1
|
Acuna-Alonso C, do Valle Junior RF, de Melo Silva MMAP, Pissarra TCT, de Melo MC, Valera CA, Sanches Fernandes LF, Pacheco FAL, Álvarez X. Sediment source fingerprints of natural processes and anthropogenic pressures: A contribution to manage the Paraopeba River basin impacted by the B1 tailings dam collapse. J Environ Manage 2024; 356:120590. [PMID: 38522281 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2024.120590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2023] [Revised: 02/11/2024] [Accepted: 03/10/2024] [Indexed: 03/26/2024]
Abstract
Understanding the origins of sediment transport in river systems is crucial for effective watershed management, especially after catastrophic events. This information is essential for the development of integrated strategies that guarantee water security in river basins. The present study aimed to investigate the rupture of the B1 tailings dam of the Córrego do Feijão mine, which drastically affected the Brumadinho region (Minas Gerais, Brazil). To address this issue, a confluence-based sediment fingerprinting approach was developed through the SedSAT model. Uncertainty was assessed through Monte Carlo simulations and Mean Absolute Error (MAE). Estimates of the overall average contributions of each tributary were quantified for each station and annually during the period 2019-2021. It was observed that the sampling point PT-09, closest to the dam breach, contributed to almost 80% of the Paraopeba River in 2019. Despite the dredging efforts, this percentage increased to 90% in 2020 due to the need to restore the highly degraded area. Additionally, the main tributaries contributing to sediment increase in the river are Manso River "TT-03" (almost 36%), associated with an area with a high percentage of urban land use, and Cedro stream "TT-07" (almost 71%), whose geology promotes erosion, leading to higher sediment concentration. Uncertainties arise from the limited number of available tracers, variations caused by dredging activities, and reduced data in 2020 due to the pandemic. Parameters such as land use, riparian vegetation degradation, downstream basin geology, and increased precipitation are key factors for successfully assessing tributary contributions to the Paraopeba River. The obtained results are promising for a preliminary analysis, allowing the quantification of key areas due to higher erosion and studying how this disaster affected the watershed. This information is crucial for improving decision-making, environmental governance, and the development of mitigating measures to ensure water security. This study is pioneering in evaluating this methodology in watersheds affected by environmental disasters, where restoration efforts are ongoing.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Carolina Acuna-Alonso
- University of Vigo, Agroforestry Group, School of Forestry Engineering, 36005, Pontevedra, Spain; Inov4Agro/Centro de Investigação e Tecnologias Agroambientais e Biológicas, Universidade de Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro, Ap 1013, 5001-801, Vila Real, Portugal.
| | - Renato Farias do Valle Junior
- Instituto Federal do Triângulo Mineiro, Campus Uberaba, Laboratório de Geoprossessamento, Uberaba, MG, 38064-790, Brazil.
| | | | - Teresa Cristina Tarlé Pissarra
- Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias e Veterinárias, Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), Via de Acesso Prof. Paulo Donato Castellane, s/n, Jaboticabal, SP, 14884-900, Brazil.
| | - Marília Carvalho de Melo
- Secretaria de Estado de Meio Ambiente e Desenvolvimento Sustentável, Cidade Administrativa do Estado de Minas Gerais, Rodovia João Paulo II, 4143, Bairro Serra Verde, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil.
| | - Carlos Alberto Valera
- Coordenadoria Regional das Promotorias de Justiça do Meio Ambiente das Bacias dos Rios Paranaíba e Baixo Rio Grande, Rua Coronel Antônio Rios, 951, Uberaba, MG, 38061-150, Brazil.
| | - Luis Filipe Sanches Fernandes
- Inov4Agro/Centro de Investigação e Tecnologias Agroambientais e Biológicas, Universidade de Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro, Ap 1013, 5001-801, Vila Real, Portugal.
| | - Fernando António Leal Pacheco
- Centro de Química de Vila Real, Universidade de Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro, Ap 1013, 5001-801, Vila Real, Portugal.
