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Chen Y, Ye X, Zhong Y, Kang X, Tang Y, Zhu H, Pang C, Ning S, Liang S, Zhang F, Li C, Li J, Gu C, Cheng Y, Kuang Z, Qiu J, Jin J, Luo H, Fu M, Hui HX, Li L, Ruan D, Liu P, Chen X, Sun L, Ai S, Gao X. SP6 controls human cytotrophoblast fate decisions and trophoblast stem cell establishment by targeting MSX2 regulatory elements. Dev Cell 2024:S1534-5807(24)00193-X. [PMID: 38582082 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2024.03.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2023] [Revised: 12/14/2023] [Accepted: 03/12/2024] [Indexed: 04/08/2024]
Abstract
The commitment and differentiation of human placental progenitor cytotrophoblast (CT) cells are crucial for a successful pregnancy, but the underlying mechanism remains poorly understood. Here, we identified the transcription factor (TF), specificity protein 6 (SP6), as a human species-specific trophoblast lineage TF expressed in human placental CT cells. Using pluripotent stem cells as a model, we demonstrated that SP6 controls CT generation and the establishment of trophoblast stem cells (TSCs) and identified msh homeobox 2 (MSX2) as the downstream effector in these events. Mechanistically, we showed that SP6 interacts with histone acetyltransferase P300 to alter the landscape of H3K27ac at targeted regulatory elements, thereby favoring transcriptional activation and facilitating CT cell fate decisions and TSC maintenance. Our results established SP6 as a regulator of the human trophoblast lineage and implied its role in placental development and the pathogenies of placental diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanglin Chen
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Bone and Joint Degenerative Diseases, Department of Physiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Xianhua Ye
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Bone and Joint Degenerative Diseases, Department of Physiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Yulong Zhong
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Bone and Joint Degenerative Diseases, Department of Physiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Xiangjin Kang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Center for Reproductive Medicine, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Major Obstetric Diseases, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510150, China
| | - Yanqing Tang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Bone and Joint Degenerative Diseases, Department of Physiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Haoyun Zhu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Bone and Joint Degenerative Diseases, Department of Physiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Changmiao Pang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Bone and Joint Degenerative Diseases, Department of Physiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Shaoqiang Ning
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Bone and Joint Degenerative Diseases, Department of Physiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Shiqing Liang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Bone and Joint Degenerative Diseases, Department of Physiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Feifan Zhang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Bone and Joint Degenerative Diseases, Department of Physiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Chao Li
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Bone and Joint Degenerative Diseases, Department of Physiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Jie Li
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Bone and Joint Degenerative Diseases, Department of Physiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Chengtao Gu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Bone and Joint Degenerative Diseases, Department of Physiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Yuanxiong Cheng
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, The Third Affiliated Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510630, Guangdong, China
| | - Zhanpeng Kuang
- Department of Pediatrics, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Jingyang Qiu
- Department of Cell Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Jin Jin
- Department of Gynaecology and Obstetrics, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Haisi Luo
- Department of Gynaecology and Obstetrics, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Mingyu Fu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Bone and Joint Degenerative Diseases, Department of Physiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Hannah Xiaoyan Hui
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong 999077, China
| | - Lei Li
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Center for Reproductive Medicine, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Major Obstetric Diseases, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510150, China; Key Laboratory for Reproductive Medicine of Guangdong Province, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Degong Ruan
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Stem Cell, and Regenerative Medicine Consortium, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong 999077, China
| | - Pentao Liu
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Stem Cell, and Regenerative Medicine Consortium, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong 999077, China
| | - Xi Chen
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Gene Regulation and Systems Biology, School of Life Sciences, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Liangzhong Sun
- Department of Pediatrics, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China.
| | - Shanshan Ai
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Bone and Joint Degenerative Diseases, Department of Physiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China.
| | - Xuefei Gao
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Bone and Joint Degenerative Diseases, Department of Physiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China; Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, The Third Affiliated Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510630, Guangdong, China; Department of Pediatrics, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China.
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Du R, Bai S, Zhao Y, Ma Y. Efficient generation of TBX3 + atrioventricular conduction-like cardiomyocytes from human pluripotent stem cells. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2023; 669:143-149. [PMID: 37271026 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2023.05.104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2023] [Accepted: 05/24/2023] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Atrioventricular conduction cardiomyocytes (AVCCs) regulate the rate and rhythm of heart contractions. Dysfunction due to aging or disease can cause atrioventricular (AV) block, interrupting electrical impulses from the atria to the ventricles. Generation of functional atrioventricular conduction like cardiomyocytes (AVCLCs) from human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs) provides a promising approach to repair damaged atrioventricular conduction tissue by cell transplantation. In this study, we put forward the generation of AVCLCs from hPSCs by stage-specific manipulation of the retinoic acid (RA), WNT, and bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) signaling pathways. These cells express AVCC-specific markers, including the transcription factors TBX3, MSX2 and NKX2.5, display functional electrophysiological characteristics and present low conduction velocity (0.07 ± 0.02 m/s). Our findings provide new insights into the understanding of the development of the atrioventricular conduction system and propose a strategy for the treatment of severe atrioventricular conduction block by cell transplantation in future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rulong Du
- School of Life Sciences, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230027, China; Key Laboratory of Interdisciplinary Research, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Shuyun Bai
- Key Laboratory of Interdisciplinary Research, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China; Guangzhou Regenerative Medicine and Health Guangdong Laboratory, Guangzhou, 510530, China.
| | - Ya Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Interdisciplinary Research, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China; Guangzhou Regenerative Medicine and Health Guangdong Laboratory, Guangzhou, 510530, China
| | - Yue Ma
- Key Laboratory of Interdisciplinary Research, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China; Medical School of University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China; Guangzhou Regenerative Medicine and Health Guangdong Laboratory, Guangzhou, 510530, China.
