1
|
Beddows DCS, Harrison RM, Gonet T, Maher BA, Odling N. Measurement of road traffic brake and tyre dust emissions using both particle composition and size distribution data. Environ Pollut 2023:121830. [PMID: 37211228 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2023.121830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2023] [Revised: 04/25/2023] [Accepted: 05/13/2023] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Estimates of tyre and brake wear emission factors are presented, derived from data collected from roadside and urban background sites on the premises of the University of Birmingham, located in the UK's second largest city. Size-fractionated particulate matter samples were collected at both sites concurrently in the spring/summer of 2019 and analysed for elemental concentrations and magnetic properties. Using Positive Matrix Factorisation (PMF), three sources were identified in the roadside mass increment of the 1.0-9.9 μm stages of MOUDI impactors located at both sites, namely: brake dust (7.1%); tyre dust (9.6%); and crustal (83%). The large fraction of the mass apportioned to crustal material was suspected to be mainly from a nearby construction site rather than resuspension of road dust. By using Ba and Zn as elemental tracers, brake and tyre wear emission factors were estimated as 7.4 mg/veh.km and 9.9 mg/veh.km, respectively, compared with the PMF-derived equivalent values of 4.4 mg/veh.km and 11 mg/veh.km. Based on the magnetic measurements, an emission factor can be estimated independently for brake dust of 4.7 mg/veh.km. A further analysis was carried out on the concurrently measured roadside increment in the particle number size distribution (10 nm-10 μm). Four factors were identified in the hourly measurements: traffic exhaust nucleation; traffic exhaust solid particles; windblown dust; and an unknown source. The high increment of the windblown dust factor, 3.2 μg/m3, was comparable in magnitude to the crustal factor measured using the MOUDI samples (3.5 μg/m3). The latter's polar plot indicated that this factor was dominated by a large neighbouring construction site. The number emission factors of the exhaust solid particle and exhaust nucleation factors were estimated as 2.8 and 1.9 x 1012/veh.km, respectively.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- David C S Beddows
- National Centre for Atmospheric Science, School of Geography, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2TT, United Kingdom
| | - Roy M Harrison
- National Centre for Atmospheric Science, School of Geography, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2TT, United Kingdom; Department of Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Meteorology, Environment and Arid Land Agriculture, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Tomasz Gonet
- Centre for Environmental Magnetism & Palaeomagnetism, Lancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster University, Lancaster, LA1 4YQ, United Kingdom
| | - Barbara A Maher
- Centre for Environmental Magnetism & Palaeomagnetism, Lancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster University, Lancaster, LA1 4YQ, United Kingdom
| | - Nicholas Odling
- School of Geosciences, University of Edinburgh, Kings Buildings, West Mains Road, Edinburgh, EH9 3JW, Scotland, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Xue W, Kleeman MJ. Comparison of size-resolved PM elements measured using aluminum foil and Teflon impaction substrates: Implications for ultrafine particle source apportionment and future sampling networks in California. Sci Total Environ 2022; 838:156523. [PMID: 35679941 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.156523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2021] [Revised: 05/18/2022] [Accepted: 06/02/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Measurement networks for ultrafine particulate matter (PM0.1) have been limited by the high costs for equipment, supplies, and labor associated with the need to collect PM0.1 samples on multiple substrates for full chemical analysis. Here we explore whether a single cascade impactor loaded with aluminum foil substrates is sufficient for PM0.1 source apportionment calculations in order to reduce those costs. An extraction method previously designed to measure elements on Teflon substrates was modified to accommodate features of aluminum foil substrates. Regression analysis between co-located aluminum foil and Teflon substrates in the particle diameter range 0.1-1.8 μm showed good