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Chuquitarco-Morales A, La Parra-Casado D, Estévez-García JF. [Energy poverty and self-rated health among Roma population and general population in Spain]. Gac Sanit 2023; 38:102318. [PMID: 38141574 DOI: 10.1016/j.gaceta.2023.102318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2023] [Revised: 06/09/2023] [Accepted: 06/20/2023] [Indexed: 12/25/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To quantify energy poverty in Roma population and in general population in Spain, in 2016, as well as to observe the association of this phenomenon with self-rated health, adjusted according to the main socio-economic determinants. METHOD Energy poverty has been defined as the financial inability to keep a home warm, the presence of dampness in the dwelling and falling into arrears in utility bills, using data from two European surveys from Spain in 2016: the Survey on Income and Living Conditions (EU-SILC) and the Second Survey on Minorities and Discrimination (EU-MIDIS II). Hierarchical logistic regression models were estimated with self-rated health as the outcome variable, progressively adjusted according to demographic (gender and age), environmental (household temperature, humidity and arrears in utility bills) and socio-economic (level of education, marital status and employment status) variables. RESULTS Our results show that 45% of the Roma population had moderate or high levels of energy poverty. The odds ratio (OR) of poor self-rated health was higher in the Roma population (OR: 3.11; 95% confidence interval [95% CI]: 2.59-3.74). The inability to maintain an adequate indoor temperature significantly increased the risk of poor health (OR: 2.10; 95% CI: 1.90-2.32). After adjusting according to demographic, environmental and socio-economic variables, no association was observed between the population of ascription and self-rated health. CONCLUSIONS Taking into account the main social determinants, including energy poverty indicators, being Roma is not associated with reporting poor health. This result points to the importance of tackling socio-economic factors, including energy poverty, to reduce health inequalities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alejandro Chuquitarco-Morales
- Departamento de Sociología II, Facultad de Ciencias Económicas y Empresariales, Universidad de Alicante, Alicante, España.
| | - Daniel La Parra-Casado
- Departamento de Sociología II, Facultad de Ciencias Económicas y Empresariales, Universidad de Alicante, Alicante, España
| | - J Francisco Estévez-García
- Departamento de Sociología II, Facultad de Ciencias Económicas y Empresariales, Universidad de Alicante, Alicante, España
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Guijarro C, Pérez-Fernández E, González-Piñeiro B, Meléndez V, Goyanes MJ, Renilla ME, Casas ML, Sastre I, Velasco M. Differential risk for COVID-19 in the first wave of the disease among Spaniards and migrants from different areas of the world living in Spain. Rev Clin Esp 2021; 221:264-273. [PMID: 38108497 PMCID: PMC7678416 DOI: 10.1016/j.rce.2020.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2020] [Accepted: 10/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION AND OBJECTIVES Little is known regarding the relevance of racial/ethnic background to the risk for COVID-19 infection, particularly in Europe. We evaluated the risk of COVID-19 among migrants from different areas of the world within the context of universal free access to medical care. MATERIAL AND METHODS We conducted a population-based cohort analysis of the cumulative incidence of PCR-confirmed COVID-19 among adult residents of Alcorcon (Spain) in the first wave of the disease up to April 25, 2020. RESULTS The crude cumulative incidence among migrants (n=20,419) was higher than among Spaniards (n=131,599): 8.81 and 6.51 and per 1,000 inhabitants, respectively (p<.001), but differed by region of origin. As per a negative binomial regression adjusted for age and sex, relative risk (RR) for COVID-19 for individuals from Europe, Asia, or North Africa was not significantly different from Spaniards. In contrast, a markedly increased risk was found for people from Sub-Saharan Africa (RR 3.66, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.42-9.41, p=.007), the Caribbean (RR 6.35, 95% CI 3.83-10.55, p<.001), and Latin America (RR 6.92, 95% CI 4.49-10.67, p<.001). CONCLUSIONS Migrants from Sub-Saharan Africa, the Caribbean, and Latin America exhibited increased risk for COVID-19 as compared to Spaniards or migrants from Europe, North Africa, or Asia. Our data suggest that the ethnic background may play a role in risk for COVID-19. Migrants from some areas of the world may merit closer attention for both clinical and epidemiological reasons.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Guijarro
- Unidad de Medicina Interna, Hospital Universitario Fundación Alcorcón, Alcorcón, Madrid, España; Unidad de Investigación, Hospital Universitario Fundación Alcorcón, Alcorcón, Madrid, España; Departamento de Especialidades Médicas y Salud Pública, Universidad Rey Juan Carlos, Alcorcón, Madrid, España.