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Praharaj PP, Patra S, Mishra SR, Mukhopadhyay S, Klionsky DJ, Patil S, Bhutia SK. CLU (clusterin) promotes mitophagic degradation of MSX2 through an AKT-DNM1L/Drp1 axis to maintain SOX2-mediated stemness in oral cancer stem cells. Autophagy 2023; 19:2196-2216. [PMID: 36779631 PMCID: PMC10351456 DOI: 10.1080/15548627.2023.2178876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2022] [Revised: 02/04/2023] [Accepted: 02/06/2023] [Indexed: 02/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Mitophagy regulates cancer stem cell (CSC) populations affecting tumorigenicity and malignancy in various cancer types. Here, we report that cisplatin treatment led to the activation of higher mitophagy through regulating CLU (clusterin) levels in oral CSCs. Moreover, both the gain-of-function and loss-of-function of CLU indicated its mitophagy-specific role in clearing damaged mitochondria. CLU also regulates mitochondrial fission by activating the Ser/Thr kinase AKT, which triggered phosphorylation of DNM1L/Drp1 at the serine 616 residue initiating mitochondrial fission. More importantly, we also demonstrated that CLU-mediated mitophagy positively regulates oral CSCs through mitophagic degradation of MSX2 (msh homeobox 2), preventing its nuclear translocation from suppressing SOX2 activity and subsequent inhibition of cancer stemness and self-renewal ability. However, CLU knockdown disturbed mitochondrial metabolism generating excessive mitochondrial superoxide, which improves the sensitivity to cisplatin in oral CSCs. Notably, our results showed that CLU-mediated cytoprotection relies on SOX2 expression. SOX2 inhibition through genetic (shSOX2) and pharmacological (KRX-0401) strategies reverses CLU-mediated cytoprotection, sensitizing oral CSCs toward cisplatin-mediated cell death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prakash P. Praharaj
- Cancer and Cell Death Laboratory, Department of Life Science, National Institute of Technology Rourkela, Rourkela, Odisha, India
| | - Srimanta Patra
- Cancer and Cell Death Laboratory, Department of Life Science, National Institute of Technology Rourkela, Rourkela, Odisha, India
| | - Soumya R. Mishra
- Cancer and Cell Death Laboratory, Department of Life Science, National Institute of Technology Rourkela, Rourkela, Odisha, India
| | - Subhadip Mukhopadhyay
- Cancer and Cell Death Laboratory, Department of Life Science, National Institute of Technology Rourkela, Rourkela, Odisha, India
| | - Daniel J. Klionsky
- Life Sciences Institute and Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Shankargouda Patil
- College of Dental Medicine, Roseman University of Health Sciences, South Jordan, UTAH, USA
- Centre of Molecular Medicine and Diagnostics (COMManD), Saveetha Dental College & Hospitals, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences , Saveetha University, Chennai, India
| | - Sujit K. Bhutia
- Cancer and Cell Death Laboratory, Department of Life Science, National Institute of Technology Rourkela, Rourkela, Odisha, India
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YAPIJAKIS CHRISTOS, PACHIS NIKOLAOS, SOTIRIADOU TRIANTAFYLLIA, VAILA CHRISTINA, MICHOPOULOU VASILIKI, VASSILIOU STAVROS. Molecular Mechanisms Involved in Craniosynostosis. In Vivo 2023; 37:36-46. [PMID: 36593018 PMCID: PMC9843758 DOI: 10.21873/invivo.13052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2022] [Revised: 11/07/2022] [Accepted: 11/16/2022] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Craniosynostosis refers to the early fusion of one or many cranial sutures, causing craniofacial abnormalities observed in 1:2,500 births worldwide. In most cases (85%), craniosynostosis is presented as sporadic anomaly (non-syndromic craniosynostosis), while in other cases (15%) as part of syndromes (syndromic craniosynostosis). Patients with syndromic disorder usually have more severe symptoms compared to those with single suture synostosis. Most common syndromes of craniosynostosis include Pfeiffer, Apert, Crouzon, Jackson-Weiss, Muenke and Boston type MSX2-related syndrome. The main gene mutations in craniosynostosis involve FGFR1, FGFR2, FGFR3, TWIST1 and MSX2, which encode key factors influencing cranial bone morphogenesis. The main therapeutic approaches are surgical as discussed in this review, and the type of therapy depends on the graveness of the incident.
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Affiliation(s)
- CHRISTOS YAPIJAKIS
- Unit of Orofacial Genetics, 1st Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, National Kapodistrian University of Athens, "Agia Sophia" Children’s Hospital, Athens, Greece,Department of Molecular Genetics, "Cephalogenetics" Center, Athens, Greece,Department of Oral Maxillofacial Surgery, School of Medicine, National Kapodistrian University of Athens, Attikon Hospital, Athens, Greece
| | - NIKOLAOS PACHIS
- Unit of Orofacial Genetics, 1st Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, National Kapodistrian University of Athens, "Agia Sophia" Children’s Hospital, Athens, Greece,Department of Molecular Genetics, "Cephalogenetics" Center, Athens, Greece
| | - TRIANTAFYLLIA SOTIRIADOU
- Unit of Orofacial Genetics, 1st Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, National Kapodistrian University of Athens, "Agia Sophia" Children’s Hospital, Athens, Greece
| | - CHRISTINA VAILA
- Department of Molecular Genetics, "Cephalogenetics" Center, Athens, Greece
| | | | - STAVROS VASSILIOU
- Department of Oral Maxillofacial Surgery, School of Medicine, National Kapodistrian University of Athens, Attikon Hospital, Athens, Greece
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Marin Lovrić J, Filipović N, Znaor L, Rančić A, Petričević J, Kunac N, Šoljić V, Saraga-Babić M, Vukojević K. Expression of Cell Cycle Markers and Proliferation Factors during Human Eye Embryogenesis and Tumorigenesis. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:9421. [PMID: 36012688 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23169421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2022] [Revised: 08/09/2022] [Accepted: 08/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The expression pattern of the markers p19, Ki-67, MSX1, MSX2, PDL1, pRB, and CYCLINA2 was quantitatively and semiquantitatively analyzed in histologic sections of the developing and postnatal human eye at week 8, in retinoblastoma, and in various uveal melanomas post hoc studies by double immunofluorescence. The p19 immunoreactivity characterized retinal and/or choroidal cells in healthy and tumor tissues: expression was lower in the postnatal retina than in the developing retina and retinoblastoma, whereas it was high in epithelioid melanomas. Ki67 expression was high in the developing eye, retinoblastoma, and choroidal melanomas. MSX1 and MSX2 expression was similar in the developing eye and retinoblastoma, whereas it was absent in the postnatal eye. Their different expression was evident between epithelioid and myxoid melanomas. Similarly, PDL1 was absent in epithelioid melanomas, whereas it was highly expressed in developing and tumor tissues. Expression of pRB and CYCA2 was characteristic of developing and tumorous eye samples but not of the healthy postnatal eye. The observed expression differences of the analyzed markers correlate with the origin and stage of cell differentiation of the tissue samples. The fine balance of expression could play a role in both human eye development and ocular tumorigenesis. Therefore, understanding their relationship and interplay could open new avenues for potential therapeutic interventions and a better understanding of the mechanisms underlying the developmental plasticity of the eye and the development of neoplasms.
