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Zhang C, Steen Jørgensen F, van de Weert M, Bjerregaard S, Rantanen J, Yang M. Amino acids as stabilizers for lysozyme during the spray-drying process and storage. Int J Pharm 2024:124217. [PMID: 38734275 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2024.124217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2024] [Revised: 05/07/2024] [Accepted: 05/08/2024] [Indexed: 05/13/2024]
Abstract
Amino acids (AAs) have been used as excipients in protein formulations both in solid and liquid state products due to their stabilizing effect. However, the mechanisms by which they can stabilize a protein have not been fully elucidated yet. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of AAs with distinct physicochemical properties on the stability of a model protein (lysozyme, LZM) during the spray-drying and subsequent storage. Molecular descriptor based multivariate data analysis was used to select distinct AAs from the group of 20 natural AAs. Then, LZM and the five selected AAs (1:1 wt ratio) were spray-dried (SD). The solid form, residual moisture content (RMC), hygroscopicity, morphology, secondary/tertiary structure and enzymatic activity of LZM were evaluated before and after storage under 40 °C/75 % RH for 30 days. Arginine (Arg), leucine (Leu), glycine (Gly), tryptophan (Trp), aspartic acid (Asp) were selected because of their distinct properties by using principal component analysis (PCA). The SD LZM powders containing Arg, Trp, or Asp were amorphous, while SD LZM powders containing Leu or Gly were crystalline. Recrystallization of Arg, Trp, Asp and polymorph transition of Gly were observed after the storage under accelerated conditions. The morphologies of the SD particles vary upon the different AAs formulated with LZM, implying different drying kinetics of the five model systems. A tertiary structural change of LZM was observed in the SD powders containing Arg, while a decrease in the enzymatic activity of LZM was observed in the powders containing Arg or Asp after the storage. This can be attributed to the extremely basic and acidic conditions that Arg and Asp can create, respectively. This study suggests that when AAs are used as stabilizers instead of traditional disaccharides, in addition to the classic vitrification theory and water replacement theory, the microenvironmental pH condition that the basic or acidic AAs may create in the starting solution or during the storage of solid matter is crucial for the stability of SD protein products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chengqian Zhang
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | | | | | - Jukka Rantanen
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Mingshi Yang
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark; Wuya College of Innovation, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, China.
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2
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Cámara-Martinez I, Blechar JA, Ruiz-Picazo A, Garcia-Arieta A, Calandria C, Merino-Sanjuan V, Langguth P, Gonzalez-Alvarez M, Bermejo M, Al-Gousous J, Gonzalez-Alvarez I. Level A IVIVC for immediate release tablets confirms in vivo predictive dissolution testing for ibuprofen. Int J Pharm 2021; 614:121415. [PMID: 34973409 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2021.121415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2021] [Revised: 12/15/2021] [Accepted: 12/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
A bioequivalence study comparing two fixed dose combination tablets containing 200 mg ibuprofen and 30 mg pseudoephedrine hydrochloride showed bioequivalence for pseudoephedrine AUC and Cmax, but the reference product showed higher Cmax than the test product in fasted conditions. The main difference between products was the presence of tribasic calcium phosphate in the reference tablet, resulting in an increased surface pH of the dissolving ibuprofen particles under gastric and intestinal conditions and, consequently, higher solubility of ibuprofen. A mechanistic model based on mass balance and ionization equilibria was used to calculate the pH of the particle surface under different buffer conditions. The discrepancies in surface pH between test and reference tablet were pronounced in 0.1 M and 0.01 M hydrochloric acid and in diluted maleate 7 mM pH 6.5 and phosphate 5 mM pH 6.7 buffers (but negligible in compendial phosphate buffer pH 6.8. Only those dissolution tests using pre-treatment in acidic conditions could be used to build a one-step in vitro-in vivo correlation (IVIVC). This work shows the potential of these discriminatory and in vivo predictive dissolution methods to obtain IVIVCs for BCS class IIa drugs and for extending BCS biowaivers to BCS class IIa drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Cámara-Martinez
- Engineering: Pharmacokinetics and Pharmaceutical Technology Area, Miguel Hernandez University, Spain; Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical Technology and Parasitology Area, University of Valencia. Spain
| | - J A Blechar
- Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Science, Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany
| | - A Ruiz-Picazo
- Engineering: Pharmacokinetics and Pharmaceutical Technology Area, Miguel Hernandez University, Spain
| | - A Garcia-Arieta
- Area of Pharmacokinetics and Generic Medicines, Division of Pharmacology and Clinical Evaluation, Department of Human Use Medicines. Spanish Agency for Medicines and Health Care Products, Spain.