agreement (R > 0.7) for 18 elements. Regression in the diameter range 0.1-0.18 μm (quasi-ultrafine particulate matter) was used to characterize the uncertainty introduced by the aluminum foil extraction method for the elements Li, K, V, Br, Rb, Mo, Cd, Sn, Sb, and Ba. This uncertainty was used to generate 30 simulated aluminum foil PM0.1 datasets at each of three sites, followed by source apportionment analysis using Positive Matrix Factorization (PMF). At two of the three sites, the PM0.1 source contributions calculated using aluminum foil substrates alone were almost identical to the PMF results from combined aluminum foil and Teflon substrates. The PM0.1 source contributions calculated using aluminum foil substrates at the third site were closer to the results from a previous Chemical Mass Balance (CMB) study than to the PMF results from the combined aluminum foil and Teflon substrates, possibly because the CMB study also relied exclusively on samples collected using aluminum foil substrates. The success of the PM0.1 source apportionment approach using aluminum foil substrates in a single cascade impactor provides a viable method for reducing costs in PM0.1 sampling networks by 40-47%. Similar results may be achievable at locations outside of California.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wei Xue
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of California-Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Michael J Kleeman
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of California-Davis, Davis, CA, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
de Souza SLQ, Martins EM, Corrêa SM, da Silva JL, de Castro RR, de Souza Assed F. Determination of trace elements in the nanometer, ultrafine, fine, and coarse particulate matters in an area affected by light vehicular emissions in the city of Rio de Janeiro. Environ Monit Assess 2021; 193:92. [PMID: 33506380 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-021-08891-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2020] [Accepted: 01/17/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The objective of this work was to determine the trace element composition in the nanometric, ultrafine, fine, and coarse particulate matters (PM) found in the surrounding area of the UERJ Chemical Technology Applications Institute, using a MSP 120 MOUDI II cascade impactor. After acid extraction, the elements were analyzed via ICP-OES, and the results obtained were treated statistically. The average concentrations of the nanometric, ultrafine, fine, and coarse particles were 11.8, 8.2, 7.7, and 7.1 μg m-3, respectively. The total average concentration of Cd, Ni, Pb, Cr, and Fe complied with the air quality standards recommended by US EPA and WHO. When compared with other locations, the PM fractions found in this study were 1.1 to 346 times greater. Through the calculation of Pearson's correlation coefficient, a high correlation was observed between most of the trace elements studied, especially in the ultrafine, fine, and coarse fractions, which suggests that they are probably caused by the same sources of vehicular emissions. The enrichment factor was calculated to estimate the possible sources. Since Cd, Cu, Pb, and Mo are enriched by anthropic sources, they are probably influenced by vehicular emissions, in particular the wear on tires and brakes, and the burning of fossil fuel.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Eduardo Monteiro Martins
- Faculty of Engineering, Rio de Janeiro State University, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 20550-900, Brazil
- Faculty of Technology, Rio de Janeiro State University, Resende, RJ, 27537-000, Brazil
| | - Sergio Machado Corrêa
- Faculty of Technology, Rio de Janeiro State University, Resende, RJ, 27537-000, Brazil
| | - Josiane Loyola da Silva
- Federal Institute of Education, Science and Technology, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 20270-021, Brazil
| | | | - Flávia de Souza Assed