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Abstract
PURPOSE MicroRNA-151b (miR-151b) showed altered expression in ovariectomized rat model of osteoporosis. This study established an ovariectomy-induced osteoporotic rat model to investigate the role of miR-151b in osteoblasts. METHODS Eighteen female Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats were divided randomly into Sham and OVX group (n = 9). The transfections with different miRNAs and expression vectors were confirmed by RT-qPCR. The protein expression of Msx2 was detected by Western blots. The interaction between miR-151b and Msx2D was evaluated by RNA pull-down and dual luciferase reporter assay. RESULTS The expression of miR-151b was significantly increased in femoral tissues of ovariectomy-induced osteoporotic rats. The expression of osteogenesis marker genes including RUNX2, ALP, OCN, OSX, and Msx2 were all significantly increased in osteogenic medium (OM) incubated primary osteoblasts and MC3T3-E1 cells. The interaction between miR-151b and Msx2 was confirmed by luciferase reporter assay and RNA pull-down. Moreover, overexpression of miR-151b significantly inhibited Msx2 in both MC3T3-E1 cells and primary osteoblasts, while miR-151b inhibitor had the opposite effect on the expression of Msx2. In addition, in primary osteoblasts and MC3T3-E1 cells, miR-151b overexpression, or Msx2 silence significantly decreased the expression of OSX, ALP, RUNX2, and OCN. CONCLUSION MiR-151b could inhibit osteoblast proliferation, differentiation, and mineralization via downregulating Msx2 in both MC3T3-E1 cells and primary osteoblasts. MiR-151b might serve as a novel therapeutic target for osteoporosis. ABBREVIATIONS miR-151b: microRNA-151b; miRNAs: microRNAs; Msx2: Msh homeobox 2; MAPK: mitogen-activated protein kinase; STAT: signal transducer and activator of transcription; SD: Sprague-Dawley; BMD: bone mineral density; qRT-PCR: quantitative reverse transcription PCR; MTT: methyl thiazolyl tetrazolium; OVX: ovariectomy; ALP: alkaline phosphatase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fuan Liu
- Department of Orthopedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xiamen University, Xiamen, People's Republic of China
| | - Yunbang Liang
- Department of Orthopedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xiamen University, Xiamen, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaoyi Lin
- Department of Orthopedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xiamen University, Xiamen, People's Republic of China
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Keyimu R, Tuerdi M, Zhao Z. MSX2 represses tumor stem cell phenotypes within oral squamous cell carcinomas via SOX2 degradation. Exp Biol Med (Maywood) 2021; 246:2660-2670. [PMID: 34435915 PMCID: PMC8669173 DOI: 10.1177/15353702211041029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2021] [Accepted: 08/02/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) is the sixth malignancy in the world with high incidence. The MSX2 (muscle segment homeobox 2)-Sry-related high-mobility box 2 (SOX2) signaling pathway plays a significant role in maintaining cancer stem cells, which are the origin of malignancy, leading to unfavorable outcomes in several carcinomas. This study aims to elucidate the mechanisms through which the MSX2-SOX2 pathway controls the cancer stem cell-like characterization in OSCC. The results showed that MSX2 was remarkably downregulated in OSCC and that the MSX2 expression level was related to unfavorable outcomes in patients with OSCC. Meanwhile, the MSX2 expression level was lower in the CD44+/CD24- population than in the other populations of OSCC cells. The OSCC2 cells exhibited decreased percentage of CD44+/CD24- cells, owing to MSX2 overexpression but increased owing to MSX2 knockdown. Moreover, a negative correlation was observed between MSX2 expression and is SOX2 transcriptional levels in different populations within the OSCC cell lines. Regarding the loss and gain of function, cancer stem cell phenotypes such as tumor globular formation, CD44+ subpopulation cells, and stem cell-associated gene expression were enhanced by MSX2 knockdown in OSCC CD44+/CD24- cells but decreased by MSX2 overexpression in other OSCC populations. However, these events were counteracted by the co-knockdown or SOX2 overexpression. Cells with MSX2 overexpression or knockdown formed smaller or bigger cancers in vivo, thereby showing a lower or a higher tumor incidence, respectively. Thus, our results confirm that MSX2 has a tumor suppression effect on the cancer stem cell phenotypes of OSCC and indicate that the MSX2-SOX2 signaling pathway could be a useful target for OSCC treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reziwan Keyimu
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Department of Orthodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Sichuan 610041, China
| | - Maimaitituxun Tuerdi
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Trauma and Orthognathic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital (Stomatological Hospital) of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi 830000, China
| | - Zhihe Zhao
- National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Department of Orthodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Chengdu 610041, China
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Jain N, Pilmane M. Evaluating the Expression of Candidate Homeobox Genes and Their Role in Local-Site Inflammation in Mucosal Tissue Obtained from Children with Non-Syndromic Cleft Lip and Palate. J Pers Med 2021; 11:jpm11111135. [PMID: 34834487 PMCID: PMC8618679 DOI: 10.3390/jpm11111135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2021] [Revised: 10/28/2021] [Accepted: 10/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Craniofacial development including palatogenesis is a complex process which requires an orchestrated and spatiotemporal expression of various genes and factors for proper embryogenesis and organogenesis. One such group of genes essential for craniofacial development is the homeobox genes, transcriptional factors that are commonly associated with congenital abnormalities. Amongst these genes, DLX4, HOXB3, and MSX2 have been recently shown to be involved in the etiology of non-syndromic cleft lip and palate. Hence, we investigated the gene and protein expression of these genes in normal and cleft affected mucosal tissue obtained from 22 children, along with analyzing their role in promoting local-site inflammation using NF-κB. Additionally, we investigated the role of PTX3, which plays a critical role in tissue remodeling and wound repair. We found a residual gene and protein expression of DLX4 in cleft mucosa, although no differences in gene expression levels of HOXB3 and MSX2 were noted. However, a significant increase in protein expression for these genes was noted in the cleft mucosa (p < 0.05), indicating increased cellular proliferation. This was coupled with a significant increase in NF-κB protein expression in cleft mucosa (p < 0.05), highlighting the role of these genes in promotion of pro-inflammatory environment. Finally, no differences in gene expression of PTX3 were noted.
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Liu H, Guo Z, Mo L, Sun Y, Zhang J, Liu X, Liu Z. Quantitative label-free optical technique to analyze the ultrastructure changes and spatiotemporal relationship of enamel induced by Msx2 deletion. J Biophotonics 2021; 14:e202100165. [PMID: 34240824 DOI: 10.1002/jbio.202100165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2021] [Revised: 07/06/2021] [Accepted: 07/06/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
New advances in the molecular mechanism of enamel mineralization reveal the practical significance of regenerative medicine in clinical transformation. Muscle segment homeobox 2 (MSX2), a transcription factor, is recently reported to be closely associated with the amelogenesis imperfecta (AI). To elucidate the biomineralization framework of AI enamel, herein, Msx2 gene mutant mice are investigated by dual-mode noninvasive spectroscopic analytical techniques for the first time. Optical coherence tomography (OCT) records the depth-resolved structural information of mice teeth, where a dramatic decrease in enamel thickness and quality occurred in Msx2 deficient (Msx2-/- ) enamel. And it has the advantages of fast, noninvasive and low cost. Raman spectroscopy, a powerful molecular fingerprint tool, further witnesses an imbalance of inorganic and organic contents in Msx2-/- enamel. In addition, abnormal expression of MSX2 also influences the spatial distribution of phosphate in enamel according to the Raman spectral imaging. Therefore, OCT integrated with Raman spectroscopy provides the quantitative label-free optical parameters of both the physical structure and chemical component in mice enamel, which strengthens the understanding of the biomineralization process underlying the Msx2-related amelogenesis imperfect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Liu
- SATCM Third Grade Laboratory of Chinese Medicine and Photonics Technology and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Laser Life Science, GuangzhouKey Laboratory of Spectral Analysis and Functional Probes, College of Biophotonics, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhouyi Guo
- SATCM Third Grade Laboratory of Chinese Medicine and Photonics Technology and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Laser Life Science, GuangzhouKey Laboratory of Spectral Analysis and Functional Probes, College of Biophotonics, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Luoqi Mo
- SATCM Third Grade Laboratory of Chinese Medicine and Photonics Technology and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Laser Life Science, GuangzhouKey Laboratory of Spectral Analysis and Functional Probes, College of Biophotonics, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yan Sun
- Department of Oral Biology, School of Bioscience and Technology, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, Shandong, People's Republic of China
| | - JuanJuan Zhang
- Department of Oral Biology, School of Bioscience and Technology, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, Shandong, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaoying Liu
- Department of Oral Biology, School of Bioscience and Technology, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, Shandong, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhiming Liu
