1
|
Stone BM, Wang V. Emotional fear of COVID-19, but not physiological expressions of fear, explains variability in COVID-19's impact on individuals' lives. J Affect Disord Rep 2023; 11:100479. [PMID: 36624855 PMCID: PMC9814283 DOI: 10.1016/j.jadr.2023.100479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2022] [Revised: 01/03/2023] [Accepted: 01/04/2023] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic has had a profound and robust impact on individuals' lives and has particularly negatively affected individuals' experiences with fear of catching COVID-19. To measure this fear, researchers created the unidimensional Fear of COVID-19 Scale (FCV-19S). However, some exploratory factor analysis studies suggested the presence of two factors, which are 1) emotional fear and 2) physiological expressions of fear. In the current exploratory study, we aimed to confirm this factor structure using confirmatory factor analysis and to examine how these two new factors of the FCV-19S explain variability in the impacts of COVID-19 on nine life domains (i.e., finances, loved ones, job, safety, school, mental health, physical health, social activities, and quality of life). Participants were undergraduate students (n = 224) from a Midwestern University (White: 60.7%; Male: 48.0%) who participated in the study for course credit. The results revealed that the two-factor model had an excellent fit for the FCV-19S, both subscales had excellent psychometric properties, and the emotional fear subscale significantly explained variability in all nine life domains (7% to 54%). However, the physiological fear subscale only significantly explained variability in the physical health domain along with emotional fear (28%). The findings suggested that emotional fear of COVID-19 may explain more variability in the impact of COVID-19 across life domains, while physiological fear may only explain the effects of COVID-19 on physical health. We further discussed implications, limitations, and future directions.
Collapse
Key Words
- CFA, confirmatory factor analysis
- CFI, Comparative Fit Index
- CIDS, Coronavirus Impact Domains Scale
- COVID-19
- COVID-19 impact
- COVID-19, coronavirus disease 2019
- EFA, exploratory factor analysis
- FCV-19S
- FCV-19S, Fear of COVID-19 Scale
- Factor analysis
- Fear of COVID-19
- Fear of COVID-19 Scale
- M, Mean
- RMSEA, Root Mean Square Error of Approximation
- SD, standard deviation
- SE, standard error
- SRMR, Standardized Root Mean Squared Residual
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bryant M. Stone
- College of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, 67 President Street, Charleston, SC 29425, USA,School of Psychological & Behavioral Sciences, Department of Psychology, Southern Illinois University, 1125 Lincoln Drive, Carbondale, IL 62901, USA,Corresponding author
| | - Vanessa Wang
- School of Psychological & Behavioral Sciences, Department of Psychology, Southern Illinois University, 1125 Lincoln Drive, Carbondale, IL 62901, USA
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Caetano I, Amorim L, Soares JM, Ferreira S, Coelho A, Reis J, Santos NC, Moreira PS, Marques P, Magalhães R, Esteves M, Picó-Pérez M, Sousa N. Amygdala size varies with stress perception. Neurobiol Stress 2021; 14:100334. [PMID: 34013000 PMCID: PMC8114169 DOI: 10.1016/j.ynstr.2021.100334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2020] [Revised: 04/26/2021] [Accepted: 04/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Stress is inevitably linked to life. It has many and complex facets. Notably, perception of stressful stimuli is an important factor when mounting stress responses and measuring its impact. Indeed, moved by the increasing number of stress-triggered pathologies, several groups drew on advanced neuroimaging techniques to explore stress effects on the brain. From that, several regions and circuits have been linked to stress, and a comprehensive integration of the distinct findings applied to common individuals is being pursued, but with conflicting results. Herein, we performed a volumetric regression analysis using participants’ perceived stress as a variable of interest. Data shows that increased levels of perceived stress positively associate with the right amygdala and anterior hippocampal volumes. Discrepant stress effects on morphology are reported in the literature. Stress definition and analysis software are the main causes of conflicting findings. Psychological measures and multi-technique analysis are highly recommended. We found that perceived stress positively associates with right amygdala volumes.