| | - Xana Álvarez
- University of Vigo, Agroforestry Group, School of Forestry Engineering, 36005, Pontevedra, Spain.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Nikolenko O, Labad F, Pujades E, Scheiber L, Pérez S, Ginebreda A, Jurado A. Combination of multivariate data analysis and mixing modelling to assess tracer potential of contaminants of emerging concern in aquifers. Environ Pollut 2024; 341:123020. [PMID: 38006989 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2023.123020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2023] [Revised: 11/03/2023] [Accepted: 11/20/2023] [Indexed: 11/27/2023]
Abstract
Collected evidence has shown that contaminants of emerging concern (CECs) in conjunction with more conventional tracers (major ions, nutrients, isotopes etc.) can be used to trace pollution origin in aquatic systems. However, in highly mixed aquifer systems signals obtained from conventional tracers overlap diminishing their potential to be used as tracers. In this study, we present an approach that incorporates multivariate statistical analysis (principal component analysis (PCA) and Kohonen's Self-Organizing Map method (SOM)) and mixing modelling to identify the most suitable CECs to be employed as anthropogenic tracers. The study area is located in the Besòs River Delta (Barcelona, NE Spain) and represents the highly mixed aquifer system. A one-year monthly based monitoring campaign was performed to collect the information about the concentrations of 105 CECs as well as major and minor ions in the river and along the groundwater flow. The dimensionality of the obtained dataset was reduced to 25 CECs, based on their estimated health risk effects, for multivariate data analysis. The obtained results showed the overlap of conventional tracers' signals obtained from PCA. In case of CECs, PCA revealed differences in their distributions allowing the differentiation of the roles of natural attenuation processes, local and regional flows on their occurrence in different parts of the aquifer. This was not possible to do using solely CECs' distribution profiles. SOMs provided the lacking information about the modality of the distribution of each CECs, revealing their ability to represent factors controlling the groundwater hydrochemistry, which assist in defining their tracer potential. Based on the obtained results four identified persistent CECs, two with unimodal (lamotrigine and 5-Desamino-5-oxo-lamotrigine) and two with bimodal (carbamazepine and diazepam (higher modality was not revealed)) distributions, were selected to run a mixing model to compare their tracer performance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Olha Nikolenko
- Department of Geosciences, Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA), Severo Ochoa Excellence Center of the Spanish Council for Scientific Research (CSIC), Jordi Girona 18-26, 08034, Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Francesc Labad
- Department of Environmental Chemistry, Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA), Severo Ochoa Excellence Center of the Spanish Council for Scientific Research (CSIC), Jordi Girona 18-26, Barcelona, 08034, Spain
| | - Estanislao Pujades
- Department of Geosciences, Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA), Severo Ochoa Excellence Center of the Spanish Council for Scientific Research (CSIC), Jordi Girona 18-26, 08034, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Laura Scheiber
- Department of Geosciences, Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA), Severo Ochoa Excellence Center of the Spanish Council for Scientific Research (CSIC), Jordi Girona 18-26, 08034, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Sandra Pérez
- Department of Environmental Chemistry, Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA), Severo Ochoa Excellence Center of the Spanish Council for Scientific Research (CSIC), Jordi Girona 18-26, Barcelona, 08034, Spain
| | - Antoni Ginebreda
- Department of Environmental Chemistry, Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA), Severo Ochoa Excellence Center of the Spanish Council for Scientific Research (CSIC), Jordi Girona 18-26, Barcelona, 08034, Spain
| | - Anna Jurado
- Department of Geosciences, Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA), Severo Ochoa Excellence Center of the Spanish Council for Scientific Research (CSIC), Jordi Girona 18-26, 08034, Barcelona, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Su H, Li H, Chen H, Li Z, Zhang S. Source identification and potential health risks of fluoride and nitrate in groundwater of a typical alluvial plain. Sci Total Environ 2023; 904:166920. [PMID: 37689194 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.166920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2023] [Revised: 08/30/2023] [Accepted: 09/06/2023] [Indexed: 09/11/2023]
Abstract
A comprehensive understanding of the role of natural and anthropogenic factors in groundwater pollution is essential for sustainable groundwater resource management, especially in alluvial plains with intensive anthropogenic activities. Numerous studies have focused on the contribution of individual factors on groundwater pollution in alluvial aquifers, but distinguishing the effects of natural and anthropogenic factors is limited. In this study, 64 wells were sampled in different seasons from the Yellow River alluvial plain in China for hydrochemical and isotopic analysis to investigate the spatiotemporal distribution, sources and health risks of fluoride and nitrate in alluvial aquifers. Results showed that fluoride contamination was widely distributed without significant seasonal variation, and 78.1 % of the dry season samples and 65.6 % of the wet season samples showed fluoride concentrations above the permissible limit (1.5 mg/L). High-F- groundwater was generally accompanied by Na-HCO3 and Na-HCO3·SO4 water types. Fluoride was from a natural origin mainly associated with mineral dissolution, competitive adsorption, cation exchange, and evaporation. Groundwater nitrate contamination was spatially sporadic and showed significant seasonal differences. Only 13.6 % of the dry season samples and 3.2 % of the wet season samples had NO3- concentrations exceeded the permissible limit of 50 mg/L. The hydrochemical phase evolved from bicarbonate or sulfate type to chloride type with increasing nitrate concentration. Manure and sewage attributed to agricultural activities contributed the most nitrogen to groundwater, followed by soil organic nitrogen and chemical fertilizers, revealing the anthropogenic origin of nitrate. Nitrification was the dominant nitrogen transformation process in the wet season, and denitrification was prevalent in the dry season. Oral ingestion of high fluoride groundwater was a major threat to human health, especially for infants. This study provided a significant reference for water resources management in alluvial aquifers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- He Su
- Department of Earth Science and Engineering, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan 030024, China; Shanxi Transportation Technology Research & Development Co., Ltd., Taiyuan 030032, China.
