Gustavo Oliveira
- Laboratório de Imunobiofotônica, Departamento de Morfologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | | | - Heitor Affonso Paula-Neto
- Departamento de Biotecnologia Farmacêutica, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Gustavo Batista Menezes
- Laboratório de Imunobiofotônica, Departamento de Morfologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Brazil.
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Hudspeth K, Donadon M, Cimino M, Pontarini E, Tentorio P, Preti M, Hong M, Bertoletti A, Bicciato S, Invernizzi P, Lugli E, Torzilli G, Gershwin ME, Mavilio D. Human liver-resident CD56(bright)/CD16(neg) NK cells are retained within hepatic sinusoids via the engagement of CCR5 and CXCR6 pathways. J Autoimmun 2015; 66:40-50. [PMID: 26330348 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaut.2015.08.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 178] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2015] [Accepted: 08/19/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE The liver-specific natural killer (NK) cell population is critical for local innate immune responses, but the mechanisms that lead to their selective homing and the definition of their functionally relevance remain enigmatic. OBJECTIVES We took advantage of the availability of healthy human liver to rigorously define the mechanisms regulating the homing of NK cells to liver and the repertoire of receptors that distinguish liver-resident NK (lr-NK) cells from circulating counterparts. FINDINGS Nearly 50% of the entire liver NK cell population is composed of functionally relevant CD56(bright) lr-NK cells that localize within hepatic sinusoids. CD56(bright) lr-NK cells express CD69, CCR5 and CXCR6 and this unique repertoire of chemokine receptors is functionally critical as it determines selective migration in response to the chemotactic stimuli exerted by CCL3, CCL5 and CXCL16. Here, we also show that hepatic sinusoids express CCL3(pos) Kupffer cells, CXCL16(pos) endothelial cells and CCL5(pos) T and NK lymphocytes. The selective presence of these chemokines in sinusoidal spaces creates a unique tissue niche for lr-CD56(bright) NK cells that constitutively express CCR5 and CXCR6. CD56(bright) lr-NK cells co-exist with CD56(dim) conventional NK (c-NK) cells that are, interestingly, transcriptionally and phenotypically similar to their peripheral circulating counterparts. Indeed, CD56(dim) c-NK cells lack expression of CD69, CCR5, and CXCR6 but express selectins, integrins and CX3CR1. CONCLUSION Our findings disclosing the phenotypic and functional differences between lr-Nk cells and c-NK cells are critical to distinguish liver-specific innate immune responses. Hence, any therapeutic attempts at modifying the large population of CD56(bright) lr-NK cells will require modification of hepatic CCR5 and CXCR6.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelly Hudspeth
- Unit of Clinical and Experimental Immunology, Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, 20089 Rozzano, Italy
| | - Matteo Donadon
- Department of Hepatobiliary & General Surgery, Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, 20089 Rozzano, Milan, Italy
| | - Matteo Cimino
- Department of Hepatobiliary & General Surgery, Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, 20089 Rozzano, Milan, Italy
| | - Elena Pontarini
- Unit of Clinical and Experimental Immunology, Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, 20089 Rozzano, Italy
| | - Paolo Tentorio
- Unit of Clinical and Experimental Immunology, Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, 20089 Rozzano, Italy
| | - Max Preti
- Unit of Clinical and Experimental Immunology, Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, 20089 Rozzano, Italy
| | - Michelle Hong
- Viral Hepatitis Laboratory, Singapore Institute for Clinical Sciences, Agency of Science; Technology and Research (A*STAR), 169587, Singapore
| | - Antonio Bertoletti
- Viral Hepatitis Laboratory, Singapore Institute for Clinical Sciences, Agency of Science; Technology and Research (A*STAR), 169587, Singapore
| | - Silvio Bicciato
- Department of Life Sciences, Center for Genome Research, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, 41100 Modena, Italy
| | - Pietro Invernizzi
- Liver Unit and Center for Autoimmune Liver Diseases, Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, 20089 Rozzano, Italy; Division of Rheumatology, Allergy, and Clinical Immunology, University of California Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Enrico Lugli
- Unit of Clinical and Experimental Immunology, Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, 20089 Rozzano, Italy
| | - Guido Torzilli
- Department of Hepatobiliary & General Surgery, Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, 20089 Rozzano, Milan, Italy
| | - M Eric Gershwin
- Division of Rheumatology, Allergy, and Clinical Immunology, University of California Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA.
| | - Domenico Mavilio
- Unit of Clinical and Experimental Immunology, Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, 20089 Rozzano, Italy; Department of Medical Biotechnologies and Translational Medicine, University of Milan, 20089 Rozzano, Italy.