Collapse
Key Words
- Amygdala
- FSL, FMRIB Software Library
- FWE-R, Family-wise error rate
- FreeSurfer
- GM, Gray matter
- Healthy subjects
- M, Mean
- PSS10, 10-items Perceived Stress Scale
- Perceived stress
- ROI, Region-of-interest
- SD, Standard deviation
- TFCE, Threshold-free cluster enhancement
- VBM, Voxel-based morphometry
- Voxel-based morphometry
- WM, White matter
- eTIV, Estimated total intracranial volume
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Inês Caetano
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, University of Minho, 4710-057, Braga, Portugal.,ICVS/3B's, PT Government Associate Laboratory, 4710-057, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal.,Clinical Academic Center - Braga, Braga, Portugal, 4710-057, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Liliana Amorim
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, University of Minho, 4710-057, Braga, Portugal.,ICVS/3B's, PT Government Associate Laboratory, 4710-057, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal.,Clinical Academic Center - Braga, Braga, Portugal, 4710-057, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal.,Association P5 Digital Medical Center (ACMP5), 4710-057, Braga, Portugal
| | - José Miguel Soares
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, University of Minho, 4710-057, Braga, Portugal.,ICVS/3B's, PT Government Associate Laboratory, 4710-057, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal.,Clinical Academic Center - Braga, Braga, Portugal, 4710-057, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Sónia Ferreira
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, University of Minho, 4710-057, Braga, Portugal.,ICVS/3B's, PT Government Associate Laboratory, 4710-057, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal.,Clinical Academic Center - Braga, Braga, Portugal, 4710-057, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Ana Coelho
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, University of Minho, 4710-057, Braga, Portugal.,ICVS/3B's, PT Government Associate Laboratory, 4710-057, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal.,Clinical Academic Center - Braga, Braga, Portugal, 4710-057, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Joana Reis
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, University of Minho, 4710-057, Braga, Portugal.,ICVS/3B's, PT Government Associate Laboratory, 4710-057, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal.,Clinical Academic Center - Braga, Braga, Portugal, 4710-057, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Nadine Correia Santos
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, University of Minho, 4710-057, Braga, Portugal.,ICVS/3B's, PT Government Associate Laboratory, 4710-057, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal.,Clinical Academic Center - Braga, Braga, Portugal, 4710-057, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Pedro Silva Moreira
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, University of Minho, 4710-057, Braga, Portugal.,ICVS/3B's, PT Government Associate Laboratory, 4710-057, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal.,Clinical Academic Center - Braga, Braga, Portugal, 4710-057, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Paulo Marques
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, University of Minho, 4710-057, Braga, Portugal.,ICVS/3B's, PT Government Associate Laboratory, 4710-057, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal.,Clinical Academic Center - Braga, Braga, Portugal, 4710-057, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Ricardo Magalhães
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, University of Minho, 4710-057, Braga, Portugal.,ICVS/3B's, PT Government Associate Laboratory, 4710-057, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal.,Clinical Academic Center - Braga, Braga, Portugal, 4710-057, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal.,NeuroSpin, Institut des Sciences du Vivant Frédéric Joliot, Commisariat à l'Énergie Atomique et aux Énergies Alternatives, 91191, Gif-Sur-Yvette, France.,Université Paris-Saclay, 91191, Gif-Sur-Yvette, France
| | - Madalena Esteves
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, University of Minho, 4710-057, Braga, Portugal.,ICVS/3B's, PT Government Associate Laboratory, 4710-057, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal.,Clinical Academic Center - Braga, Braga, Portugal, 4710-057, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Maria Picó-Pérez
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, University of Minho, 4710-057, Braga, Portugal.,ICVS/3B's, PT Government Associate Laboratory, 4710-057, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal.,Clinical Academic Center - Braga, Braga, Portugal, 4710-057, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Nuno Sousa
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, University of Minho, 4710-057, Braga, Portugal.,ICVS/3B's, PT Government Associate Laboratory, 4710-057, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal.,Clinical Academic Center - Braga, Braga, Portugal, 4710-057, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal.,Association P5 Digital Medical Center (ACMP5), 4710-057, Braga, Portugal
| |
Collapse
|