| | - He Li
- Department of Earth Science and Engineering, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan 030024, China
| | - Hao Chen
- Shandong Provincial Lunan Geology and Exploration Institute, Jining 272100, China
| | - Zhi Li
- College of Natural Resources and Environment, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China.
| | | |
Collapse
|
4
|
Cyr AP, Drew KA, Corsetti S, Seitz AC, Sutton TM, López JA, Wooller MJ, O'Hara T. Ecotoxicology of mercury concentrations in arctic lamprey (Lethenteron camtschaticum). Environ Res 2023; 237:116955. [PMID: 37643685 PMCID: PMC10838160 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2023.116955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2023] [Revised: 08/10/2023] [Accepted: 08/21/2023] [Indexed: 08/31/2023]
Abstract
Arctic lamprey (Lethenteron camtschaticum) is an important dietary resource for rural and indigenous communities in parts of Alaska, with some commercial use. As with many fish species harvested for human consumption, there are concerns regarding mercury concentrations ([Hg]) in Arctic lamprey that may impact human health. To date, information regarding the life cycle and diet of Arctic lamprey is scarce, with no published studies examining [Hg] in Arctic lamprey tissues. Our goals were to investigate the feeding ecology of Arctic lamprey from the Bering Sea, determine how diet and potential dietary shifts might influence [Hg] in muscle, and determine if current [Hg] may pose a human health risk. The mean total [Hg] in Arctic lamprey muscle (n = 98) was 19 ng/g wet-weight. Log transformed total [Hg] were not associated with any measured biological variables including length, mass, δ13C values, or δ15N values. A stable isotope mixing model estimated that capelin (Mallotus villosus) accounted for 40.0 ± 4.0% of the Arctic lamprey diet, while Pacific sand lance (Ammodytes hexapterus) and Pacific herring (Clupea pallasii) accounted for 37.8 ± 3.1% and 22.2 ± 3.5% respectively. Finally, diet percentage compositions shifted based on size class (i.e., medium versus large). These results indicated that feeding location, bioaccumulation, and biomagnification are not important drivers of [Hg] in Arctic lamprey and current [Hg] do not pose a human health risk. Taken together, this research further expands our knowledge of Arctic lamprey trophic ecology in the eastern Bering Sea.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andrew P Cyr
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Alaska Fairbanks, 901 Koyukuk Drive, Fairbanks, AK 99775-7750, USA.
| | - Katie A Drew
- College of Fisheries and Ocean Sciences, 2150 Koyukuk Drive, Fairbanks, AK 99775-7220, USA
| | - Sierra Corsetti
- Department of Biology and Wildlife, PO Box 756100, Fairbanks, AK 99775-6100, USA
| | - Andrew C Seitz
- College of Fisheries and Ocean Sciences, 2150 Koyukuk Drive, Fairbanks, AK 99775-7220, USA
| | - Trent M Sutton
- College of Fisheries and Ocean Sciences, 2150 Koyukuk Drive, Fairbanks, AK 99775-7220, USA
| | - J Andrés López
- College of Fisheries and Ocean Sciences, 2150 Koyukuk Drive, Fairbanks, AK 99775-7220, USA; University of Alaska Museum of the North, University of Alaska, Fairbanks, 907 Yukon Drive, Fairbanks, AK 99775-6960, USA
| | - Matthew J Wooller
- College of Fisheries and Ocean Sciences, 2150 Koyukuk Drive, Fairbanks, AK 99775-7220, USA; Water and Environmental Research Center, Institute of Northern Engineering, 306 Tanana Loop, Fairbanks, AK 99775-5910, USA; Alaska Stable Isotope Facility, University of Alaska, Fairbanks, 907 Yukon Drive, Fairbanks, AK 99775-5910, USA
| | - Todd O'Hara
- Water and Environmental Research Center, Institute of Northern Engineering, 306 Tanana Loop, Fairbanks, AK 99775-5910, USA; Bilingual Laboratory of Toxicology, Veterinary Integrative Biosciences, School of Veterinary Medicine & Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843, USA
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Chen CT, Carlotti F, Harmelin-Vivien M, Letourneur Y, Savoye N, Guillou G, Lebreton B, Tesán-Onrubia JA, Barani A, Cornet V, Guilloux L, Esposito A, Ré C, Bănaru D. Isotopic and biochemical trophic markers reveal the complexity of interactions at the base of pelagic food webs (Mediterranean sea). Mar Environ Res 2023; 190:106123. [PMID: 37567088 DOI: 10.1016/j.marenvres.2023.106123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2023] [Revised: 08/01/2023] [Accepted: 08/02/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023]
Abstract