- SATCM Third Grade Laboratory of Chinese Medicine and Photonics Technology and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Laser Life Science, GuangzhouKey Laboratory of Spectral Analysis and Functional Probes, College of Biophotonics, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, China
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Hornbachner R, Lackner A, Papuchova H, Haider S, Knöfler M, Mechtler K, Latos PA. MSX2 safeguards syncytiotrophoblast fate of human trophoblast stem cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2021; 118:e2105130118. [PMID: 34507999 PMCID: PMC8449346 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2105130118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Multiple placental pathologies are associated with failures in trophoblast differentiation, yet the underlying transcriptional regulation is poorly understood. Here, we discovered msh homeobox 2 (MSX2) as a key transcriptional regulator of trophoblast identity using the human trophoblast stem cell model. Depletion of MSX2 resulted in activation of the syncytiotrophoblast transcriptional program, while forced expression of MSX2 blocked it. We demonstrated that a large proportion of the affected genes were directly bound and regulated by MSX2 and identified components of the SWItch/Sucrose nonfermentable (SWI/SNF) complex as strong MSX2 interactors and target gene cobinders. MSX2 cooperated specifically with the SWI/SNF canonical BAF (cBAF) subcomplex and cooccupied, together with H3K27ac, a number of differentiation genes. Increased H3K27ac and cBAF occupancy upon MSX2 depletion imply that MSX2 prevents premature syncytiotrophoblast differentiation. Our findings established MSX2 as a repressor of the syncytiotrophoblast lineage and demonstrated its pivotal role in cell fate decisions that govern human placental development and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruth Hornbachner
- Center for Anatomy and Cell Biology, Medical University of Vienna, A-1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Andreas Lackner
- Center for Anatomy and Cell Biology, Medical University of Vienna, A-1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Henrieta Papuchova
- Center for Anatomy and Cell Biology, Medical University of Vienna, A-1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Sandra Haider
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Reproductive Biology Unit, Medical University of Vienna, A-1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Martin Knöfler
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Reproductive Biology Unit, Medical University of Vienna, A-1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Karl Mechtler
- Protein Chemistry Facility, Institute of Molecular Pathology, A-1030 Vienna, Austria
| | - Paulina A Latos
- Center for Anatomy and Cell Biology, Medical University of Vienna, A-1090 Vienna, Austria;
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11
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Zhang J, Xu Y, Zhao Y, Bai J, Xu M, Li C, Li J, Ren Y, Xu C, Gao Y, Sun Y, Liu X. The absence of muscle segment homeobox 2 leads to the pyroptosis of ameloblasts by inducing squamous epithelial hyperplasia in the enamel organ. J Cell Mol Med 2021; 25:6429-6437. [PMID: 34041852 PMCID: PMC8256348 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.16646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2020] [Revised: 03/03/2021] [Accepted: 04/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Muscle segment homeobox 2 (MSX2) has been confirmed to be involved in the regulation of early tooth development. However, the role of MSX2 has not been fully elucidated in enamel development. To research the functions of MSX2 in enamel formation, we used a Msx2-/- (KO) mouse model with no full Msx2 gene. In the present study, the dental appearance and enamel microstructure were detected by scanning electron microscopy and micro-computed tomography. The results showed that the absence of Msx2 resulted in enamel defects, leading to severe tooth wear in KO mice. To further investigate the mechanism behind the phenotype, we performed detailed histological analyses of the enamel organ in KO mice. We discovered that ameloblasts without Msx2 could secrete a small amount of enamel matrix protein in the early stage. However, the enamel epithelium occurred squamous epithelial hyperplasia and partial keratinization in the enamel organ during subsequent developmental stages. Ameloblasts depolarized and underwent pyroptosis. Overall, during the development of enamel, MSX2 affects the formation of enamel by regulating the function of epithelial cells in the enamel organ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juanjuan Zhang
- Department of Oral BiologySchool of Bioscience and TechnologyWeifang Medical UniversityWeifangChina
| | - Ying Xu
- Department of Oral BiologySchool of Bioscience and TechnologyWeifang Medical UniversityWeifangChina
| | - Ying Zhao
- Department of Oral BiologySchool of Bioscience and TechnologyWeifang Medical UniversityWeifangChina
| | - Jingkun Bai
- Department of Oral BiologySchool of Bioscience and TechnologyWeifang Medical UniversityWeifangChina
| | - Mengge Xu
- Department of Oral BiologySchool of Bioscience and TechnologyWeifang Medical UniversityWeifangChina
| | - Chuanji Li
- Department of Oral BiologySchool of Bioscience and TechnologyWeifang Medical UniversityWeifangChina
| | - Jinyue Li
- Department of Oral BiologySchool of Bioscience and TechnologyWeifang Medical UniversityWeifangChina
| | - Yong Ren
- Department of Oral BiologySchool of Bioscience and TechnologyWeifang Medical UniversityWeifangChina
| | - Chang Xu
- Department of Pediatric DentistryBinzhou Medical UniversityYantaiChina
| | - Yuguang Gao
- Department of Pediatric DentistryBinzhou Medical UniversityYantaiChina
| | - Yan Sun
- Department of Oral BiologySchool of Bioscience and TechnologyWeifang Medical UniversityWeifangChina
| | - Xiaoying Liu
- Department of Oral BiologySchool of Bioscience and TechnologyWeifang Medical UniversityWeifangChina
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12
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Wu Y, Jin Y, Yamamoto N, Takeuchi A, Miwa S, Tsuchiya H, Yang Z. MSX2 inhibits the growth and migration of osteosarcoma cells by repressing SOX2. Am J Transl Res 2021; 13:5851-5865. [PMID: 34306330 PMCID: PMC8290658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2021] [Accepted: 04/19/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
SRY (sex determining region Y)-box 2 (SOX2) plays a key role in the maintenance of stemness and resistance to drugs, whereas tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α is essential for maintaining cancer cell proliferation and metastasis. Accumulation of muscle segment homeobox 2 (MSX2) leads to downregulation of SOX2 expression. Here, we explored the MSX2-SOX2-TNF-α signaling axis and its function in the tumor phenotypes of osteosarcoma cells. Colony formation assay, cell counting kit (CCK)-8 assay, and Flow cytometry were used to examine cell growth, viability, and death, respectively. Wound healing and Transwell invasive assay were employed to examine cell migratory and invasive activities, respectively. Western blotting and RT-qPCR were used to determine the protein and mRNA expressions of MSX2, SOX2, TNF-α, Bax, and matrix metalloproteinase-2 (MMP-2). Osteosarcoma clinical samples and cells showed lower levels of MSX2 than normal healthy control samples. Overexpression of MSX2 led to a reduced activity of SOX2 and TNF-α, whereas MSX2 depletion did not contribute to upregulated SOX2 levels. A gain-of-function experiment showed that osteosarcoma cell viability and growth were reduced, cell death was increased, and migration and invasion were inhibited in the MSX2 overexpression group compared with those in the non-transfected group. Furthermore, co-overexpression of MSX2 and SOX2 counteracted the inhibitory effects of MSX2 on the abovementioned tumor phenotypes of osteosarcoma cells. An in vivo tumor growth assay showed that MSX2 overexpression slowed the growth rate of osteosarcoma xenograft tumors. Thus, MSX2 loss plays a crucial role in the osteosarcoma phenotype by elevating SOX2 and TNF-α levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Wu
- Department of Orthopedics, Beijing United Family HealthcareBeijing, China
| | - Yi Jin
- Joint Surgery Department of Orthopedics, Changsha Central Hospital Affiliated to South China UniversityChangsha, China
| | - Norio Yamamoto
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa UniversityKanazawa, Japan
| | - Akihiko Takeuchi
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa UniversityKanazawa, Japan
| | - Shinji Miwa
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa UniversityKanazawa, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Tsuchiya
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa UniversityKanazawa, Japan
| | - Zhijun Yang
- Department of Trauma Orthopedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of South China UniversityHengyang 421001, Hunan, China
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13
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Wang H, Wang M, Wang Y, Wen Y, Chen X, Wu D, Su P, Zhou W, Shi L, Zhou J. MSX2 suppression through inhibition of TGFβ signaling enhances hematopoietic differentiation of human embryonic stem cells. Stem Cell Res Ther 2020; 11:147. [PMID: 32248833 PMCID: PMC7132876 DOI: 10.1186/s13287-020-01653-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2019] [Revised: 03/03/2020] [Accepted: 03/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Strategies of generating functional blood cells from human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs) remain largely unsuccessful due to the lack of a comprehensive understanding of hematopoietic development. Endothelial-to-hematopoietic transition (EHT) serves as the pivotal mechanism for the onset of hematopoiesis and is negatively regulated by TGF-β signaling. However, little is known about the underlying details of TGF-β signaling during EHT. Methods In this study, by applying genome-wide gene profiling, we identified muscle segment homeobox2 (MSX2) as a potential mediator of TGF-β signaling during EHT. We generated MSX2-deleted human embryonic stem cell (hESC) lines using the CRISPR/Cas9 technology and induced them to undergo hematopoietic differentiation. The role of MSX2 in hematopoiesis and functional regulation of TGFβ signaling in EHT was studied. Results We identified MSX2 as a novel regulator of human hematopoiesis. MSX2 deletion promotes the production of hematopoietic cells from hESCs. Functional and bioinformatics studies further demonstrated that MSX2 deletion augments hematopoietic differentiation of hESCs by facilitating EHT. Mechanistically, MSX2 acts as a downstream target of TGFβ signaling to mediate its function during EHT. Conclusions Our results not only improve the understanding of EHT, but may also provide novel insight into the efficient production of functional blood cells from hPSCs for regenerative medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongtao Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, National Clinical Research Center for Blood Diseases, Institute of Hematology & Blood Diseases Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin, 300020, China.,Center for Stem Cell Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Department of Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine, Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin, 300020, China