- Faculty of Technology, Rio de Janeiro State University, Resende, RJ, 27537-000, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Fang GC, Kao CL, Zhuang YJ, Liang GR. Particulate and particulate-bound mercury concentrations and size distributions as related to seasonal variations during peak demand/non-peak demand periods. J Environ Sci Health A Tox Hazard Subst Environ Eng 2020; 55:1513-1527. [PMID: 32935629 DOI: 10.1080/10934529.2020.1816413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2020] [Revised: 08/21/2020] [Accepted: 08/22/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The particulate size distributions of aerosol pollutants (particulates and Hg(p)) at a mixed site were measured and their seasonal variations identified. Atmospheric particulates and the Hg(p) mass median diameter (m.m.d.) were obtained. Hg(p) concentrations increased by approximately 20% during the peak demand period for all particle sizes (18, 10, 2.5, 1 and 0.3 μm). The mean percentage concentration of Hg(p) was highest in summer and followed the order summer > spring > winter > autumn for all particle sizes. Hg(p) concentration exhibited increased from 2004 to 2019.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Guor-Cheng Fang
- Department of Safety, Health, and Environmental Engineering, Hungkuang University, Taichung City, Taiwan
| | - Chao-Lang Kao
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, National Chin-Yi University of Technology, Taichung City, Taiwan
| | - Yuan-Jie Zhuang
- Department of Safety, Health, and Environmental Engineering, Hungkuang University, Taichung City, Taiwan
| | - Gui-Ren Liang
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, National Chin-Yi University of Technology, Taichung City, Taiwan
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Fang GC, Kao CL, Huang PW, Chen HM, Wu YL, Liang GR. Particulates and particulates-bound mercury (Hg(p)) sizes (PM 18, PM 10, PM 2.5, PM 1, PM <1) distributions study by using MOUDI sampler at a complex sampling site. Environ Geochem Health 2020; 42:365-375. [PMID: 31286341 DOI: 10.1007/s10653-019-00360-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2019] [Accepted: 06/20/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The objectives of this study were to measure ambient air particles concentrations of different particulates sizes ranges (PM18, PM10, PM2.5, PM1, PM<1) at a complex (traffic, residential and commercial) site. Besides, particulates-bound mercury (Hg(p)) concentrations for various particulates sizes (PM18, PM10, PM2.5, PM1, PM<1) at mixed site were also studied. Finally, ambient air particulates and Hg(p) size distributions were also described at this complex sampling site. The results showed that the average PM18, PM10, PM2.5, PM1, PM<1 concentrations were 48.83, 41.78, 35.41, 19.89, and 11.86 μg/m3, respectively. And the average ambient air particulates-bound mercury (Hg(p)) which attached on PM18, PM10, PM2.5, PM1, PM<1 particles concentrations were 0.0838, 0.0867, 0.0790, 0.0546, and 0.0373 ng/m3, respectively, in the summer season. In addition, the average ambient air Hg(p) which attached on PM18, PM10, PM2.5, PM1, PM<1 particles concentrations were 0.0175, 0.0144, 0.0120, 0.0092, and 0.0057 ng/m3, respectively, in the autumn season. Finally, the average ambient air Hg(p) which attached on PM18, PM10, PM2.5, PM1, PM<1 particles concentrations were 0.0070, 0.0053, 0.0038, 0.0026, and 0.0014 ng/m3, respectively, in the winter season. And July has the average highest PM18 and PM10 concentrations. As for PM2.5, PM1 and PM<1 particulates, the average highest particulates concentrations all occurred in November. In addition, the highest average Hg(p) in PM18, PM10, PM2.5, PM1, and PM<1 concentrations all occurred in July. Moreover, the average particles and particulates-bound mercury m.m.d. values were ranged from 1.0 to 1.8 and 0.7 to 2.0 μm from July to December of 2018, respectively, at this mixed sampling site. As for monthly ambient air particles sizes distributions, the results further showed that the main peaks for July, September, and December all occurred in the sizes of 10-18 μm. The main peaks for October and November all occurred in the sizes of 2.5-10 μm. As for monthly Hg(p) sizes distributions, the results further showed that the main peaks for July occurred in the size of 0.3-1 μm. The main peak for September occurred in the size of 1-2.5 μm. The main peaks for October to December all occurred in the size of 10-18 μm. The above finding further concluded that the particulates-bound mercury (Hg(p)) was tended to be associated with the large particles sizes mode during the winter season. Finally, this study further shows that the Taichung Thermal Power Plant was responsible for the main emission source of Hg(p) especially in summer season of Central Taiwan.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Guor-Cheng Fang
- Department of Safety, Health, and Environmental Engineering, Hungkuang University, No. 1018, Sec. 6, Taiwan Boulevard, Shalu District, Taichung City, 43302, Taiwan, ROC.