To gain insight into the impact of bottom-up changes in the plankton community on planktivorous fish in the context of the decline of small pelagic fisheries in the Northwestern Mediterranean Sea, we have conducted an extensive year-long study. The investigation combined biochemical analyses (proteins, carbohydrates, and lipids) with C and N stable isotope analyses (SIA) to simultaneously study phytoplankton, zooplankton, and eight planktivorous fish species (Engraulis encrasicolus, Sardina pilchardus, Sardinella aurita, Sprattus sprattus, Cepola macrophthalma, Chromis chromis, Boops boops, and Spicara maena). This study is the first to analyze both stable isotope and biochemical compositions in coastal particulate organic matter (POM) size classes (0.7-2.7 μm, 2.7-20 μm, and 20-200 μm), zooplankton size classes (200-300 μm, 300-500 μm, 500-1000 μm, 1000-2000 μm, and >2000 μm), and taxonomic groups. We demonstrated that: (1) POM stable isotope compositions varied based on its spatial origin, the taxonomic composition of its biota, and its biochemical content; (2) δ15N values increased with zooplankton size classes and groups, indicating different trophic levels; (3) Phytoplankton exhibited a lipid-rich composition (∼55%), while zooplankton and fish muscles were protein-rich (∼61% and ∼66%, respectively). Bayesian stable isotope mixing models revealed that, on average: (1) POM from oceanic waters contributed the most to the POM in the bay (>51%), with a dominance of pico-POM (∼43%); (2) The 200-1000 μm zooplankton primarily consumed nano-POM, the 1000-2000 μm zooplankton mostly consumed micro-POM (∼64%), and the >2000 μm zooplankton also mostly consumed micro-POM; (3) Mesozooplankton (200-2000 μm) constituted the main portion (∼42%) of the diet for planktivorous fish species, while macrozooplankton organisms (>2000 μm) were the primary food resource (∼43%) for both B. boops and S. sprattus. Our study underscores the complexity of the pelagic food web and highlights the bottom-up transfer of organic matter from the smallest phytoplankton size fractions to planktivorous fish.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chia-Ting Chen
- Aix-Marseille Université et Université de Toulon, Mediterranean Institute of Oceanography (MIO), CNRS/INSU, IRD, UM 110, Campus Universitaire de Luminy, case 901, 13288, Marseille cedex 9, France.
| | - François Carlotti
- Aix-Marseille Université et Université de Toulon, Mediterranean Institute of Oceanography (MIO), CNRS/INSU, IRD, UM 110, Campus Universitaire de Luminy, case 901, 13288, Marseille cedex 9, France.
| | - Mireille Harmelin-Vivien
- Aix-Marseille Université et Université de Toulon, Mediterranean Institute of Oceanography (MIO), CNRS/INSU, IRD, UM 110, Campus Universitaire de Luminy, case 901, 13288, Marseille cedex 9, France.
| | - Yves Letourneur
- Université de La Nouvelle-Calédonie, UMR Entropie (UR/IRD/CNRS/IFREMER/UNC), LabEx-CORAIL, BP R4, 98851, Nouméa cedex, New Caledonia.
| | - Nicolas Savoye
- UMR 5805 EPOC, Université de Bordeaux/CNRS, Pessac, Arcachon, France.
| | - Gaël Guillou
- UMR 7266 Littoral, Environnement et Sociétés (CNRS - Université de la Rochelle), 2 rue Olympe de Gouges, 17000, La Rochelle, France.
| | - Benoit Lebreton
- UMR 7266 Littoral, Environnement et Sociétés (CNRS - Université de la Rochelle), 2 rue Olympe de Gouges, 17000, La Rochelle, France.
| | - Javier A Tesán-Onrubia
- Aix-Marseille Université et Université de Toulon, Mediterranean Institute of Oceanography (MIO), CNRS/INSU, IRD, UM 110, Campus Universitaire de Luminy, case 901, 13288, Marseille cedex 9, France.
| | - Aude Barani
- Aix-Marseille Université et Université de Toulon, Mediterranean Institute of Oceanography (MIO), CNRS/INSU, IRD, UM 110, Campus Universitaire de Luminy, case 901, 13288, Marseille cedex 9, France.
| | - Véronique Cornet
- Aix-Marseille Université et Université de Toulon, Mediterranean Institute of Oceanography (MIO), CNRS/INSU, IRD, UM 110, Campus Universitaire de Luminy, case 901, 13288, Marseille cedex 9, France.
| | - Loïc Guilloux
- Aix-Marseille Université et Université de Toulon, Mediterranean Institute of Oceanography (MIO), CNRS/INSU, IRD, UM 110, Campus Universitaire de Luminy, case 901, 13288, Marseille cedex 9, France.
| | - Anaïs Esposito
- Aix-Marseille Université et Université de Toulon, Mediterranean Institute of Oceanography (MIO), CNRS/INSU, IRD, UM 110, Campus Universitaire de Luminy, case 901, 13288, Marseille cedex 9, France; UMR 6134 UMR CNRS SPE 6134, Université de Corse Pascal Paoli, F-20250, Corte, France.
| | - Christian Ré
- Aix-Marseille Université et Université de Toulon, Mediterranean Institute of Oceanography (MIO), CNRS/INSU, IRD, UM 110, Campus Universitaire de Luminy, case 901, 13288, Marseille cedex 9, France.