| | - Mengge Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, National Clinical Research Center for Blood Diseases, Institute of Hematology & Blood Diseases Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin, 300020, China.,Center for Stem Cell Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Department of Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine, Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin, 300020, China
| | - Yu Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, National Clinical Research Center for Blood Diseases, Institute of Hematology & Blood Diseases Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin, 300020, China.,Center for Stem Cell Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Department of Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine, Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin, 300020, China
| | - Yuqi Wen
- State Key Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, National Clinical Research Center for Blood Diseases, Institute of Hematology & Blood Diseases Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin, 300020, China.,Center for Stem Cell Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Department of Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine, Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin, 300020, China
| | - Xiaoyuan Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, National Clinical Research Center for Blood Diseases, Institute of Hematology & Blood Diseases Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin, 300020, China.,Center for Stem Cell Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Department of Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine, Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin, 300020, China
| | - Dan Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, National Clinical Research Center for Blood Diseases, Institute of Hematology & Blood Diseases Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin, 300020, China.,Center for Stem Cell Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Department of Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine, Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin, 300020, China
| | - Pei Su
- State Key Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, National Clinical Research Center for Blood Diseases, Institute of Hematology & Blood Diseases Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin, 300020, China.,Center for Stem Cell Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Department of Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine, Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin, 300020, China
| | - Wen Zhou
- Department of Hematology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China.,Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion, Ministry of Education; Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis, National Health and Family Planning Commission; Cancer Research Institute, School of Basic Medical Science, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Lihong Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, National Clinical Research Center for Blood Diseases, Institute of Hematology & Blood Diseases Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin, 300020, China.,Center for Stem Cell Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Department of Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine, Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin, 300020, China
| | - Jiaxi Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, National Clinical Research Center for Blood Diseases, Institute of Hematology & Blood Diseases Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin, 300020, China. .,Center for Stem Cell Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Department of Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine, Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin, 300020, China.
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14
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Yin Y, Xie CM, Li H, Tan M, Chen G, Schiff R, Xiong X, Sun Y. The FBXW2- MSX2-SOX2 axis regulates stem cell property and drug resistance of cancer cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2019; 116:20528-38. [PMID: 31548378 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1905973116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
SOX2 is a key transcription factor that plays critical roles in maintaining stem cell property and conferring drug resistance. However, the underlying mechanisms by which SOX2 level is precisely regulated remain elusive. Here we report that MLN4924, also known as pevonedistat, a small-molecule inhibitor of neddylation currently in phase II clinical trials, down-regulates SOX2 expression via causing accumulation of MSX2, a known transcription repressor of SOX2 expression. Mechanistic characterization revealed that MSX2 is a substrate of FBXW2 E3 ligase. FBXW2 binds to MSX2 and promotes MSX2 ubiquitylation and degradation. Likewise, FBXW2 overexpression shortens the protein half-life of MSX2, whereas FBXW2 knockdown extends it. We further identified hypoxia as a stress condition that induces VRK2 kinase to facilitate MSX2-FBXW2 binding and FBXW2-mediated MSX2 ubiquitylation and degradation, leading to SOX2 induction via derepression. Biologically, expression of FBXW2 or SOX2 promotes tumor sphere formation, which is blocked by MSX2 expression. By down-regulating SOX2 through inactivation of FBXW2 E3 ligase, MLN4924 sensitizes breast cancer cells to tamoxifen in both in vitro and in vivo cancer cell models. Thus, a negative cascade of the FBXW2-MSX2-SOX2 axis was established, which regulates stem cell property and drug resistance. Finally, an inverse correlation of expression was found between FBXW2 and MSX2 in lung and breast cancer tissues. Collectively, our study revealed an anticancer mechanism of MLN4924. By inactivating FBXW2, MLN4924 caused MSX2 accumulation to repress SOX2 expression, leading to suppression of stem cell property and sensitization of breast cancer cells to tamoxifen.
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15
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Qu Y, Liang X, Liu D, Jia H, Wang W. MSX2 and BCL2 expressions in the development of anorectal malformations in ethylenethiourea-induced rat embryos. Exp Mol Pathol 2018; 105:311-321. [PMID: 30268882 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexmp.2018.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2018] [Revised: 08/31/2018] [Accepted: 09/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND This study aimed to determine Msh homeobox 2 (MSX2) and B cell lymphoma-2 (BCL2) expression patterns during anorectal development in anorectal malformations (ARM) and normal rat embryos, with the goals of determining the role of MSX2 and BCL2 in ARM pathogenesis. METHODS ARM was induced in rat embryos with ethylenethiourea administered to dams on gestational day 10 (GD10). Embryos were harvested by cesarean deliveries from GD14 to GD16. MSX2 and BCL2 expression was evaluated via immunohistochemical staining, immunofluorescence, western blotting and quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR). RESULTS Immunohistochemical staining of ARM embryos revealed that MSX2 was mainly expressed in the epithelium of the hindgut and urorectal septum (URS) on GD14. On GD15 and GD16, MSX2-immunolabeled cells were noted in the epithelium of the rectum, fistula and URS. However, in normal embryos, faint immunopositivity for MSX2 was demonstrated in the epithelium of the rectum and URS from GD14 to GD16. As for BCL2, in normal embryos, BCL2-immunopositive cells were extensively expressed in the epithelium of the hindgut and URS on GD14 and GD15. In ARM embryos, weak immunopositivity for BCL2 was detected in the epithelium of hindgut and URS on GD14 and GD15. Immunofluorescence revealed that MSX2 and BCL2 colocalized in the hindgut. In ARM embryos, we observed more MSX2-positive than BCL2-positive cells on GD14; the normal embryos had the opposite pattern. Analyses by western blot and qRT-PCR showed that MSX2 protein and mRNA expression was significantly increased in ARM embryos compared with the normal embryos on GD15 and GD16 (p < 0.05). However, BCL2 protein and mRNA expression was significantly decreased in ARM embryos compared with the normal embryos on GD14 (p < 0.05). The MSX2/BCL2 ratio of protein and mRNA expression level in the ARM group was the highest on GD15. CONCLUSION These results indicate that upregulation of MSX2 and downregulation of BCL2 during cloacal development into the rectum and urethra might be related to the ARM development, and MSX2 promoted apoptosis through reduction of BCL2 expression during the development of anorectal development in ARM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Qu
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Shengjing Hospital, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
| | - Xingchi Liang
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Shengjing Hospital, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
| | - Dan Liu
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Shengjing Hospital, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
| | - Huimin Jia
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Shengjing Hospital, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China.