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11
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Bruns T, Zimmermann HW, Pachnio A, Li KK, Trivedi PJ, Reynolds G, Hubscher S, Stamataki Z, Badenhorst PW, Weston CJ, Moss PA, Adams DH. CMV infection of human sinusoidal endothelium regulates hepatic T cell recruitment and activation. J Hepatol 2015; 63:38-49. [PMID: 25770658 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhep.2015.02.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2014] [Revised: 02/16/2015] [Accepted: 02/18/2015] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Human cytomegalovirus infection (HCMV) is associated with an increased morbidity after liver transplantation, by facilitating allograft rejection and accelerating underlying hepatic inflammation. We hypothesized that human hepatic sinusoidal endothelial cells infected with HCMV possess the capacity to modulate allogeneic T cell recruitment and activation, thereby providing a plausible mechanism of how HCMV infection is able to enhance hepatic immune activation. METHODS Human hepatic sinusoidal endothelial cells were isolated from explanted livers and infected with recombinant endotheliotropic HCMV. We used static and flow-based models to quantify adhesion and transendothelial migration of allogeneic T cell subsets and determine their post-migratory phenotype and function. RESULTS HCMV infection of primary human hepatic sinusoidal endothelial cells facilitated ICAM-1 and CXCL10-dependent CD4 T cell transendothelial migration under physiological levels of shear stress. Recruited T cells were primarily non-virus-specific CXCR3(hi) effector memory T cells, which demonstrated features of LFA3-dependent Th1 activation after migration, and activated regulatory T cells, which retained a suppressive phenotype following transmigration. CONCLUSIONS The ability of infected hepatic endothelium to recruit distinct functional CD4 T cell subsets shows how HCMV facilitates hepatic inflammation and immune activation and may simultaneously favor virus persistence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tony Bruns
- NIHR Biomedical Research Unit and Centre for Liver Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom; Department of Internal Medicine IV, Jena University Hospital, Friedrich Schiller University of Jena, Jena, Germany; Center for Sepsis Control and Care, Jena University Hospital, Friedrich Schiller University of Jena, Jena, Germany.
| | - Henning W Zimmermann
- NIHR Biomedical Research Unit and Centre for Liver Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom; Department of Medicine III, University Hospital Aachen, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Annette Pachnio
- School of Cancer Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Ka-Kit Li
- NIHR Biomedical Research Unit and Centre for Liver Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Palak J Trivedi
- NIHR Biomedical Research Unit and Centre for Liver Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Gary Reynolds
- NIHR Biomedical Research Unit and Centre for Liver Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom; Department of Cellular Pathology, Queen Elizabeth Hospital Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Stefan Hubscher
- NIHR Biomedical Research Unit and Centre for Liver Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom; Department of Cellular Pathology, Queen Elizabeth Hospital Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Zania Stamataki
- NIHR Biomedical Research Unit and Centre for Liver Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Paul W Badenhorst
- School of Immunity and Infection, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Christopher J Weston
- NIHR Biomedical Research Unit and Centre for Liver Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Paul A Moss
- School of Cancer Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - David H Adams
- NIHR Biomedical Research Unit and Centre for Liver Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom.
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Abstract
The differentiation of memory CD8T cells after acute infections comprises generation of functionally distinct populations that either have proliferative potential or display cytotoxic effector functions and that either recirculate into lymphoid tissues or remain tissue-resident. The development of these functionally distinct cell populations is dictated by defined signals from the microenvironment that result in a coordinated expression of a network of transcription factors, which determine the functionality of memory T cells. Distinct transcriptional regulation observed during chronic viral infection that results in generation of T cells that control viral replication in the absence of immunopathology suggests the existence of so far unappreciated functional adaptation of T cell function to the particular need during chronic infections to control infection and avoid immunopathology. Furthermore, the non-canonical generation of CD8T cell memory outside of lymphoid tissues in the liver in the absence of inflammation is correlated with a distinct transcriptional profile and indicates further complexity in the commensurate immune response to infectious pathogens that escape innate immunity. Taken together, distinct profiles of transcriptional regulation are linked to CD8T cells with different functions and provide important mechanistic insight into the continuous functional adaptation of CD8T cells to generate a commensurate immune response to infectious challenges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Böttcher
- Immunobiology Laboratory, Cancer Research UK, United Kingdom
| | - Percy A Knolle
- Institute of Molecular Immunology, München Rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, Germany; Institute of Experimental Immunology, Universität Bonn, Germany.