| | - Daniela Bănaru
- Aix-Marseille Université et Université de Toulon, Mediterranean Institute of Oceanography (MIO), CNRS/INSU, IRD, UM 110, Campus Universitaire de Luminy, case 901, 13288, Marseille cedex 9, France.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Lal DM, Sreekanth GB, Soman C, Sharma A, Abidi ZJ. Delineating the food web structure in an Indian estuary during tropical winter employing stable isotope signatures and mixing model. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int 2023; 30:49412-49434. [PMID: 36773262 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-023-25549-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2022] [Accepted: 01/21/2023] [Indexed: 02/12/2023]
Abstract
The food and feeding links and sources in an impacted tropical estuary situated along India's western coast, the Ulhas River Estuary (URE) was analyzed employing the stable carbon and nitrogen isotopic signatures (δ13C and δ15N). Three basal carbon sources, such as mangrove leaves, particulate organic matter (phytoplankton), and detritus, were analyzed together with eight consumer groups from various trophic guilds. The δ13C varied from - 19.67 to - 24.61‰, whereas δ15N ranged from 6.31 to 15.39‰ from the primary consumer to the top predator species. The stable isotope mixing model developed for URE revealed a phytoplankton based pelagic food chain and detritus based benthic food chain in URE. The fairly larger value of SEA (Standard Ellipse Area) in the URE suggest a much broader food web structure and high trophic diversity in the ecosystem. Higher influence of detritus on the assimilated diet of majority of consumers and evidences of nitrogen enrichment in the basal sources such as detritus and particulate organic matter by anthropogenic activities in URE point towards nitrogen pollution and subsequent trophic disturbance in this tropical estuarine ecosystem.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dhanya Mohan Lal
- ICAR- Central Institute of Fisheries Education, Versova, Mumbai, 400061, India
| | | | - Chitra Soman
- ICAR- Central Institute of Fisheries Education, Versova, Mumbai, 400061, India
| | - Anupam Sharma
- Birbal Sahni Institute of Paleosciences, 53 University Road, Lucknow, 226007, India
| | - Zeba Jaffer Abidi
- ICAR- Central Institute of Fisheries Education, Versova, Mumbai, 400061, India
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Arruda-Santos RHD, Costa BVMD, Carvalho PSMD, Zanardi-Lamardo E. Sewage contamination assessment in an urbanized tropical estuary in Northeast Brazil using elemental, isotopic and molecular proxies. Environ Pollut 2023; 317:120726. [PMID: 36427820 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2022.120726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2022] [Revised: 11/19/2022] [Accepted: 11/21/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The Capibaribe Estuarine System (CES) is a tropical estuary located within a densely populated metropolitan region in the Brazilian Northeast, providing multiple ecosystem services including artisanal fisheries, tourism, and navigation. A significant load of domestic and industrial effluents is causing visible environmental degradation that needs to be characterized. This study evaluated the degree of contamination by domestic sewage and the relative contribution of organic carbon (OC) sources in sediments, measuring carbon-to-nitrogen atomic (C/N)a ratios, δ13C of OC, and linear alkylbenzene concentrations (LAB). The SIAR mixing model indicated that estuarine phytoplankton and sewage contribute 73% and 22% to OC, respectively, based on sedimentary (C/N)a ratios that varied from 8.5 to 13, and δ13C ranging from -25.21 to -21.63‰. This suggests that eutrophication of CES is triggered by sewage inflow. The CES was moderately contaminated by LAB, and the highest concentrations observed in the inner portion, from 287 to 1349 ng g-1 dry weight, suggests the retention of sewage. The mixing isotopic model indicated a significant dilution process of sewage-derived OC by estuarine phytoplankton. The lowest LAB in the lower estuary (317-320 ng g-1 dw) probably resulted from marine dilution. Principal component analysis demonstrated that mud regulates sedimentary OC content, and that the sewage plume regulates sedimentary LAB. High degradation of LAB isomers probably reflects the net heterotrophic condition of this system, also suggesting these compounds are introduced into CES partially degraded. Our results pointed out that degraded OM is a result of chronic and long-term sewage input. Considering the implications of sewage pollution to environmental and public health, there is an urgent need of better policies to improve domestic effluent treatment capacity, reducing contamination of estuarine environments.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Roxanny Helen de Arruda-Santos
- Departmento de Oceanografia da Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Av. Arquitetura S/n, Recife, PE, CEP 50740-550, Brazil.
| | - Bruno Varella Motta da Costa
- Departmento de Oceanografia da Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Av. Arquitetura S/n, Recife, PE, CEP 50740-550, Brazil.