| | - Weilin Wang
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Shengjing Hospital, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
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16
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Zhang L, Wang H, Liu C, Wu Q, Su P, Wu D, Guo J, Zhou W, Xu Y, Shi L, Zhou J. MSX2 Initiates and Accelerates Mesenchymal Stem/Stromal Cell Specification of hPSCs by Regulating TWIST1 and PRAME. Stem Cell Reports. 2018;11:497-513. [PMID: 30033084 PMCID: PMC6092836 DOI: 10.1016/j.stemcr.2018.06.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2017] [Revised: 06/19/2018] [Accepted: 06/20/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The gap in knowledge of the molecular mechanisms underlying differentiation of human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs) into the mesenchymal cell lineages hinders the application of hPSCs for cell-based therapy. In this study, we identified a critical role of muscle segment homeobox 2 (MSX2) in initiating and accelerating the molecular program that leads to mesenchymal stem/stromal cell (MSC) differentiation from hPSCs. Genetic deletion of MSX2 impairs hPSC differentiation into MSCs. When aided with a cocktail of soluble molecules, MSX2 ectopic expression induces hPSCs to form nearly homogeneous and fully functional MSCs. Mechanistically, MSX2 induces hPSCs to form neural crest cells, an intermediate cell stage preceding MSCs, and further differentiation by regulating TWIST1 and PRAME. Furthermore, we found that MSX2 is also required for hPSC differentiation into MSCs through mesendoderm and trophoblast. Our findings provide novel mechanistic insights into lineage specification of hPSCs to MSCs and effective strategies for applications of stem cells for regenerative medicine.
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17
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Yuan W, Sui CG, Ma X, Ma J. [A novel chemo-resistant gene MSX2 discovered by establishment of two pancreatic cancer drug resistant cell lines JF305/CDDP and PANC-1/GEM]. Zhonghua Zhong Liu Za Zhi 2018; 40:330-334. [PMID: 29860758 DOI: 10.3760/cma.j.issn.0253-3766.2018.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Objective: To explore new multidrug resistant genes of pancreatic cancer by establishment and characterization of chemo-resistant cell lines. Methods: The cisplatin-resistant cell line JF305/CDDP and the gemcitabine-resistant cell line PANC-1/GEM were induced by high-dose intermittent treatment. CCK-8 assay was used to detect the 50% inhibiting concentration (IC(50)), drug resistance index (R), cross-resistance, and growth difference of different cells. The changes of cell cycle and migration ability of drug-resistant cells were determined by flow cytometry and transwell assay, respectively. And then real-time fluorescence quantitative PCR was used to detect the expression of multidrug resistance-related genes. Results: The drug resistance indexes of JF305/CDDP and PANC-1/GEM were 15.3 and 27.31, respectively, and there was cross-resistance. Compared with the parental cells, the proliferation rate of JF305/CDDP was decreased by 40% on the fourth day (P<0.05); the proportion of S phase was decreased from (45±2)% to (30±2)% (P<0.05), and the migration ability was enhanced from (32 ±1) cells per field to (158±5) cells per field (P<0.01). The expression of multidrug resistance-related genes MRP2, MDR1, LRP and MSX2 was increased in JF305/CDDP cells (P<0.05). Knockdown of MSX2 in JF305 cells reduced the expression of MRP2, whereas overexpression of MSX2 in PANC-1 cells upregulated MRP2 level (P<0.05). Conclusions: Two stable multidrug resistant cell lines of pancreatic cancer, JF305/CDDP and PANC-1/GEM, were successfully established. MSX2 might be a new drug resistance related gene in pancreatic cancer cells by up-regulation of MRP2 expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, National Cancer Center/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100021, China
| | - C G Sui
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, National Cancer Center/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100021, China
| | - X Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, National Cancer Center/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100021, China
| | - J Ma
- Department of Biotherapy, Beijing Hospital, National Center of Gerontology, Beijing 100730, China
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18
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Howes TR, Summers BR, Kingsley DM. Dorsal spine evolution in threespine sticklebacks via a splicing change in MSX2A. BMC Biol 2017; 15:115. [PMID: 29212540 PMCID: PMC5719529 DOI: 10.1186/s12915-017-0456-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2017] [Accepted: 11/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Dorsal spine reduction in threespine sticklebacks (Gasterosteus aculeatus) is a classic example of recurrent skeletal evolution in nature. Sticklebacks in marine environments typically have long spines that form part of their skeletal armor. Many derived freshwater populations have evolved shorter spines. Changes in spine length are controlled in part by a quantitative trait locus (QTL) previously mapped to chromosome 4, but the causative gene and mutations underlying the repeated evolution of this interesting skeletal trait have not been identified. RESULTS Refined mapping of the spine length QTL shows that it lies near the MSX2A transcription factor gene. MSX2A is expressed in developing spines. In F1 marine × freshwater fish, the marine allele is preferentially expressed. Differences in expression can be attributed to splicing regulation. Due to the use of an alternative 5 ' splice site within the first exon, the freshwater allele produces greater amounts of a shortened, non-functional transcript and makes less of the full-length transcript. Sequence changes in the MSX2A region are shared by many freshwater fish, suggesting that repeated evolution occurs by reuse of a spine-reduction variant. To demonstrate the effect of full-length MSX2A on spine length, we produced transgenic freshwater fish expressing a copy of marine MSX2A. The spines of the transgenic fish were significantly longer on average than those of their non-transgenic siblings, partially reversing the reduced spine lengths that have evolved in freshwater populations. CONCLUSIONS MSX2A is a major gene underlying dorsal spine reduction in freshwater sticklebacks. The gene is linked to a separate gene controlling bony plate loss, helping explain the concerted effects of chromosome 4 on multiple armor-reduction traits. The nature of the molecular changes provides an interesting example of morphological evolution occurring not through a simple amino acid change, nor through a change only in gene expression levels, but through a change in the ratio of splice products encoding both normal and truncated proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy R Howes
- Department of Chemical and Systems Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Brian R Summers
- Department of Developmental Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - David M Kingsley
- Department of Developmental Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA. .,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA.