| | - Chao-Lang Kao
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, National Chin-Yi University of Technology, Taichung City, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Pin-Wen Huang
- Department of Safety, Health, and Environmental Engineering, Hungkuang University, No. 1018, Sec. 6, Taiwan Boulevard, Shalu District, Taichung City, 43302, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Huang-Min Chen
- Department of Safety, Health, and Environmental Engineering, Hungkuang University, No. 1018, Sec. 6, Taiwan Boulevard, Shalu District, Taichung City, 43302, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Yu-Lun Wu
- Department of Safety, Health, and Environmental Engineering, Hungkuang University, No. 1018, Sec. 6, Taiwan Boulevard, Shalu District, Taichung City, 43302, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Gui-Ren Liang
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, National Chin-Yi University of Technology, Taichung City, Taiwan, ROC
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Fang D, Huang W, Antkiewicz DS, Wang Y, Khuzestani RB, Zhang Y, Shang J, Shafer MM, He L, Schauer JJ, Zhang Y, Zhao S. Chemical composition and health risk indices associated with size-resolved particulate matter in Pearl River Delta (PRD) region, China. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int 2019; 26:12435-12445. [PMID: 30847817 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-019-04618-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2018] [Accepted: 02/19/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Size-resolved particulate matter (PM) was collected at the Heshan Super-Station in the Pearl River Delta (PRD) region, China, to evaluate their chemical characteristics and potential health risks. The chemical mass closures illustrate that the dominant fraction in coarse (2.5 μm < Dp < 10 μm) PM was dust, while organic matter made up a substantial portion of both fine (0.1 < Dp < 2.5 μm) and ultra-fine (Dp < 0.10 μm) PM fractions. The size distribution of most PM components varied substantially. PM, NO3-, K+, Cl-, Na+ and most of the transition/redox metals displayed bimodal size distributions with the dominant peak at 0.32-0.56 μm plus a small peak at 1.8-3.2 μm. In contrast, unimodal size distributions were found for the rest of the species, such as water-soluble organic carbon (WSOC), NH4+, and SO42- and the majority of oxyanion metals with a single peak at 0.32-0.56 μm, and Mg2+, Ca2+, and dust tracer elements which mainly accumulated in coarse particles. Based on the crustal enrichment factor (CEF) analysis, Cd, Zn, Sb, Sn, As, Pb, Mo, Cu, and Cr primarily originated from anthropogenic activities, while Ti in all size fractions and Sr, Mg, Na, and Fe in fine and ultra-fine particles were mainly emitted from natural sources. The potential health risk assessment of trace metals was performed using the hazard quotient (HQ) and excess lifetime cancer risk (ELCR) indices. Although the adverse health effects of most metals were limited, significant potential carcinogenic risks were found for As and Cr in both fine and coarse particle size fractions, which contributed more than 95% of total ELCR. Therefore, considering that these two elements were mainly emitted from industrial processes, improvements in air quality and health risks in the PRD region can be largely achieved by reducing the emissions of local industrial sources.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dongqing Fang
- College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Wei Huang
- College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
- Institute for Environmental Reference Materials of Ministry of Environmental Protection, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Dagmara S Antkiewicz
- Wisconsin State Laboratory of Hygiene, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, 53706, USA
| | - Yuqin Wang
- College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shaanxi University of Science and Technology, Xi'an, 710021, China
| | - Reza Bashiri Khuzestani
- College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Yang Zhang
- College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Jing Shang
- College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Martin M Shafer
- Wisconsin State Laboratory of Hygiene, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, 53706, USA
| | - Lingyan He
- Key Lab of Urban Habitat Environmental Science and Technology, School of Environmental and Energy, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen, 518001, China
| | - James J Schauer
- Wisconsin State Laboratory of Hygiene, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, 53706, USA
- Environmental Chemistry and Technology Program, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, 53705, USA
| | - Yuanxun Zhang
- College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China.