| | | | - Eliete Zanardi-Lamardo
- Departmento de Oceanografia da Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Av. Arquitetura S/n, Recife, PE, CEP 50740-550, Brazil.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Marković T, Karlović I, Orlić S, Kajan K, Smith AC. Tracking the nitrogen cycle in a vulnerable alluvial system using a multi proxy approach: Case study Varaždin alluvial aquifer, Croatia. Sci Total Environ 2022; 853:158632. [PMID: 36087668 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.158632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2022] [Revised: 09/01/2022] [Accepted: 09/05/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
At high concentrations nitrate is considered a serious environmental pollutant which degrades the quality of ground and surface waters. Such high nitrate concentrations (>50 mg NO3/L) have been observed for decades in the alluvial aquifer in the Varaždin region of Croatia. Here we employ a novel cross disciplinary approach (dual isotopes, chemical, bacteria diversity and mixing modelling) to determine sources of nitrate and processes that can influence nitrate concentration within this vulnerable alluvial aquifer. Ten groundwater wells were sampled across the region and in different hydrological conditions for basic chemical, stable isotopes (δ18O-H2O, δ2H-H2O, δ15N-NO3 and δ18O-NO3), and bacterial diversity analyses. In addition, solid samples, i.e. soil samples and fertilizers were collected and analysed for bulk δ15N. The primary nitrate sources were manure, sewage, soil organic N, and ammonia fertilizers, however we observe no clear evidence to indicate that synthetic fertilizers are a major contributor to groundwater nitrate concentrations. Whilst denitrification was observed in the parts of the study area with dissolved oxygen (DO) deficiency, i.e. anoxic conditions, nitrification has been identified as the major process responsible for nitrate behaviour within the aquifer system. Our results will facilitate the creation of a conceptual model of nitrate behaviour in the study area and from this, a numerical groundwater nitrate transport model. These data, understanding of nitrate dynamics and subsequent models will be critical for future sustainable water and agricultural management of the study area.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tamara Marković
- Croatian Geological Survey, Milana Sachsa 2, 10 000 Zagreb, Croatia.
| | - Igor Karlović
- Croatian Geological Survey, Milana Sachsa 2, 10 000 Zagreb, Croatia.
| | - Sandi Orlić
- Ruđer Bošković Institute, Bijenička cesta 54, 10 000 Zagreb, Croatia.
| | - Katarina Kajan
- Ruđer Bošković Institute, Bijenička cesta 54, 10 000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Andrew C Smith
- British Geological Survey, Nicker Hill, Keyworth, Nottingham NG12 5GG, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Li Z, Wang S, Nie X, Sun Y, Ran F. The application and potential non-conservatism of stable isotopes in organic matter source tracing. Sci Total Environ 2022; 838:155946. [PMID: 35569649 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.155946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2022] [Revised: 05/10/2022] [Accepted: 05/10/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Organic matter (OM) tracing is critical for understanding the processes of soil redistribution and global carbon cycling. It effectively supports ecological management and global climate change prediction. Stable isotopes are generally more source-specific compared with other tracers and identify OM sources with a higher level of accuracy. Nevertheless, stable isotopes may be enriched or depleted by physical and biochemical processes such as selective migration of particles and OM mineralization in transport and sedimentary environments, making it difficult to establish links between the source and sink regions. Literature on OM source identification tends to assume a direct link between stable isotope sources and sinks, ignoring the non-conservatism of stable isotopes. There is further literature on understanding and modeling the processes that link the sources to sinks in terms of the non-conservatism of stable isotopes. The disagreement in response to the non-conservatism lies in the lack of comprehensive understanding of stable isotope fingerprinting systems and non-conservatism. The development of stable isotope fingerprinting technology is full of challenges. This review outlines the applicability of stable isotope tracers, identification mechanisms, and associated quantitative models, intending to improve the stable isotope fingerprinting system. We highlight the non-conservatism of stable isotopes in space and time caused by physical and biochemical processes. Additionally, a decision tree is established to determine the quantitative tools, evaluation indicators, and procedures related to non-conservatism. This decision tree clarifies the process from non-conservatism detection to threshold determination of statistical quantification, which can guide the end-users to better apply stable isotope to trace OM sources.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhongwu Li
- College of Geographic Sciences, Hunan Normal University, Changsha 410081, China; College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, China
| | - Shilan Wang
- College of Geographic Sciences, Hunan Normal University, Changsha 410081, China
| | - Xiaodong Nie
- College of Geographic Sciences, Hunan Normal University, Changsha 410081, China.