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19
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Kero D, Vukojevic K, Stazic P, Sundov D, Mardesic Brakus S, Saraga-Babic M. Regulation of proliferation in developing human tooth germs by MSX homeodomain proteins and cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor p19 INK4d. Organogenesis 2017; 13:141-155. [PMID: 28933666 DOI: 10.1080/15476278.2017.1358337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Before the secretion of hard dental tissues, tooth germs undergo several distinctive stages of development (dental lamina, bud, cap and bell). Every stage is characterized by specific proliferation patterns, which is regulated by various morphogens, growth factors and homeodomain proteins. The role of MSX homeodomain proteins in odontogenesis is rather complex. Expression domains of genes encoding for murine Msx1/2 during development are observed in tissues containing highly proliferative progenitor cells. Arrest of tooth development in Msx knockout mice can be attributed to impaired proliferation of progenitor cells. In Msx1 knockout mice, these progenitor cells start to differentiate prematurely as they strongly express cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor p19INK4d. p19INK4d induces terminal differentiation of cells by blocking the cell cycle in mitogen-responsive G1 phase. Direct suppression of p19INK4d by Msx1 protein is, therefore, important for maintaining proliferation of progenitor cells at levels required for the normal progression of tooth development. In this study, we examined the expression patterns of MSX1, MSX2 and p19INK4d in human incisor tooth germs during the bud, cap and early bell stages of development. The distribution of expression domains of p19INK4d throughout the investigated period indicates that p19INK4d plays active role during human tooth development. Furthermore, comparison of expression domains of p19INK4d with those of MSX1, MSX2 and proliferation markers Ki67, Cyclin A2 and pRb, indicates that MSX-mediated regulation of proliferation in human tooth germs might not be executed by the mechanism similar to one described in developing tooth germs of wild-type mouse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Darko Kero
- a Laboratory for Early Human Development, Study Program of Dental Medicine, School of Medicine , University of Split , Split , Croatia
| | - Katarina Vukojevic
- b Laboratory for Early Human Development, Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, School of Medicine , University of Split , Split , Croatia
| | - Petra Stazic
- c Study Program of Dental Medicine, School of Medicine , University of Split , Split , Croatia
| | - Danijela Sundov
- d Laboratory for Early Human Development, School of Medicine , University of Split , Split , Croatia
| | - Snjezana Mardesic Brakus
- d Laboratory for Early Human Development, School of Medicine , University of Split , Split , Croatia
| | - Mirna Saraga-Babic
- b Laboratory for Early Human Development, Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, School of Medicine , University of Split , Split , Croatia
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Abstract
While many effectors have been identified in enamel matrix and cells via genetic studies, physiological networks underlying their expression levels and thus the natural spectrum of enamel thickness and degree of mineralization are now just emerging. Several transcription factors are candidates for enamel gene expression regulation and thus the control of enamel quality. Some of these factors, such as MSX2, are mainly confined to the dental epithelium. MSX2 homeoprotein controls several stages of the ameloblast life cycle. This chapter introduces MSX2 and its target genes in the ameloblast and provides an overview of knowledge regarding its effects in vivo in transgenic mouse models. Currently available in vitro data on the role of MSX2 as a transcription factor and its links to other players in ameloblast gene regulation are considered. MSX2 modulations are relevant to the interplay between developmental, hormonal and environmental pathways and in vivo investigations, notably in the rodent incisor, have provided insight into dental physiology. Indeed, in vivo models are particularly promising for investigating enamel formation and MSX2 function in ameloblast cell fate. MSX2 may be central to the temporal-spatial restriction of enamel protein production by the dental epithelium and thus regulation of enamel quality (thickness and mineralization level) under physiological and pathological conditions. Studies on MSX2 show that amelogenesis is not an isolated process but is part of the more general physiology of coordinated dental-bone complex growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sylvie Babajko
- Laboratory of Molecular Oral Pathophysiology, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, UMRS 1138 Paris, France ; Laboratory of Molecular Oral Pathophysiology, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Université Paris-Descartes Paris, France ; Laboratory of Molecular Oral Pathophysiology, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Université Pierre et Marie Curie-Paris Paris, France ; Laboratory of Molecular Oral Pathophysiology, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Université Paris-Diderot Paris, France
| | - Muriel de La Dure-Molla
- Laboratory of Molecular Oral Pathophysiology, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, UMRS 1138 Paris, France ; Laboratory of Molecular Oral Pathophysiology, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Université Paris-Descartes Paris, France ; Laboratory of Molecular Oral Pathophysiology, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Université Pierre et Marie Curie-Paris Paris, France ; Laboratory of Molecular Oral Pathophysiology, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Université Paris-Diderot Paris, France ; Centre de Référence des Maladies Rares de la Face et de la Cavité Buccale MAFACE, Hôpital Rothschild Paris, France
| | - Katia Jedeon
- Laboratory of Molecular Oral Pathophysiology, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, UMRS 1138 Paris, France ; Laboratory of Molecular Oral Pathophysiology, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Université Paris-Descartes Paris, France ; Laboratory of Molecular Oral Pathophysiology, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Université Pierre et Marie Curie-Paris Paris, France ; Laboratory of Molecular Oral Pathophysiology, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Université Paris-Diderot Paris, France
| | - Ariane Berdal
- Laboratory of Molecular Oral Pathophysiology, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, UMRS 1138 Paris, France ; Laboratory of Molecular Oral Pathophysiology, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Université Paris-Descartes Paris, France ; Laboratory of Molecular Oral Pathophysiology, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Université Pierre et Marie Curie-Paris Paris, France ; Laboratory of Molecular Oral Pathophysiology, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Université Paris-Diderot Paris, France ; Centre de Référence des Maladies Rares de la Face et de la Cavité Buccale MAFACE, Hôpital Rothschild Paris, France
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Richter A, Valdimarsdottir L, Hrafnkelsdottir HE, Runarsson JF, Omarsdottir AR, Ward-van Oostwaard D, Mummery C, Valdimarsdottir G. BMP4 promotes EMT and mesodermal commitment in human embryonic stem cells via SLUG and MSX2. Stem Cells 2014; 32:636-48. [PMID: 24549638 DOI: 10.1002/stem.1592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2013] [Revised: 10/08/2013] [Accepted: 10/12/2013] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs) initiate differentiation in human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) but the exact mechanisms have not been fully elucidated. We demonstrate here that SLUG and MSX2, transcription factors involved in epithelial-mesenchymal transitions, essential features of gastrulation in development and tumor progression, are important mediators of BMP4-induced differentiation in hESCs. Phosphorylated Smad1/5/8 colocalized with the SLUG protein at the edges of hESC colonies where differentiation takes place. The upregulation of the BMP target SLUG was direct as shown by the binding of phosphorylated Smad1/5/8 to its promoter, which interrupted the formation of adhesion proteins, resulting in migration. Knockdown of SLUG by short hairpin RNA blocked these changes, confirming an important role for SLUG in BMP-mediated mesodermal differentiation. Furthermore, BMP4-induced MSX2 expression leads to mesoderm formation and then preferential differentiation toward the cardiovascular lineage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Richter
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, BioMedical Center, University of Iceland, Iceland
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Plaisancié J, Collet C, Pelletier V, Perdomo Y, Studer F, Fradin M, Schaefer E, Speeg-Schatz C, Bloch-Zupan A, Flori E, Dollfus H. MSX2 Gene Duplication in a Patient with Eye Development Defects. Ophthalmic Genet 2014; 36:353-8. [PMID: 24666290 DOI: 10.3109/13816810.2014.886270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND MSX2 mutations are a very rare cause of craniosynostosis. Gain-of-function mutations may lead to the Boston-type craniosynostosis with limb defects and refraction errors, whereas loss-of-function mutations causes primary osseous defects such as enlarged parietal foramina. MATERIALS AND METHODS Herein we report the case of a child with bicoronal synostosis and cutaneous syndactylies, who presented iridal and chorioretinal colobomas. Due to the craniofacial features that were prominent in the clinical picture, the genes involved in craniosynostosis were explored. RESULTS The patient disclosed an intragenic duplication of the entire MSX2 gene whereas no mutation was identified in any major genes known to be involved in craniosynostosis. CONCLUSION This is the first report of an eye development defect due to an increase in the MSX2 copy number in a human being. The implication of this gene in eye development has already been shown in several animal models. Indeed, overexpression of the Msx2 gene in a mouse model resulted also in optic nerve aplasia and microphthalmia. This report expands the phenotypic spectrum of the MSX2 mutations impacting early ocular development knowledge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie Plaisancié