| | | | - V Merino-Sanjuan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, USA
| | - P Langguth
- Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Science, Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany
| | - M Gonzalez-Alvarez
- Engineering: Pharmacokinetics and Pharmaceutical Technology Area, Miguel Hernandez University, Spain
| | - M Bermejo
- Engineering: Pharmacokinetics and Pharmaceutical Technology Area, Miguel Hernandez University, Spain.
| | - J Al-Gousous
- Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Science, Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany; Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, USA
| | - I Gonzalez-Alvarez
- Engineering: Pharmacokinetics and Pharmaceutical Technology Area, Miguel Hernandez University, Spain
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He S, Radeke C, Jacobsen J, Lind JU, Mu H. Multi-material 3D printing of programmable and stretchable oromucosal patches for delivery of saquinavir. Int J Pharm 2021; 610:121236. [PMID: 34748810 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2021.121236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2021] [Revised: 10/19/2021] [Accepted: 10/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Oromucosal patches for drug delivery allow fast onset of action and ability to circumvent hepatic first pass metabolism of drugs. While conventional fabrication methods such as solvent casting or hot melt extrusion are ideal for scalable production of low-cost delivery patches, these methods chiefly allow for simple, homogenous patch designs. As alternative, a multi-material direct-ink-write 3D printing for rapid fabrication of complex oromucosal patches with unique design features was demonstrated in the present study. Specifically, three print-materials: an acidic saquinavir-loaded hydroxypropyl methylcellulose ink, an alkaline effervescent sodium carbonate-loaded ink, and a methyl cellulose backing material were combined in various designs. The CO2 content and pH of the microenvironment were controlled by adjusting the number of alkaline layers in the patch. Additionally, the rigid and brittle patches were converted to compliant and stretchable patches by implementing mesh-like designs. Our results illustrate how 3D printing can be used for rapid design and fabrication of multifunctional or customized oromucosal patches with tailored dosages and changed drug permeation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaolong He
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 2, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Carmen Radeke
- Department of Health Technology, Technical University of Denmark, Building 423, 2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Jette Jacobsen
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 2, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Johan Ulrik Lind
- Department of Health Technology, Technical University of Denmark, Building 423, 2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark.
| | - Huiling Mu
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 2, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark.
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4
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Yu D, Li J, Wang H, Pan H, Li T, Bu T, Zhou W, Zhang X. Role of polymers in the physical and chemical stability of amorphous solid dispersion: A case study of carbamazepine. Eur J Pharm Sci 2021; 169:106086. [PMID: 34861411 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2021.106086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2021] [Revised: 10/30/2021] [Accepted: 11/27/2021] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Incorporating the amorphous drug in polymeric components has been demonstrated as a feasible approach to enhance the bioavailability of poorly water-soluble drugs. The objective of this study was to investigate the role of polymers in the stability of amorphous solid dispersion (ASD) by evaluating the drug-polymer interaction, microenvironmental pH, and stability of ASD. Carbamazepine (CBZ), a Biopharmaceutics Classification System Class II compound, was utilized as a model drug. Polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP), poly(1-vinylpyrrolidone-co-vinyl acetate) (PVPVA), polyacrylic acid (PAA), and hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMCAS) were selected as model polymers. CBZ ASDs were characterized by X-ray diffractometry (XRD), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, and dissolution studies. Molecular modeling was conducted to understand the strength of interaction between CBZ and each polymer. FTIR spectroscopy and molecular modeling results show that the interaction between CBZ and PAA is the strongest among all the ASDs, as PAA is an acidic polymer with the potential to form strong hydrogen bonding with CBZ. Besides, hydrophobic interaction is detected between CBZ and HPMCAS. CBZ-PAA and CBZ-HPMCAS ASDs reveal better physical stability than CBZ-PVP and CBZ-PVPVA ASDs under 40 °C/75% RH for 8 weeks. However, CBZ-PAA ASD shows chemical degradation after stability testing due to its acidic microenvironmental pH. This paper shows that strong intermolecular interactions between CBZ and polymers contribute to the physical stability of the ASDs. Additionally, acidic polymers yield an acidic microenvironment pH of the ASDs that causes chemical degradation during storage. Hence, a balance between the ability of a given polymer to promote physical stability and chemical stability may need to be considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongyue Yu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Maryland, Baltimore, 20 North Pine Street, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA
| | - Jinghan Li
- Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, 103 Wenhua Road, Shenyang, 110016, China
| | - Hanxun Wang
- Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drug Design & Discovery, Ministry of Education, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, 110016, China
| | - Hao Pan
- School of Pharmacy, Liaoning University, 66 Chongshan Mid Road, Shenyang, 110036, China
| | - Ting Li
- Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, 103 Wenhua Road, Shenyang, 110016, China
| | - Tianshi Bu
- Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, 103 Wenhua Road, Shenyang, 110016, China
| | - Wei Zhou
- Survey of Hydrogeology, Engineering & Environmental Geology in Qinghai, No. 4 Sujiahewan, Xining, 810008, China; Key Laboratory of Hydrogeological and Geothermal Geological of Qinghai Province, No.4 Sujiahewan, Xining 810008, China
| | - Xiangrong Zhang
- Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, 103 Wenhua Road, Shenyang, 110016, China.