| | - Yize Sun
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, China
| | - Fengwei Ran
- College of Geographic Sciences, Hunan Normal University, Changsha 410081, China
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Goyetche T, Luquot L, Carrera J, Martínez-Pérez L, Folch A. Identification and quantification of chemical reactions in a coastal aquifer to assess submarine groundwater discharge composition. Sci Total Environ 2022; 838:155978. [PMID: 35588800 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.155978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2022] [Revised: 05/10/2022] [Accepted: 05/11/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
In coastal aquifers, two opposite but complementary processes occur: Seawater intrusion (SWI), which may salinize heavily exploited aquifers, and Submarine groundwater discharge (SGD) which transports oligo-elements to the sea. Aquifers are expected to be chemically reactive, both because they provide abundant surfaces to catalyze reactions and the mixing of very different Fresh Water (FW) and Sea Water (SW) promote numerous reactions. Characterizing and quantifying these reactions is essential to assess the quality and composition of both aquifer water, and SGD. Indeed, sampling SGD is difficult, so its composition is usually uncertain. We propose a reactive end-member mixing analysis (rEMMA) methodology based on principal component analysis (PCA) to (i) identify the sources of water and possible reactions occurring in the aquifer and (ii) quantify mixing ratios and the extent of chemical reactions. We applied rEMMA to the Argentona coastal aquifer located North of Barcelona that contains fluvial sediments of granitic origin and overlies weathered granite. The identification of end members (FW and SW) and the spatial distribution of their mixing ratios illustrate the application procedure. The extent of reactions and their spatial distribution allow us to distinguish reactions that occur as a result of mixing from those caused by sediment disequilibrium, which are relevant to recirculated saltwater SGD. The most important reaction is cation exchange, especially between Ca and Na, which promotes other reactions such as Gypsum and Fluorite precipitation. Iron and Manganese are mobilized in the SW portion but oxidized and precipitated in the mixing zone, so that Fe (up to 15 μEq/L) and Mn (up to 10 μEq/L) discharge is restricted to SW SGD. Nitrate is reduced in the mixing zone. The actual reaction amounts are site-specific, but the processes are not, which leads us to conjecture the importance of these reactions to understand the SGD discharge elsewhere.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tybaud Goyetche
- Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA), CSIC, Jordi Girona 18, 08034 Barcelona, Spain; Associated Unit: Hydrogeology group (UPC-CSIC), Spain; Department of Civil and Environment Engineering, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya (UPC), Jordi Girona 1-3, 08034 Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Linda Luquot
- Géoscience Montpellier, Université de Montpellier, CNRS, Montpellier, France
| | - Jesus Carrera
- Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA), CSIC, Jordi Girona 18, 08034 Barcelona, Spain; Associated Unit: Hydrogeology group (UPC-CSIC), Spain
| | - Laura Martínez-Pérez
- Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA), CSIC, Jordi Girona 18, 08034 Barcelona, Spain; Associated Unit: Hydrogeology group (UPC-CSIC), Spain; Department of Civil and Environment Engineering, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya (UPC), Jordi Girona 1-3, 08034 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Albert Folch
- Associated Unit: Hydrogeology group (UPC-CSIC), Spain; Department of Civil and Environment Engineering, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya (UPC), Jordi Girona 1-3, 08034 Barcelona, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Piatka DR, Frank AH, Köhler I, Castiglione K, van Geldern R, Barth JAC. Balance of carbon species combined with stable isotope ratios show critical switch towards bicarbonate uptake during cyanobacteria blooms. Sci Total Environ 2022; 807:151067. [PMID: 34673071 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.151067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2021] [Revised: 09/14/2021] [Accepted: 10/14/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Next to water quality deterioration, cyanobacteria blooms can affect turnover of aqueous carbon, including dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC), dissolved organic carbon (DOC), and particulate organic carbon (POC). We investigated interactions of these three phases and their stable isotopes in a freshwater pond with periodic cyanobacterial blooms over a period of 23 months. This helped to map turnover and sources of aqueous carbon before, during, and after bloom events. During bloom events POC isotope values (δ13CPOC) increased up to -17.4‰, after aqueous CO2 (CO2(aq)) fell below an atmospheric equilibration value of 412 μatm. Additionally, carbon isotope enrichment between CO2(aq) and POC (εCO2-phyto) ranged from 2.0 to 21.5‰ with lowest fractionations observed at pH values above 8.9. The increase of δ13CPOC and decrease of εCO2-phyto values at low pCO2 and high pH was most likely caused by the activation of the carbon concentrating mechanism (CCM). This mechanism correlated with prevalent assimilation of 13C-enriched HCO3-. Surprisingly, CO2(aq) still contributed more than 50% to the POC pool down to pCO2 values of around 150 μatm. Only after this threshold the reduced εCO2-phyto suggested incorporation of 13C-enriched HCO3-.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- David R Piatka
- Department of Geography and Geosciences, GeoZentrum Nordbayern, Chair of Applied Geology, Schlossgarten 5, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Germany.