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Eickmeier I, Seidel D, Grün JR, Derkow K, Lehnardt S, Kühl AA, Hamann A, Schott E. Influence of CD8 T cell priming in liver and gut on the enterohepatic circulation. J Hepatol 2014; 60:1143-50. [PMID: 24560659 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhep.2014.02.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2013] [Revised: 01/25/2014] [Accepted: 02/03/2014] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS The enterohepatic circuit of T cells may be responsible for the development of autoimmune liver disease. We employed transgenic mice to characterize phenotype and migration patterns of CD8 T cells activated in liver and gut. METHODS We studied the migration of antigen-specific CD8 T cells primed in liver or gut after transfer in wild-type mice or mice that express ovalbumin in liver or gut. We performed transcriptome analysis of these two distinct T cell populations and confirmed our findings by flow cytometry. RESULTS Specific migration patterns were induced by activation of CD8 T cells in gut or liver. Gut-activated CD8 T cells expressed α4β7 and CCR9 and migrated to the gut and to the liver. Liver-activated T cells expressed integrins α4, α6, β1, α4β7 as well as CD62L, Ly6C, and neuropilin-1 and retained the capability to re-circulate through lymph nodes. Presence of the antigen increased retention of both types of activated T cells in the liver, but migration of liver-activated T cells to the gut was prohibited. CONCLUSIONS CD8 T cells primed in the liver in vivo are not capable of migrating to the gut, implying that the enterohepatic circuit of CD8 T cells is in fact a one-way road from the gut to the liver. Priming of CD8 T cells in the liver results in a distinct phenotype with attributes of central memory cells and induces a unique homing pattern. Gut-primed T cells preferentially home to the liver, in principle enabling them to induce autoimmune liver disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ira Eickmeier
- Dept. of Hepatology and Gastroenterology, Charité Universitätsmedizin, CVK, Berlin, Germany
| | - Daniel Seidel
- Dept. of Hepatology and Gastroenterology, Charité Universitätsmedizin, CVK, Berlin, Germany
| | | | - Katja Derkow
- Dept. of Neurology, Charité Universitätsmedizin, CCM, Berlin, Germany
| | - Seija Lehnardt
- Dept. of Neurology, Charité Universitätsmedizin, CCM, Berlin, Germany; Cluster of Excellence NeuroCure, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Germany
| | - Anja A Kühl
- Dept. of Gastroenterology, Infectious Diseases and Rheumatology, Charité Universitätsmedizin, CBF, Berlin, Germany
| | - Alf Hamann
- Dept. of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Charité Universitätsmedizin, CCM, Berlin, Germany
| | - Eckart Schott
- Dept. of Hepatology and Gastroenterology, Charité Universitätsmedizin, CVK, Berlin, Germany.