| | - E Pérez-Fernández
- Unidad de Investigación, Hospital Universitario Fundación Alcorcón, Alcorcón, Madrid, España
| | - B González-Piñeiro
- Sistemas de Información y Tecnología, Hospital Universitario Fundación Alcorcón, Alcorcón, Madrid, España
| | - V Meléndez
- Concejalía de Asuntos sociales, Mayores y Salud Pública, Ayuntamiento de Alcorcón, Alcorcón, Madrid, España
| | - M J Goyanes
- Unidad de Microbiología, Hospital Universitario Fundación Alcorcón, Alcorcón, Madrid, España
| | - M E Renilla
- Unidad de Urgencias, Hospital Universitario Fundación Alcorcón, Alcorcón, Madrid, España
| | - M L Casas
- Unidad de Laboratorio, Hospital Universitario Fundación Alcorcón, Alcorcón, Madrid, España
| | - I Sastre
- Sistemas de Información y Tecnología, Hospital Universitario Fundación Alcorcón, Alcorcón, Madrid, España
| | - M Velasco
- Unidad de Medicina Interna, Hospital Universitario Fundación Alcorcón, Alcorcón, Madrid, España; Unidad de Medicina Interna, Sección Infecciosas, Hospital Universitario Fundación Alcorcón, Alcorcón, Madrid, España; Unidad de Investigación, Hospital Universitario Fundación Alcorcón, Alcorcón, Madrid, España; Departamento de Especialidades Médicas y Salud Pública, Universidad Rey Juan Carlos, Alcorcón, Madrid, España
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Guijarro C, Pérez-Fernández E, González-Piñeiro B, Meléndez V, Goyanes MJ, Renilla ME, Casas ML, Sastre I, Velasco M. Differential risk for COVID-19 in the first wave of the disease among Spaniards and migrants from different areas of the world living in Spain. Rev Clin Esp 2021; 221:264-273. [PMID: 33998512 DOI: 10.1016/j.rceng.2020.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2020] [Accepted: 10/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION AND OBJECTIVES Little is known regarding the relevance of racial/ethnic background to the risk for COVID-19 infection, particularly in Europe. We evaluated the risk of COVID-19 among migrants from different areas of the world within the context of universal free access to medical care. MATERIALS AND METHODS We conducted a population-based cohort analysis of the cumulative incidence of PCR-confirmed COVID-19 among adult residents of Alcorcon (Spain) in the first wave of the disease up to April 25, 2020. RESULTS The crude cumulative incidence among migrants (n = 20419) was higher than among Spaniards (n = 131599): 8.81 and 6.51 and per 1000 inhabitants, respectively (p < .001), but differed by region of origin. As per a negative binomial regression adjusted for age and sex, relative risk (RR) for COVID-19 for individuals from Europe, Asia, or North Africa was not significantly different from Spaniards. In contrast, a markedly increased risk was found in people from Sub-Saharan Africa (RR 3.66, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.42-9.41, p = .007), the Caribbean (RR 6.35, 95% CI 3.83-10.55, p < .001), and Latin America (RR 6.92, 95% CI 4.49-10.67, p < .001). CONCLUSIONS Migrants from Sub-Saharan Africa, the Caribbean, and Latin America exhibited increased risk for COVID-19 as compared to Spaniards or migrants from Europe, North Africa, or Asia. Our data suggest ethnic background may play a role in risk for COVID-19. Migrants from some areas of the world may merit closer attention for both clinical and epidemiological reasons.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Guijarro
- Unidad de Medicina Interna, Hospital Universitario Fundación Alcorcón, Alcorcón, Madrid, Spain; Unidad de Investigación, Hospital Universitario Fundación Alcorcón, Alcorcón, Madrid, Spain; Departamento de Especialidades Médicas y Salud Pública, Universidad Rey Juan Carlos, Alcorcón, Madrid, Spain.
| | - E Pérez-Fernández
- Unidad de Investigación, Hospital Universitario Fundación Alcorcón, Alcorcón, Madrid, Spain
| | - B González-Piñeiro
- Sistemas de Información y Tecnología, Hospital Universitario Fundación Alcorcón, Alcorcón, Madrid, Spain
| | - V Meléndez
- Concejalía de Asuntos Sociales, Mayores y Salud Pública, Ayuntamiento de Alcorcón, Alcorcón, Madrid, Spain
| | - M J Goyanes
- Unidad de Microbiología, Hospital Universitario Fundación Alcorcón, Alcorcón, Madrid, Spain
| | - M E Renilla
- Unidad de Urgencias, Hospital Universitario Fundación Alcorcón, Alcorcón, Madrid, Spain
| | - M L Casas
- Unidad de Laboratorio, Hospital Universitario Fundación Alcorcón, Alcorcón, Madrid, Spain
| | - I Sastre
- Sistemas de Información y Tecnología, Hospital Universitario Fundación Alcorcón, Alcorcón, Madrid, Spain
| | - M Velasco
- Unidad de Medicina Interna, Hospital Universitario Fundación Alcorcón, Alcorcón, Madrid, Spain; Unidad de Medicina Interna, Sección Infecciosas, Hospital Universitario Fundación Alcorcón, Alcorcón, Madrid, Spain; Unidad de Investigación, Hospital Universitario Fundación Alcorcón, Alcorcón, Madrid, Spain; Departamento de Especialidades Médicas y Salud Pública, Universidad Rey Juan Carlos, Alcorcón, Madrid, Spain
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