- a Centre de référence pour les Affections Rares en Génétique Ophtalmologique (CARGO), Hôpital Civil , Strasbourg , France
| | - Corinne Collet
- b Service de Biochimie et Biologie Moléculaire, Hôpital Lariboisière , Paris , France
| | - Valerie Pelletier
- a Centre de référence pour les Affections Rares en Génétique Ophtalmologique (CARGO), Hôpital Civil , Strasbourg , France
| | - Yaumara Perdomo
- a Centre de référence pour les Affections Rares en Génétique Ophtalmologique (CARGO), Hôpital Civil , Strasbourg , France
| | - Fouzia Studer
- a Centre de référence pour les Affections Rares en Génétique Ophtalmologique (CARGO), Hôpital Civil , Strasbourg , France
| | - Mélanie Fradin
- c Service de Génétique Médicale, Hôpital de Hautepierre , Strasbourg , France
| | - Elise Schaefer
- c Service de Génétique Médicale, Hôpital de Hautepierre , Strasbourg , France
| | | | - Agnès Bloch-Zupan
- e Reference Centre for Orodental Manifestations of Rare Diseases, Pôle de Médecine et Chirurgie Bucco-Dentaires, Hôpitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg , Strasbourg , France
| | - Elisabeth Flori
- f Laboratoire de Cytogénétique , Hôpital de Hautepierre , Strasbourg , France , and
| | - Hélène Dollfus
- a Centre de référence pour les Affections Rares en Génétique Ophtalmologique (CARGO), Hôpital Civil , Strasbourg , France .,c Service de Génétique Médicale, Hôpital de Hautepierre , Strasbourg , France .,g Laboratoire de Génétique Médicale , INSERM U1112 , Strasbourg , France
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Florisson JMG, Verkerk AJMH, Huigh D, Hoogeboom AJM, Swagemakers S, Kremer A, Heijsman D, Lequin MH, Mathijssen IMJ, van der Spek PJ. Boston type craniosynostosis: report of a second mutation in MSX2. Am J Med Genet A 2013; 161A:2626-33. [PMID: 23949913 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.a.36126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2012] [Accepted: 06/06/2013] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
We describe a family that segregated an autosomal dominant form of craniosynostosis characterized by variable expression and limited extra-cranial features. Linkage analysis and genome sequencing were performed to identify the underlying genetic mutation. A c.443C>T missense mutation in MSX2, which predicts p.Pro148Leu was identified and segregated with the disease in all affected family members. One other family with autosomal dominant craniosynostosis (Boston type) has been reported to have a missense mutation in MSX2. These data confirm that missense mutations altering the proline at codon 148 of MSX2 cause dominantly inherited craniosynostosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joyce M G Florisson
- Department of Plastic, Reconstructive and Hand Surgery, Dutch Craniofacial Centre, Erasmus Medical Centre Sophia Children's Hospital, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
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Janssen A, Hosen MJ, Jeannin P, Coucke PJ, De Paepe A, Vanakker OM. Second family with the Boston-type craniosynostosis syndrome: novel mutation and expansion of the clinical spectrum. Am J Med Genet A 2013; 161A:2352-7. [PMID: 23918290 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.a.36077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2013] [Accepted: 05/03/2013] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Craniosynostosis, caused by early fusion of one or more cranial sutures, can affect the coronal or lambdoid sutures, or include premature fusion of the sagittal (scaphocephaly) or metopic suture (trigonocephaly). Often occurring as isolated finding, their co-existence in a craniosynostosis syndrome is infrequent. We describe a four-generation family with variable expression of a craniosynostosis phenotype with scaphocephaly and a particularly severe trigonocephaly. Molecular analysis revealed a missense mutation in the MSX2-associated with the Boston-type craniosynostosis syndrome-affecting the same amino-acid residue as in the original Boston family. Besides unique features such as the cranial sutures involved, minor limb abnormalities and incomplete penetrance, our patients share with the original family autosomal dominant inheritance and the presence of multiple endocranial erosions on CT imaging. Though these findings appear to be important diagnostic clues for MSX2-related craniosynostosis, it is noteworthy that the first affected generation in this family presented merely with isolated sagittal or unicoronal craniosynostosis and cutaneous syndactyly. Molecular analysis of MSX2 should therefore be considered in patients with isolated scaphocephaly/unicoronal synostosis, especially in the presence of a family history for craniosynostosis or syndactyly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Janssen
- Department of Neurosurgery, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium
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Satoh K, Hamada S, Shimosegawa T. MSX2 in pancreatic tumor development and its clinical application for the diagnosis of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma. Front Physiol 2012; 3:430. [PMID: 23162473 PMCID: PMC3496902 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2012.00430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2012] [Accepted: 10/24/2012] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
MSX2, a member of the homeobox genes family, is demonstrated to be the downstream target for ras signaling pathway and is expressed in a variety of carcinoma cells, suggesting its relevance to the development of ductal pancreatic tumors since pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) and intraductal papillary-mucinous neoplasia (IPMN) harbor frequent K-ras gene mutations. Recent studies revealed the roles of MSX2 in the development of carcinoma of various origins including pancreas. Among gastrointestinal tumors, PDAC is one of the most malignant. PDAC progresses rapidly to develop metastatic lesions, frequently by the time of diagnosis, and these tumors are usually resistant to conventional chemotherapy and radiation therapy. The molecular mechanisms regulating the aggressive behavior of PDAC still remain to be clarified. On the other hand, IPMN of the pancreas is distinct from PDAC because of its intraductal growth in the main pancreatic duct or secondary branches with rare invasion and metastasis to distant organs. However, recent evidence indicated that once IPMN showed stromal invasion, it progresses like PDAC. Therefore, it is important to determin how IPMN progresses to malignant phenotype. In this review, we focus on the involvement of MSX2 in the enhancement of malignant behavior in PDAC and IPMN, and further highlight the clinical approach to differentiate PDAC from chronic pancreatitis by evaluating MSX2 expression level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kennichi Satoh
- Division of Cancer Stem Cell, Miyagi Cancer Center Research Institute Natori, Miyagi, Japan
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Hamada S, Satoh K, Masamune A, Shimosegawa T. Regulators of epithelial mesenchymal transition in pancreatic cancer. Front Physiol 2012; 3:254. [PMID: 22934011 PMCID: PMC3429031 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2012.00254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2012] [Accepted: 06/19/2012] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Pancreatic cancer is a leading cause of cancer-related death due to its invasive nature. Despite the improvement of diagnostic strategy, early diagnosis of pancreatic cancer is still challenging. Surgical resection is the only curative therapy, while vast majority of patients are not eligible for this therapeutic option. Complex biological processes are involved in the establishment of invasion and metastasis of pancreatic cancer and epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) has been reported to play crucial role. EMT is part of the normal developmental processes which mobilizes epithelial cells and yields mesenchymal phenotype. Deregulation of EMT inducing molecules in pancreatic cancer is reported, such as multiple cytokines, growth factors and downstream transcriptional factors. In addition to these molecules, non-coding RNA including miRNA also contributes to EMT. EMT of cancer cell also correlates with cancer stem cell (CSC) properties such as chemoresistance or tumorigenicity, therefore these upstream regulators of EMT could be attractive therapeutic targets and several candidates are examined for clinical application. This review summarizes recent advances in this field, focusing the regulatory molecules of EMT and their downstream targets. Further understanding and research advances will clarify the cryptic mechanism of cancer metastasis and delineate novel therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shin Hamada
- Division of Gastroenterology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai Miyagi, Japan
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