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Carbone M, Lleo A, Sandford RN, Invernizzi P. Implications of genome-wide association studies in novel therapeutics in primary biliary cirrhosis. Eur J Immunol 2014; 44:945-54. [PMID: 24481870 DOI: 10.1002/eji.201344270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2013] [Revised: 01/07/2014] [Accepted: 01/27/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have revolutionized the search for genetic influences on complex disorders, such as primary biliary cirrhosis (PBC). Recent GWAS have identified many disease-associated genetic variants. These, overall, highlighted the remarkable contribution of key immunological pathways in PBC that may be involved in the initial mechanisms of loss of tolerance and the subsequent inflammatory response and chronic bile duct damage. Results from GWAS have the potential to be translated in biological knowledge and, hopefully, clinical application. There are a number of immune pathways highlighted in GWAS that may have therapeutic implications in PBC and in other autoimmune diseases, such as the anti-interleukin-12/interleukin-23, nuclear factor-kb, tumor necrosis factor, phosphatidylinositol signaling and hedgehog signaling pathways. Further areas in which GWAS findings are leading to clinical applications either in PBC or in other autoimmune conditions, include disease classification, risk prediction and drug development. In this review we outline the possible next steps that may help accelerate progress from genetic studies to the biological knowledge that would guide the development of predictive, preventive, or therapeutic measures in PBC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Carbone
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, UK; Academic Department of Medical Genetics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
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Abstract
The study of the liver as a lymphoid organ is a growing field fueled by our better knowledge of the different component of the immune system and how they orchestrate an immune-related response. The liver have highly specialized mechanisms of immune tolerance, mainly because is continuously exposed to microbial and environmental antigens, and dietary components from the gut. Accordingly, the liver contains specialized lymphoid subpopulations acting as antigen-presenting cells. Growing evidences show that the liver is also associated with obesity-associated diseases because of its immune-related capacity to sense metabolic stress induced by nutritional surplus. Finally, the liver produces a pletora of neo-antigens being the primary metabolic organ of the body. Common immune mechanisms play a key pathogenetic role in most of acute and chronic liver diseases and in the rejection of liver allografts. Any perturbations of liver-related immune functions have important clinical implications. This issue of the Journal of Autoimmunity is focused on the more recent advances in our knowledge related to the loss of liver tolerance, a paradox for a tolerogenic organ, that leads to overactivation of the innate and adaptive immune response and the development of autoimmune liver diseases, such as autoimmune hepatitis, primary biliary cirrhosis, and primary sclerosing cholangitis. The invited expert review articles capture the underlying immunomolecular mechanisms of the development and progression of autoimmune liver diseases, the novel field of the immune-related "liver-gut" axis influences to the development of liver autoimmunity, the predominant role of genetic factors, and the increasingly effective immuno-therapeutic possibilities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pietro Invernizzi
- Liver Unit and Center for Autoimmune Liver Diseases, Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, Rozzano, Milan, Italy; Division of Rheumatology, Allergy and Clinical Immunology, University of California at Davis, Davis, CA, USA.
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Hintermann E, Ehser J, Bayer M, Pfeilschifter JM, Christen U. Mechanism of autoimmune hepatic fibrogenesis induced by an adenovirus encoding the human liver autoantigen cytochrome P450 2D6. J Autoimmun 2013; 44:49-60. [PMID: 23809878 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaut.2013.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2013] [Revised: 05/06/2013] [Accepted: 05/09/2013] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Autoimmune hepatitis type 2 (AIH-2) is a severe autoimmune liver disease with unknown etiology. We recently developed the CYP2D6 mouse model for AIH-2, in which mice are challenged with an adenovirus (Ad-2D6) expressing human cytochrome P450 2D6 (hCYP2D6), the major autoantigen in AIH-2. Such mice develop chronic hepatitis with cellular infiltrations and generation of hCYP2D6-specific antibodies and T cells. Importantly, the CYP2D6 model represents the only model displaying chronic fibrosis allowing for a detailed investigation of the mechanisms of chronic autoimmune-mediated liver fibrogenesis. We found that hCYP2D6-dependent chronic activation of hepatic stellate cells (HSC) resulted in an increased extracellular matrix deposition and elevated expression of α-smooth muscle actin predominantly in and underneath the liver capsule. The route of Ad-2D6 infection dramatically influenced the activation and trafficking of inflammatory monocytes, NK cells and hCYP2D6-specific T cells. Intraperitoneal Ad-2D6 infection caused subcapsular fibrosis and persistent clustering of inflammatory monocytes. In contrast, intravenous infection caused an accumulation of hCYP2D6-specific CD4 T cells throughout the liver parenchyma and induced a strong NK cell response preventing chronic HSC activation and fibrosis. In summary, we found that the location of the initial site of inflammation and autoantigen expression caused a differential cellular trafficking and activation and thereby determined the outcome of AIH-2-like hepatic damage and fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edith Hintermann
- Pharmazentrum Frankfurt/ZAFES, Johann Wolfgang Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
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