- CAS Center for Excellence in Regional Atmospheric Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen, 361021, China.
| | - Shuo Zhao
- College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Abstract
Dust containing crystalline silica is common in mining environments in the U.S. and around the world. The exposure to respirable crystalline silica remains an important occupational issue and it can lead to the development of silicosis and other respiratory diseases. Little has been done with regard to the characterization of the crystalline silica content of specific particle sizes of mine-generated dust. Such characterization could improve monitoring techniques and control technologies for crystalline silica, decreasing worker exposure to silica and preventing future incidence of silicosis. Three gold mine dust samples were aerosolized in a laboratory chamber. Particle size-specific samples were collected for gravimetric analysis and for quantification of silica using the Microorifice Uniform Deposit Impactor (MOUDI). Dust size distributions were characterized via aerodynamic and scanning mobility particle sizers (APS, SMPS) and gravimetrically via the MOUDI. Silica size distributions were constructed using gravimetric data from the MOUDI and proportional silica content corresponding to each size range of particles collected by the MOUDI, as determined via X-ray diffraction and infrared spectroscopic quantification of silica. Results indicate that silica does not comprise a uniform proportion of total dust across all particle sizes and that the size distributions of a given dust and its silica component are similar but not equivalent. Additional research characterizing the silica content of dusts from a variety of mine types and other occupational environments is necessary in order to ascertain trends that could be beneficial in developing better monitoring and control strategies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lauren G. Chubb
- Pittsburgh Mining Research Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Pittsburgh, PA 15236, USA
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, University of Pittsburgh Graduate School of Public Health, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
| | - Emanuele G. Cauda
- Pittsburgh Mining Research Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Pittsburgh, PA 15236, USA
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Youn JS, Crosbie E, Maudlin L, Wang Z, Sorooshian A. Dimethylamine as a major alkyl amine species in particles and cloud water: Observations in semi-arid and coastal regions. Atmos Environ (1994) 2015; 122:250-258. [PMID: 26807039 PMCID: PMC4719122 DOI: 10.1016/j.atmosenv.2015.09.061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Aerosol and cloud water measurements of dimethylamine (DMA), the most abundant amine in this study, were conducted in semi-arid (Tucson, Arizona) and marine (Nucleation in California Experiment, NiCE; central coast of California) areas. In both regions, DMA exhibits a unimodal aerosol mass size distribution with a dominant peak between 0.18 and 0.56 μm. Particulate DMA concentrations increase as a function of marine biogenic emissions, sulfate, BVOC emissions, and aerosol-phase water. Such data supports biogenic sources of DMA, aminium salt formation, and partitioning of DMA to condensed phases. DMA concentrations exhibit positive correlations with various trace elements and most especially vanadium, which warrants additional investigation. Cloud water DMA levels are enhanced significantly during wildfire periods unlike particulate DMA levels, including in droplet residual particles, due to effective dissolution of DMA into cloud water and probably DMA volatilization after drop evaporation. DMA:NH+4 molar ratios peak between 0.18 and 1.0 μm depending on the site and time of year, suggesting that DMA competes better with NH3 in those sizes in terms of reactive uptake by particles.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J.-S. Youn
- Mel and Enid Zuckerman College of Public Health, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - E. Crosbie
- Department of Atmospheric Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - L.C. Maudlin
- Department of Atmospheric Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Z. Wang
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - A. Sorooshian
- Mel and Enid Zuckerman College of Public Health, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
- Department of Atmospheric Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
- Corresponding author. PO Box 210011, Tucson, AZ, 85721, USA. (A. Sorooshian)