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Almotairy A, Almutairi M, Althobaiti A, Alyahya M, Sarabu S, Alzahrani A, Zhang F, Bandari S, Repka MA. Effect of pH Modifiers on the Solubility, Dissolution Rate, and Stability of Telmisartan Solid Dispersions Produced by Hot-melt Extrusion Technology. J Drug Deliv Sci Technol 2021; 65. [PMID: 34552669 DOI: 10.1016/j.jddst.2021.102674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The aim of the current study was to investigate the dual effect of an amorphous solid dispersion generated by hot melt extrusion and the addition of pH modifiers on the solubility and stability of telmisartan. Hydroxypropyl methylcellulose acetate succinate L grade was used as a polymeric carrier and recrystallization inhibitor, and meglumine, sodium carbonate, or Neusilin S2 were incorporated as pH modifiers to generate a desirable microenvironmental pH in the solid dispersions. Differential scanning calorimetry, powder X-ray diffraction, and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy were incorporated to obtain the solid-state characterizations of telmisartan, and the results confirm a partial transformation of telmisartan to an amorphous state. An in vitro release study revealed that the transformation of telmisartan to an amorphous material improved its dissolution rate by 2-fold compared to pure drug and by up to 5-fold with the incorporation of pH modifiers. Results of the stability studies demonstrated that the samples have no significant degradation under accelerated stability conditions at 40 °C/75% RH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed Almotairy
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Drug Delivery, School of Pharmacy, The University of Mississippi, University, MS 38677, USA
- Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Technology Department, College of Pharmacy Taibah University, Al Madinah AlMunawarah 30001, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mashan Almutairi
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Drug Delivery, School of Pharmacy, The University of Mississippi, University, MS 38677, USA
- Department of Pharmaceutics,College of Pharmacy, University of Hail, Hail, 81442, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdulmajeed Althobaiti
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Drug Delivery, School of Pharmacy, The University of Mississippi, University, MS 38677, USA
| | - Mohammed Alyahya
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Drug Delivery, School of Pharmacy, The University of Mississippi, University, MS 38677, USA
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Sandeep Sarabu
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Drug Delivery, School of Pharmacy, The University of Mississippi, University, MS 38677, USA
| | - Abdullah Alzahrani
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Drug Delivery, School of Pharmacy, The University of Mississippi, University, MS 38677, USA
| | - Feng Zhang
- College of Pharmacy, The University of Texas at Austin, TX, 78712, USA
| | - Suresh Bandari
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Drug Delivery, School of Pharmacy, The University of Mississippi, University, MS 38677, USA
| | - Michael A Repka
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Drug Delivery, School of Pharmacy, The University of Mississippi, University, MS 38677, USA
- Pii Center for Pharmaceutical Technology, The University of Mississippi, University, MS 38677, USA
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He S, Jacobsen J, Nielsen CU, Genina N, Østergaard J, Mu H. Exploration of in vitro drug release testing methods for saquinavir microenvironmental pH modifying buccal films. Eur J Pharm Sci 2021; 163:105867. [PMID: 33951482 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2021.105867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2021] [Revised: 04/22/2021] [Accepted: 04/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Buccal films containing a pH modifying excipient may be able to increase bioavailability of drugs with pH-dependent solubility such as saquinavir. Access to suitable in vitro drug release testing methods may facilitate buccal formulation development. This study aimed to explore two release testing methods for characterising buccal films and to elucidate the relationship between microenvironmental pH (pHM, i.e. the pH around the swelling films) and saquinavir release. The Franz diffusion cell method was applicable to investigate the effect of hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMC) grade on saquinavir release. Films containing HPMC K3 LV had a faster saquinavir release than films containing HPMC K100 LV. A UV/Vis imaging method was developed to visualise saquinavir release and pHM changes during the initial dissolution. Within 5 min, the pHM decreased from 6.8 to around 5.4 for HPMC K100 LV-based films containing 11.1 % or 16.6 % (w/w) malic acid. Subsequently, the pHM increased due to increasing concentrations of saquinavir. An increase in malic acid content led to a faster saquinavir release. The combination of methods may be broadly applicable for excipient screening in development of buccal formulations. The imaging approach holds promise for characterizing other pH modifying formulation principles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaolong He
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 2, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jette Jacobsen
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 2, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Carsten Uhd Nielsen
- Department of Physics, Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Southern Denmark, Campusvej 55, DK-5230 Odense M, Denmark
| | - Natalja Genina
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 2, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jesper Østergaard
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 2, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark.
