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Thalberg K, Matilainen L, Heinonen E, Eriksson P, Husman-Piirainen J, Autio M, Lyberg AM, Göransson S, Kirjavainen M, Lähelmä S. Mixing energy as an adjustment tool for aerodynamic behaviour of an inhaled product: In-vitro and in-vivo effects. Int J Pharm 2024; 651:123755. [PMID: 38163524 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2023.123755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2023] [Revised: 12/27/2023] [Accepted: 12/28/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024]
Abstract
This paper describes the development of a fixed dose dry powder combination of indacaterol maleate (Inda) and glycopyrronium bromide (Glyco) in Easyhaler® inhaler for a comparative pharmacokinetic (PK) study, as well as the outcome of such a study. The development aim was to produce formulations with three different in vitro dispersibility profiles for both Inda and Glyco. This so-called 'rake' approach allows for quantitation of the candidate formulations relative to the reference product Ultibro® Breezhaler® in terms of the key PK parameters. Three formulations (A, B and C) were produced based on the mixing energy concept. For both APIs, formulation A (lowest mixing energy) displayed the highest fine particle fractions and formulation C (highest mixing energy) the lowest. GMP manufacturing confirmed the performance of the three formulations. The candidate formulations were tested against the reference product in a single dose PK study in healthy volunteers. Clear differences in Inda plasma concentration profiles were observed between the treatments when administered concomitantly with charcoal, with Easyhaler A showing the highest Cmax value and Easyhaler C the lowest. Easyhaler B was bioequivalent to Ultibro Breezhaler with regard to the primary PK parameters of Inda, Cmax and AUC72h. For Glyco, Easyhaler formulations A, B and C provided lower peak concentrations than Ultibro Breezhaler. For AUC72h of Glyco, Easyhaler B was bioequivalent to the reference product. Additional measures for adjustment of formulation performance can be foreseen, whose effects can be predicted based on mixing energy theory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyrre Thalberg
- Dept of Food Technology, Engineering and Nutrition, Lund University, Lund, Sweden; Emmace Consulting AB, Lund, Sweden.
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Thalberg K, Ivarsson L, Svensson M, Elfman P, Ohlsson A, Stuckel J, Lyberg AM. The effect of mixing on the dispersibility of adhesive mixtures for inhalation. Comparison of high shear and Turbula mixers. Eur J Pharm Sci 2024; 193:106679. [PMID: 38128841 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2023.106679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2023] [Revised: 12/15/2023] [Accepted: 12/16/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023]
Abstract
This study investigates the effect of different mixers and the applicability of the mixing energy (ME) concept to dry powder formulations for inhalation. With the aim to step-wise build and expand this concept, adhesive mixtures of 2 % budesonide and lactose carrier were investigated, both with 1 % magnesium stearate (MgSt) added in a 'coating' step, and without, the latter referred to as 'naked' formulations. For high shear mixed formulations, the fine particle fraction (FPF) was found to increase with increasing ME up to 60 % and thereafter decreased, using the Novolizer device. The data could be well fitted to the modeling equation, thus confirming the validity of the ME concept. The naked formulations displayed a linear decrease in FPF with increasing ME, again showing the validity of the ME concept. For Turbula mixed formulations, FPF increased with increased mixing time (and mixing energy) for all batches. The naked (binary) composition reached to higher FPF values than for high shear mixing and the formulation with MgSt reached to FPF values around 60 %, demonstrating that it is possible to achieve the same high drug dispersibility with the Turbula mixer as for high shear mixer. An equation for calculation of mixing energy in Turbula mixing was set up in an analogous way to the equation for high shear mixing, which enabled direct comparison between the two mixers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyrre Thalberg
- Department of Food Technology, Engineering and Nutrition, Lund University, Sweden; Emmace Consulting AB, Lund, Sweden.