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Qi C, Echt A, Gressel MG. On the Characterization of the Generation Rate and Size-Dependent Crystalline Silica Content of the Dust from Cutting Fiber Cement Siding. Ann Occup Hyg 2015; 60:220-30. [PMID: 26391971 DOI: 10.1093/annhyg/mev066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2015] [Accepted: 08/08/2015] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
A laboratory testing system was developed to systematically characterize the dust generation rate and size-dependent crystalline silica content when cutting or shaping silica containing materials. The tests of cutting fiber cement siding in this system verify that it provides high test repeatability, making it suitable for the targeted characterizations. The mass-based size distributions obtained from a gravimetric-based instrument and a direct reading instrument both show bimodal lognormal distributions with a larger mode ~13 µm and another mode <5 µm for the dusts from cutting four different brands of fiber cement siding. The generation rates of respirable dust obtained from the two instruments are comparable, and the results from each instrument are similar for the four brands. The silica content in the airborne dusts, however, strongly depends on the amount of silica used in the respective product. It is also observed that the silica content in the airborne dust from cutting the four brands of fiber cement siding showed the same trend of an increase with the aerodynamic diameter of the dust, approaching the silica content levels found in their respective bulk samples. Combining the results for both the dust size distribution and size-dependent silica content, it is found that most of the respirable crystalline silica (RCS) resides in the dust ~2.5 µm in aerodynamic diameter. These results would help guide the development of specific engineering control measures targeted at lowering workers' exposure to RCS while cutting fiber cement siding. With the high repeatability using the laboratory testing system, the dust generation rate could then be characterized under different operating conditions, and with the deployment of various engineering control measures. This would greatly facilitate the systematic evaluation of the control effectiveness and the selection of the optimal control solutions for field trials.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chaolong Qi
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 1090 Tusculum Ave, MS R5, Cincinnati, OH 45226, USA
| | - Alan Echt
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 1090 Tusculum Ave, MS R5, Cincinnati, OH 45226, USA
| | - Michael G Gressel
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 1090 Tusculum Ave, MS R5, Cincinnati, OH 45226, USA
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Félix OI, Csavina J, Field J, Rine KP, Sáez AE, Betterton EA. Use of lead isotopes to identify sources of metal and metalloid contaminants in atmospheric aerosol from mining operations. Chemosphere 2015; 122:219-226. [PMID: 25496740 PMCID: PMC4277909 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2014.11.057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2014] [Revised: 11/07/2014] [Accepted: 11/18/2014] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Mining operations are a potential source of metal and metalloid contamination by atmospheric particulate generated from smelting activities, as well as from erosion of mine tailings. In this work, we show how lead isotopes can be used for source apportionment of metal and metalloid contaminants from the site of an active copper mine. Analysis of atmospheric aerosol shows two distinct isotopic signatures: one prevalent in fine particles (<1μm aerodynamic diameter) while the other corresponds to coarse particles as well as particles in all size ranges from a nearby urban environment. The lead isotopic ratios found in the fine particles are equal to those of the mine that provides the ore to the smelter. Topsoil samples at the mining site show concentrations of Pb and As decreasing with distance from the smelter. Isotopic ratios for the sample closest to the smelter (650m) and from topsoil at all sample locations, extending to more than 1km from the smelter, were similar to those found in fine particles in atmospheric dust. The results validate the use of lead isotope signatures for source apportionment of metal and metalloid contaminants transported by atmospheric particulate.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Omar I Félix
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Janae Csavina
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Jason Field
- Department of Atmospheric Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Kyle P Rine
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - A Eduardo Sáez
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA.