| | - Huiling Mu
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 2, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
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Ambay TM, Schick P, Grimm M, Sager M, Schneider F, Koziolek M, Siegmund W, Schindele F, Haas R, Weitschies W. Design and Optimization of a Novel Strategy for the Local Treatment of Helicobacter pylori Infections. J Pharm Sci 2020; 110:1302-1309. [PMID: 33253724 DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2020.11.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2020] [Revised: 11/03/2020] [Accepted: 11/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Infections with Helicobacter pylori are a global challenge. Currently, H. pylori infections are treated systemically, but the eradication rates of the different therapy regimens are declining due to the growing number of bacterial strains resistant to major antibiotics. Here, we present a strategy for the local eradication of H. pylori by the use of Penicillin G sodium (PGS). In vitro experiments revealed that PGS shows high antibiotic activity against resistant strains of Helicobacter pylori with a minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of 0.125 μg/ml. In order to provide luminal concentrations above the MIC for longer periods of time, an extended release tablet was developed. Alkalizers were included to prevent acidic degradation of PGS within the tablet matrix. Out of the tested alkalizers MgO, l-Lysine, NaHCO3, and Na2CO3 NaHCO3 provided the strongest rise in pH inside the hydrated matrix when tested in simulated gastric fluid. Better PGS stability can mainly reasoned from that, addition of MgO resulted in high pH values within the matrix, causing basic degradation of PGS. This work is a first step towards the use of extended release tablets containing PGS for the local treatment of H. pylori as a safe and cost-effective alternative to common systemic treatment regimens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taddese Mekonnen Ambay
- Department of Biopharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Technology, Center of Drug Absorption and Transport, University of Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Philipp Schick
- Department of Biopharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Technology, Center of Drug Absorption and Transport, University of Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Michael Grimm
- Department of Biopharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Technology, Center of Drug Absorption and Transport, University of Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Maximilian Sager
- Department of Biopharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Technology, Center of Drug Absorption and Transport, University of Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Felix Schneider
- Department of Biopharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Technology, Center of Drug Absorption and Transport, University of Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Mirko Koziolek
- Department of Biopharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Technology, Center of Drug Absorption and Transport, University of Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Werner Siegmund
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Center of Drug Absorption and Transport, University Medicine, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Franziska Schindele
- Chair of Medical Microbiology and Hospital Epidemiology, Max von Pettenkofer Institute, Faculty of Medicine, LMU Munich, Germany
| | - Rainer Haas
- Chair of Medical Microbiology and Hospital Epidemiology, Max von Pettenkofer Institute, Faculty of Medicine, LMU Munich, Germany
| | - Werner Weitschies
- Department of Biopharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Technology, Center of Drug Absorption and Transport, University of Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany.
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Aldawsari HM, Badr-Eldin SM. Enhanced pharmacokinetic performance of dapoxetine hydrochloride via the formulation of instantly-dissolving buccal films with acidic pH modifier and hydrophilic cyclodextrin: Factorial analysis, in vitro and in vivo assessment. J Adv Res 2020; 24:281-290. [PMID: 32419956 PMCID: PMC7215178 DOI: 10.1016/j.jare.2020.04.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2020] [Revised: 04/19/2020] [Accepted: 04/27/2020] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Instantly dissolving buccal films have gained attention owing to their easy administration and capability to surmount the hepatic first pass effect of drugs. Dapoxetine hydrochloride (DPX) has a low oral bioavailability due to significant hepatic first pass metabolism. In addition, DPX is a weakly basic drug with a pH dependent solubility that could limit its dissolution in the body neutral fluids. In order to surpass these challenges, this work aimed at enhancing DPX bioavailability via the formulation of instantly dissolving buccal films comprising a pH modifier and a hydrophilic cyclodextrin. Tartaric acid and hydroxypropyl beta-cyclodextrin were selected as dual solubilizing agents based on the screening study. 32 factorial design was employed for the formulation and optimization of DPX films. Statistical analysis revealed that hydroxypropyl methyl cellulose E5: maltodextrin ratio and propylene glycol concentrations have significant effects on mechanical properties, percent DPX dissolved after 5 min, and in vivo mouth dissolving time at P < 0.05. The optimized film [HPMC E5: MDX, 1:1 and 1% PG] showed no significant change of properties or drug dissolution upon storage at 40 °C/75% RH for a period of 3 months. In addition, the optimized film showed significantly enhanced absorption relative to the oral reference tablet. Therefore, the optimized film could be considered a promising delivery system for DPX with expected improved patient compliance and enhanced pharmacokinetic performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hibah M Aldawsari
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Shaimaa M Badr-Eldin
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.,Department of Pharmaceutics and Industrial Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
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