| | - Love Ivarsson
- Department of Food Technology, Engineering and Nutrition, Lund University, Sweden
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Yu X, Qi Z, Xiong D, An Y, Gao H, Yang M, Liu Z. Impact of mixing energy and dispersant dosage on oil dispersion and sedimentation with microplastics in the marine environment. Mar Pollut Bull 2023; 195:115542. [PMID: 37714077 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2023.115542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2023] [Revised: 09/05/2023] [Accepted: 09/10/2023] [Indexed: 09/17/2023]
Abstract
Recently, the fate of spilled oil in the presence of microplastics (MPs) in the sea has attracted attention of researchers. Merey crude oil and polyethylene terephthalate (PET) were used as the experimental materials in this study. The effects of mixing energy and dispersant dosage on oil dispersion and sedimentation in the presence of MPs in the water column were investigated by laboratory experiments simulating actual sea conditions. The increase of mixing energy showed a promoting effect on oil dispersion. When the oscillation frequency increased from 140 rpm to 180 rpm, the oil dispersion efficiency (ODE) ranged from 2.1 %-3.7 % to 17.4 %-30.8 %, and the volumetric mean diameter (VMD) of the suspended oil droplets/MPs-oil agglomerates (MOA) decreased from 99.9-131.4 μm to 76.6-88.2 μm after 2 h oscillation. The application of chemical dispersant led to an increase in both the quantity and size of the formed sunken MPs-oil-dispersant agglomerates (MODA). At the dispersant-to-oil ratio (DOR) of 1:5, the ODE declined from 77.7 % to 62.6 % when the MPs concentration increased from 0 to 150 mg/L, while the oil sinking efficiency (OSE) rose from 3.4 % to 15.6 % when the MPs increased from 25 to 150 mg/L; the maximum size of the sunken MODA reached 13.0 mm, and the total volume of the MODA formed per unit volume oil reached 389.7 μL/mL oil at the MPs concentration of 150 mg/L. Meanwhile, the results showed that the presence of MPs inhibited the oil dispersion by increasing the oil-water interfacial tension. The outcomes of this work may provide assistance in predicting the transport of spilled oil and developing emergency measures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinping Yu
- College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Dalian Maritime University, Dalian 116026, China
| | - Zhixin Qi
- College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Dalian Maritime University, Dalian 116026, China.
| | - Deqi Xiong
- College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Dalian Maritime University, Dalian 116026, China.
| | - Yaya An
- College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Dalian Maritime University, Dalian 116026, China
| | - Huan Gao
- College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Dalian Maritime University, Dalian 116026, China
| | - Miao Yang
- College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Dalian Maritime University, Dalian 116026, China
| | - Ziyue Liu
- College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Dalian Maritime University, Dalian 116026, China
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Yang M, Zhang B, Xin X, Liu B, Zhu Z, Dong G, Zhao Y, Lee K, Chen B. Microplastic-oil-dispersant agglomerates in the marine environment: Formation mechanism and impact on oil dispersion. J Hazard Mater 2022; 426:127825. [PMID: 34836687 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2021.127825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2021] [Revised: 11/12/2021] [Accepted: 11/15/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Microplastics (MPs) can interact with spilled oil to form MP-oil-dispersant agglomerates (MODAs) in oceans. This study investigated the MODA formation mechanism and its impact on oil dispersion during marine oil spill responses. Two types of agglomerates, MODA-1 (MP-in-oil) and MODA-2 (MP-oil droplet-embedded), were identified. The 12 µm-MPs only formed MODA-1, while 45 µm-MPs and 125 µm-MPs formed MODA-1 and MODA-2 due to the surface free energy minimization principle. Impacts of MODA on oil dispersion under different mixing energy levels and seawater salinities were explored. We found that MODA reduced oil dispersion effectiveness under different mixing energy levels. Among three MP sizes, 12 µm-MPs caused the greatest reduction in dispersion effectiveness due to the formation of MODA-1. Pristine 12 µm-MPs reduced dispersion effectiveness by 21.95% under 5.62 × 10-1 W/kg, while pristine 45 µm-MPs and pristine 125 µm-MPs decreased it by 5.85% and 1.83%, respectively. In addition, MODA formed by pristine MPs has a larger impact on oil dispersion effectiveness than that of aged MPs under different salinities. Under 20psu, pristine 12 µm-MPs reduced dispersion effectiveness by 33.68%, while aged 12 µm-MPs decreased it by 24.61%. This study is the first report on the MODA formation mechanism, which is essential for exploring MODA transport and toxicity through marine trophic levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Yang
- Northern Region Persistent Organic Pollutant Control (NRPOP) Laboratory, Faculty of Engineering and Applied Science, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, NL, Canada A1B 3X5
| | - Baiyu Zhang
- Northern Region Persistent Organic Pollutant Control (NRPOP) Laboratory, Faculty of Engineering and Applied Science, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, NL, Canada A1B 3X5.
