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Zhao B, Xu J, Kong F, Nam EW. Validation of the Chinese version of the COVID-19 Phobia Scale among Chinese college students. Heliyon 2023; 9:e13468. [PMID: 36789385 PMCID: PMC9911978 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e13468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2022] [Revised: 01/23/2023] [Accepted: 01/31/2023] [Indexed: 02/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Background and objective Different languages and versions of the COVID-19 Phobia Scale (C19P-S) have been developed and tested in several countries. Chinese college students are a large vulnerable group and are susceptible to psychological problems during the COVID-19 pandemic. However, no studies had yet examined the reliability and validity of the C19P-S in China among college students group. This study aims to evaluate the COVID-19-related phobia of Chinese college students and examine the reliability and validity of this scale. Methods A total of 1689 Chinese college students participated in this study from April 27 to May 7, 2022. They finished the online questionnaire including demographic information and C19P-S. Cronbach's alpha and split-half reliability were used to examine the internal consistency of the scale. Confirmatory factor analysis was further used to examine the scale's construct validity. Convergence validity was also confirmed. Results This scale in Chinese had high reliability and validity. The Cronbach's alpha and split-half reliability of the total scale were 0.960 and 0.935, respectively. The construct validity-related indicators of the total scale met the standards (RMSEA = 0.064, IFI = 0.907, TLI = 0.906, and CFI = 0.907). Regarding the subscales, the composite reliability (CR) and average variance extracted (AVE) also met the cutoff values (CR > 0.7 and AVE >0.5). Comparison between gender groups showed that total and subscale scores between male and female students differed significantly. Conclusion The Chinese version of the C19P-S was appropriate for evaluating phobic symptoms among Chinese college students. Therefore, this tool could be used to evaluate the mental health of college students in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Zhao
- Department of Health Administration, Graduate School, Yonsei University, 1 Yonseidae-gil, Wonju, Gangwon-do 26493, South Korea,Yonei Global Health Center, Yonsei University, 1 Yonseidae-gil, Wonju, Gangwon-do, 26493, South Korea
| | - Jing Xu
- Centre for Health Management and Policy Research, School of Public Health, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, 250012, China,NHC Key Lab of Health Economics and Policy Research, Shandong University, Jinan, 250012, China
| | - Fanlei Kong
- Centre for Health Management and Policy Research, School of Public Health, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, 250012, China,NHC Key Lab of Health Economics and Policy Research, Shandong University, Jinan, 250012, China,Corresponding author. Centre for Health Management and Policy Research, School of Public Health, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, 250012, China
| | - Eun Woo Nam
- Department of Health Administration, Graduate School, Yonsei University, 1 Yonseidae-gil, Wonju, Gangwon-do 26493, South Korea,Yonei Global Health Center, Yonsei University, 1 Yonseidae-gil, Wonju, Gangwon-do, 26493, South Korea,Corresponding author. Department of Health Administration, Graduate School, Yonsei University, 1 Yonseidae-gil, Wonju, Gangwon-do 26493, South Korea
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Stone BM, Wang V. Emotional fear of COVID-19, but not physiological expressions of fear, explains variability in COVID-19's impact on individuals' lives. J Affect Disord Rep 2023; 11:100479. [PMID: 36624855 PMCID: PMC9814283 DOI: 10.1016/j.jadr.2023.100479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2022] [Revised: 01/03/2023] [Accepted: 01/04/2023] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic has had a profound and robust impact on individuals' lives and has particularly negatively affected individuals' experiences with fear of catching COVID-19. To measure this fear, researchers created the unidimensional Fear of COVID-19 Scale (FCV-19S). However, some exploratory factor analysis studies suggested the presence of two factors, which are 1) emotional fear and 2) physiological expressions of fear. In the current exploratory study, we aimed to confirm this factor structure using confirmatory factor analysis and to examine how these two new factors of the FCV-19S explain variability in the impacts of COVID-19 on nine life domains (i.e., finances, loved ones, job, safety, school, mental health, physical health, social activities, and quality of life). Participants were undergraduate students (n = 224) from a Midwestern University (White: 60.7%; Male: 48.0%) who participated in the study for course credit. The results revealed that the two-factor model had an excellent fit for the FCV-19S, both subscales had excellent psychometric properties, and the emotional fear subscale significantly explained variability in all nine life domains (7% to 54%). However, the physiological fear subscale only significantly explained variability in the physical health domain along with emotional fear (28%). The findings suggested that emotional fear of COVID-19 may explain more variability in the impact of COVID-19 across life domains, while physiological fear may only explain the effects of COVID-19 on physical health. We further discussed implications, limitations, and future directions.