| | - Eric A Betterton
- Department of Atmospheric Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Contini D, Cesari D, Genga A, Siciliano M, Ielpo P, Guascito MR, Conte M. Source apportionment of size-segregated atmospheric particles based on the major water-soluble components in Lecce (Italy). Sci Total Environ 2014; 472:248-61. [PMID: 24295746 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2013.10.127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2013] [Revised: 10/28/2013] [Accepted: 10/31/2013] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Atmospheric aerosols have potential effects on human health, on the radiation balance, on climate, and on visibility. The understanding of these effects requires detailed knowledge of aerosol composition and size distributions and of how the different sources contribute to particles of different sizes. In this work, aerosol samples were collected using a 10-stage Micro-Orifice Uniform Deposit Impactor (MOUDI). Measurements were taken between February and October 2011 in an urban background site near Lecce (Apulia region, southeast of Italy). Samples were analysed to evaluate the concentrations of water-soluble ions (SO4(2-), NO3(-), NH4(+), Cl(-), Na(+), K(+), Mg(2+) and Ca(2+)) and of water-soluble organic and inorganic carbon. The aerosols were characterised by two modes, an accumulation mode having a mass median diameter (MMD) of 0.35 ± 0.02 μm, representing 51 ± 4% of the aerosols and a coarse mode (MMD=4.5 ± 0.4 μm), representing 49 ± 4% of the aerosols. The data were used to estimate the losses in the impactor by comparison with a low-volume sampler. The average loss in the MOUDI-collected aerosol was 19 ± 2%, and the largest loss was observed for NO3(-) (35 ± 10%). Significant losses were observed for Ca(2+) (16 ± 5%), SO4(2-) (19 ± 5%) and K(+) (10 ± 4%), whereas the losses for Na(+) and Mg(2+) were negligible. Size-segregated source apportionment was performed using Positive Matrix Factorization (PMF), which was applied separately to the coarse (size interval 1-18 μm) and accumulation (size interval 0.056-1 μm) modes. The PMF model was able to reasonably reconstruct the concentration in each size-range. The uncertainties in the source apportionment due to impactor losses were evaluated. In the accumulation mode, it was not possible to distinguish the traffic contribution from other combustion sources. In the coarse mode, it was not possible to efficiently separate nitrate from the contribution of crustal/resuspension origin.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- D Contini
- Istituto di Scienze dell'Atmosfera e del Clima, ISAC-CNR, Lecce, Italy.
| | - D Cesari
- Istituto di Scienze dell'Atmosfera e del Clima, ISAC-CNR, Lecce, Italy
| | - A Genga
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Biologiche e Ambientali, Università del Salento, Lecce, Italy
| | - M Siciliano
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Biologiche e Ambientali, Università del Salento, Lecce, Italy
| | - P Ielpo
- Istituto di Scienze dell'Atmosfera e del Clima, ISAC-CNR, Lecce, Italy; Istituto di Ricerca Sulle Acque, IRSA-CNR, Bari, Italy
| | - M R Guascito
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Biologiche e Ambientali, Università del Salento, Lecce, Italy
| | - M Conte
- Istituto di Scienze dell'Atmosfera e del Clima, ISAC-CNR, Lecce, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Csavina J, Landázuri A, Wonaschütz A, Rine K, Rheinheimer P, Barbaris B, Conant W, Sáez AE, Betterton EA. Metal and Metalloid Contaminants in Atmospheric Aerosols from Mining Operations. Water Air Soil Pollut 2011; 221:145-157. [PMID: 23441050 PMCID: PMC3576728 DOI: 10.1007/s11270-011-0777-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Mining operations are potential sources of airborne metal and metalloid contaminants through both direct smelter emissions and wind erosion of mine tailings. The warmer, drier conditions predicted for the Southwestern US by climate models may make contaminated atmospheric dust and aerosols increasingly important, with potential deleterious effects on human health and ecology. Fine particulates such as those resulting from smelting operations may disperse more readily into the environment than coarser tailings dust. Fine particles also penetrate more deeply into the human respiratory system, and may become more bioavailable due to their high specific surface area. In this work, we report the size-fractionated chemical characterization of atmospheric aerosols sampled over a period of a year near an active mining and smelting site in Arizona. Aerosols were characterized with a 10-stage (0.054 to 18 μm aerodynamic diameter) multiple orifice uniform deposit impactor (MOUDI), a scanning mobility particle sizer (SMPS), and a total suspended particulate (TSP) collector. The MOUDI results show that arsenic and lead concentrations follow a bimodal distribution, with maxima centered at approximately 0.3 and 7.0 μm diameter. We hypothesize that the sub-micron arsenic and lead are the product of condensation and coagulation of smelting vapors. In the coarse size, contaminants are thought to originate as aeolian dust from mine tailings and other sources. Observation of ultrafine particle number concentration (SMPS) show the highest readings when the wind comes from the general direction of the smelting operations site.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Janae Csavina
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|