| | - Xiaying Xin
- School of Energy and Environment, State Key Laboratory of Marine Pollution (SKLMP), City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
| | - Bo Liu
- Northern Region Persistent Organic Pollutant Control (NRPOP) Laboratory, Faculty of Engineering and Applied Science, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, NL, Canada A1B 3X5
| | - Zhiwen Zhu
- Northern Region Persistent Organic Pollutant Control (NRPOP) Laboratory, Faculty of Engineering and Applied Science, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, NL, Canada A1B 3X5
| | - Guihua Dong
- Northern Region Persistent Organic Pollutant Control (NRPOP) Laboratory, Faculty of Engineering and Applied Science, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, NL, Canada A1B 3X5
| | - Yuming Zhao
- Department of Chemistry, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, NL, Canada A1B 3X7
| | - Kenneth Lee
- Fisheries and Oceans Canada, Ecosystem Science, Ottawa, ON, Canada K1A 0E6
| | - Bing Chen
- Northern Region Persistent Organic Pollutant Control (NRPOP) Laboratory, Faculty of Engineering and Applied Science, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, NL, Canada A1B 3X5
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Song X, Jing L, Chen B, Zhu Z, Cai Q, Ye X, Zheng X, Hill SJ, Zhang B. The effect of pressure variation on droplet size distribution of dispersed oil under simulated deep-water conditions. Heliyon 2021; 7:e06291. [PMID: 33748451 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2021.e06291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2020] [Revised: 09/20/2020] [Accepted: 02/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Droplet size distribution of dispersed oil in deep-water is critical to the transport and biodegradation of spilled oil in deep-sea. Few studies have focused on the effects of pressure on chemically dispersed oil through experiments. This study thus simulated how the crude oil homogenously pre-dispersed by Corexit 9500A using baffled flasks would behave after being exposed to deep-water conditions. Key factors included dispersant-to-oil ratio (DOR), mixing energy (energy dissipation rate and Kolmogorov microscale), and pressure (up to 150 bar). The variations of pressure were demonstrated to have insignificant effects on the size distribution of pre-dispersed oil. Both the average and medium droplet sizes were correlated negatively with DOR and mixing energy in an established model with a p-value ≤ 0.0011. The log-normal and log-logistic distributions provided a reasonable fit to simulate the droplet size distribution. The two parameters of log-logistic distribution were dependent on DOR and mixing energy with a p-value < 0.005. The results would be valuable to advance the understanding of the behaviours and trajectories of chemically dispersed oil under deep-water conditions. The research helped provide more scientific evidence to improve the understanding of dispersed oil behaviours under high pressure and support deep-sea oil spill research and potential extension of the existing results from shallow water to deep water conditions.
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Thalberg K, Papathanasiou F, Fransson M, Nicholas M. Controlling the performance of adhesive mixtures for inhalation using mixing energy. Int J Pharm 2021; 592:120055. [PMID: 33176199 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2020.120055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2020] [Revised: 10/30/2020] [Accepted: 11/02/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
A concept of mixing energy, ME, has been developed and applied to blending of adhesive mixtures for inhalation in a high shear blender. Six different systems were investigated, four of which included a coating agent. For blends containing a coating agent, it is shown that the applied ME is key to the control of two important functional mechanisms: i) coating of the carrier by the coating agent, and ii) the dispersibility of the active pharmaceutical ingredient (API). The mass of the carrier was identified to be the mass which is relevant to the forces acting during mixing. The dispersibility in terms of the fine particle fraction (FPF) can be expressed as the product of two exponentials which both are functions of ME. The first factor accounts for the initial increase in FPF, while the second accounts for the decrease observed at extensive mixing. For adhesive mixtures without a coating agent, a similar decrease in FPF is observed when high forces are applied during mixing. Mechanistic interpretation of the behavior is provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyrre Thalberg
- Inhalation Product Development, Pharmaceutical Technology & Development, Operations, AstraZeneca Gothenburg, Sweden.