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Key Words
- CFA, confirmatory factor analysis
- CFI, Comparative Fit Index
- CIDS, Coronavirus Impact Domains Scale
- COVID-19
- COVID-19 impact
- COVID-19, coronavirus disease 2019
- EFA, exploratory factor analysis
- FCV-19S
- FCV-19S, Fear of COVID-19 Scale
- Factor analysis
- Fear of COVID-19
- Fear of COVID-19 Scale
- M, Mean
- RMSEA, Root Mean Square Error of Approximation
- SD, standard deviation
- SE, standard error
- SRMR, Standardized Root Mean Squared Residual
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Affiliation(s)
- Bryant M. Stone
- College of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, 67 President Street, Charleston, SC 29425, USA,School of Psychological & Behavioral Sciences, Department of Psychology, Southern Illinois University, 1125 Lincoln Drive, Carbondale, IL 62901, USA,Corresponding author
| | - Vanessa Wang
- School of Psychological & Behavioral Sciences, Department of Psychology, Southern Illinois University, 1125 Lincoln Drive, Carbondale, IL 62901, USA
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Hamdani SU, Huma ZE, Wissow L, Rahman A, Gladstone M. Measuring functional disability in children with developmental disorders in low-resource settings: validation of Developmental Disorders-Children Disability Assessment Schedule (DD-CDAS) in rural Pakistan. Glob Ment Health (Camb) 2020; 7:e17. [PMID: 32913656 PMCID: PMC7443609 DOI: 10.1017/gmh.2020.10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2020] [Revised: 05/12/2020] [Accepted: 05/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Developmental disorders (DDs) in children are a priority condition and guidelines have been developed for their management within low-resource community settings. However, a key obstacle is lack of open access, reliable and valid tools that lay health workers can use to evaluate the impact of such programmes on child outcomes. We adapted and validated the World Health Organization's Disability Assessment Schedule for children (WHODAS-Child), a lay health worker-administered functioning-related tool, for children with DDs in Pakistan. METHODS Lay health workers administered a version of the WHODAS-Child to parents of children with DDs (N = 400) and without DDs (N = 400), aged 2-12 years, after it was adapted using qualitative study. Factor analysis, validity, reliability and sensitivity to change analyses were conducted to evaluate the psychometric properties of the adapted outcome measure. RESULTS Among 800 children, 58% of children were male [mean (s.d.) age 6.68 (s.d. = 2.89)]. Confirmatory Factor Analysis showed a robust factor structure [χ2/df 2.86, RMSEA 0.068 (90% CI 0.064-0.073); Tucker-Lewis Index (TLI) 0.92; Comparative Fit Index (CFI) 0.93; Incremental Fit Index (IFI) 0.93]. The tool demonstrated high internal consistency (α 0.82-0.94), test-retest [Intra-class Correlation Coefficient (ICC) 0.71-0.98] and inter-data collector (ICC 0.97-0.99) reliabilities; good criterion (r -0.71), convergent (r -0.35 to 0.71) and discriminative [M (s.d.) 52.00 (s.d. = 21.97) v. 2.14 (s.d. = 4.00); 95% CI -52.05 to -47.67] validities; and adequate sensitivity to change over time (ES 0.19-0.23). CONCLUSIONS The lay health worker administrated version of adapted WHODAS-Child is a reliable, valid and sensitive-to-change measure of functional disability in children aged 2-12 years with DDs in rural community settings of Pakistan.
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Key Words
- AMOS, Analysis of Moment Structure
- Autism
- CFA, Confirmatory Factor Analysis
- CFI, Comparative Fit Index
- CGAS, Children-Global Assessment of Functioning
- DD-CDAS, Developmental Disorders-Children Disability Assessment Schedule
- DD-CGAS, Developmental Disorders Children-Global Assessment of Functioning
- Developmental Disabilities Children's Global Assessment Scale (DD-CGAS)
- Developmental Disorders-Children Disability Assessment Schedule (DD-CDAS)
- ICC, Interclass Correlation
- ICF, International Classification of Functioning
- ICF-CY, International Classification of Functioning-Children and Youth
- IFI, Incremental Fit Index
- International Classification of Functioning-Children and Youth (ICF-CY)
- LHWs, Lady Health Workers.
- RMSEA, Root Mean Square Error of Approximation
- SDGs, Sustainable Development Goals
- TLI, Tucker–Lewis Index
- TQS, Ten Questions Screen
- VABS, Vineland Adaptive Behavior Scales
- WHO Disability Assessment Schedule (WHODAS 2.0)
- WHO mhGAP, World Health Organization Mental Health Gap Action Programme
- childhood disability
- developmental disorders/disabilities
- functional disability
- intellectual disability
- low-resource settings
- non-specialists
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Affiliation(s)
- Syed Usman Hamdani
- University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
- Human Development Research Foundation, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Zill-e Huma
- University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
- Human Development Research Foundation, Islamabad, Pakistan
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