| | - Foteini Papathanasiou
- Inhalation Product Development, Pharmaceutical Technology & Development, Operations, AstraZeneca Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Magnus Fransson
- Inhalation Product Development, Pharmaceutical Technology & Development, Operations, AstraZeneca Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Mark Nicholas
- Inhalation Product Development, Pharmaceutical Technology & Development, Operations, AstraZeneca Gothenburg, Sweden
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Pan Z, Zhao L, Boufadel MC, King T, Robinson B, Conmy R, Lee K. Impact of mixing time and energy on the dispersion effectiveness and droplets size of oil. Chemosphere 2017; 166:246-254. [PMID: 27700991 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2016.09.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2016] [Revised: 09/02/2016] [Accepted: 09/14/2016] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
The effects of mixing time and energy on Alaska Northern Slope (ANS) and diluted bitumen Cold Lake Blend (CLB) were investigated using EPA baffled flask test. Dispersion effectiveness and droplet size distribution were measured after 5-120 min. A modeling method to predict the mean droplet size was introduced for the first time to tentatively elucidate the droplet size breakup mechanism. The ANS dispersion effectiveness greatly increased with dispersant and mixing energy. However, little CLB dispersion was noted at small energy input (ε = 0.02 Watt/kg). With dispersant, the ANS droplet size distribution reached quasi-equilibrium within 10 min, but that of CLB seems to reach quasi-equilibrium after 120 min. Dispersants are assumed ineffective on high viscosity oils because dispersants do not penetrate them. We provide an alternative explanation based on the elongation time of the droplets and its residence in high intensity zones. When mixing energy is small, CLB did not disperse after 120 min, long enough to allow the surfactant penetration. Our findings suggest that dispersants may disperse high viscosity oils at a rougher sea state and a longer time. The latter could determine how far offshore one can intervene for effective responses to a high viscosity oil spill offshore.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhong Pan
- Center for Natural Resources Development and Protection, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, New Jersey Institute of Technology, Newark, NJ, 07102, USA
| | - Lin Zhao
- Center for Natural Resources Development and Protection, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, New Jersey Institute of Technology, Newark, NJ, 07102, USA
| | - Michel C Boufadel
- Center for Natural Resources Development and Protection, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, New Jersey Institute of Technology, Newark, NJ, 07102, USA.
| | - Thomas King
- Center for Offshore Oil, Gas and Energy Research, Department of Fisheries and Oceans Canada, Bedford Institute of Oceanography, Dartmouth, NS, B2Y 4A2, Canada
| | - Brian Robinson
- Center for Offshore Oil, Gas and Energy Research, Department of Fisheries and Oceans Canada, Bedford Institute of Oceanography, Dartmouth, NS, B2Y 4A2, Canada
| | - Robyn Conmy
- National Risk Management Research Laboratory, Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 26 West Martin Luther King Boulevard, Cincinnati, OH, 45268, USA
| | - Kenneth Lee
- Wealth from Oceans National Research Flagship, CSIRO, Australian Resources Research Centre, Kensington, Australia
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Paz-Garcia JM, Dykstra JE, Biesheuvel PM, Hamelers HVM. Energy from CO2 using capacitive electrodes - a model for energy extraction cycles. J Colloid Interface Sci 2014; 442:103-9. [PMID: 25525977 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2014.11.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2014] [Accepted: 11/17/2014] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
A model is presented for the process of harvesting electrical energy from CO2 emissions using capacitive cells. The principle consists of controlling the mixing process of a concentrated CO2 gas stream with a dilute CO2 gas stream (as, for example, exhaust gas and air), thereby converting part of the released mixing energy into electrical energy. The model describes the transient reactive transport of CO2 gas absorbed in water or in monoethanolamine (MEA) solutions, under the assumption of local chemical equilibrium. The model combines the selective transport of ions through ion-exchange membranes, the accumulation of charge in the porous carbon electrodes and the coupling between the ionic current and the produced electrical current and power. We demonstrate that the model can be used to calculate the energy that can be extracted by mixing concentrated and dilute CO2 containing gas streams. Our calculation results for the process using MEA solutions have various counterintuitive features, including: 1. When dynamic equilibrium is reached in the cyclical process, the electrical charge in the anode is negative both during charging and discharging; 2. Placing an anion-exchange membrane (AEM) in the system is not required, the energy per cycle is just as large with or without an AEM.
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Affiliation(s)
- J M Paz-Garcia
- Wetsus, European Centre of Excellence for Sustainable Water Technology, Oostergoweg 7, 8911 MA Leeuwarden, The Netherlands
| | - J E Dykstra
- Wetsus, European Centre of Excellence for Sustainable Water Technology, Oostergoweg 7, 8911 MA Leeuwarden, The Netherlands; Department of Environmental Technology, Wageningen University, Bornse Weilanden 9, 6708 WG Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - P M Biesheuvel
- Wetsus, European Centre of Excellence for Sustainable Water Technology, Oostergoweg 7, 8911 MA Leeuwarden, The Netherlands; Laboratory of Physical Chemistry and Colloid Science, Wageningen University, Dreijenplein 6, 6703 HB Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - H V M Hamelers
- Wetsus, European Centre of Excellence for Sustainable Water Technology, Oostergoweg 7, 8911 MA Leeuwarden, The Netherlands.
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