| | - Alexander H Frank
- Department of Geography and Geosciences, GeoZentrum Nordbayern, Chair of Applied Geology, Schlossgarten 5, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Germany
| | - Inga Köhler
- Department of Geography and Geosciences, GeoZentrum Nordbayern, Chair of Applied Geology, Schlossgarten 5, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Germany
| | - Kathrin Castiglione
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Institute of Bioprocess Engineering, Friedrich-Alexander Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Germany
| | - Robert van Geldern
- Department of Geography and Geosciences, GeoZentrum Nordbayern, Chair of Applied Geology, Schlossgarten 5, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Germany
| | - Johannes A C Barth
- Department of Geography and Geosciences, GeoZentrum Nordbayern, Chair of Applied Geology, Schlossgarten 5, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Germany
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Kurz AY, Blum JD, Johnson MW, Nadelhoffer K, Zak DR. Isotopic composition of mercury deposited via snow into mid-latitude ecosystems. Sci Total Environ 2021; 784:147252. [PMID: 34088049 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.147252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2021] [Revised: 04/15/2021] [Accepted: 04/16/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Atmospheric deposition of mercury (Hg) to terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems has significant implications for human and animal exposure. Measurements of Hg isotopic composition can be utilized to trace sources of Hg, but outside of the Arctic there has been little Hg isotopic characterization of snow. To better understand deposition pathways at mid-latitudes, five time series of snowfall were collected at two sites (Dexter and Pellston, Michigan, USA) to investigate the Hg isotopic composition of snowfall, how it changes after deposition, and how it compares to rain. The Hg isotopic composition of a subset of fresh snow samples revealed the influence of reactive surface uptake of atmospheric Hg(0). The first time series collected at Dexter occurred during a polar vortex, demonstrating Hg isotopic fractionation dynamics similar to those in Arctic snow, with increasingly negative Δ199Hg as snow aged with exposure to sunlight. All other time series revealed an increase in Δ199Hg as snow aged, with values reaching up to 3.5‰. This characterization of Hg isotopes in snow suggests a strong influence of oxidants and binding ligands in snow that may mediate Hg isotope fractionation. Additionally, isotopic characterization of Hg in snow deposited to natural ecosystems at mid-latitudes allows for better understanding of atmospheric mercury sources that are deposited to lakes and forests and that may become available for methylation and transfer to food webs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Aaron Y Kurz
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA.
| | - Joel D Blum
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Marcus W Johnson
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Knute Nadelhoffer
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Donald R Zak
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; School of the Environment and Sustainability, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Toncala A, Trautmann B, Velte M, Kropf E, McGlynn G, Peters J, Harbeck M. On the premises of mixing models to define local bioavailable 87Sr/ 86Sr ranges in archaeological contexts. Sci Total Environ 2020; 745:140902. [PMID: 32717600 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.140902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2020] [Revised: 07/08/2020] [Accepted: 07/09/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
In archaeological mobility studies, non-local humans and animals can be identified by means of stable strontium isotope analysis. However, defining the range of local 87Sr/86Sr ratios is prerequisite. To achieve this goal, proxy-based mixing models have recently been proposed using 87Sr/86Sr ratios measured in modern local vegetation, water and soil samples. Our study complements earlier efforts by introducing archaeological animal bones as an additional proxy. We then evaluate the different modelling approaches by contrasting proxy-results generated for the county of Erding (Upper Bavaria, Germany) with a comprehensive set of strontium measurements obtained from tooth enamel of late antique and early medieval human individuals (n = 49) from the same micro-region. We conclude that current mixing models based on environmental proxies clearly underestimate the locally bioavailable 87Sr/86Sr ratios due to the limited sample size of modern environmental specimens and a suit of imponderables inherent to efforts modelling complex geobiological processes. In sum, currently available mixing models are deemed inadequate and can therefore not be recommended.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anita Toncala
- SNSB, State Collection for Anthropology and Palaeoanatomy, Karolinenplatz 2a, 80333 Munich, Germany.
| | - Bernd Trautmann
- SNSB, State Collection for Anthropology and Palaeoanatomy, Karolinenplatz 2a, 80333 Munich, Germany
| | - Maren Velte
- SNSB, State Collection for Anthropology and Palaeoanatomy, Karolinenplatz 2a, 80333 Munich, Germany
| | - Eva Kropf
- SNSB, State Collection for Anthropology and Palaeoanatomy, Karolinenplatz 2a, 80333 Munich, Germany
| | - George McGlynn
- SNSB, State Collection for Anthropology and Palaeoanatomy, Karolinenplatz 2a, 80333 Munich, Germany
| | - Joris Peters
- SNSB, State Collection for Anthropology and Palaeoanatomy, Karolinenplatz 2a, 80333 Munich, Germany; Department of Veterinary Sciences, Institute of Paleoanatomy, Domestication Research and the History of Veterinary Medicine, Ludwig Maximilian University Munich, Kaulbachstr. 37 III, 80539 Munich, Germany
| | - Michaela Harbeck
- SNSB, State Collection for Anthropology and Palaeoanatomy, Karolinenplatz 2a, 80333 Munich, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Douglas GS, Graan TP, Hardenstine JH. Forensic identification and quantification of oil sands-based bitumen released into a complex sediment environment. Mar Pollut Bull 2020; 155:111141. [PMID: 32469767 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2020.111141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2020] [Revised: 03/31/2020] [Accepted: 04/02/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
On or about July 25, 2010, approximately 843,000 gal of condensate diluted bitumen (dilbit, a heavy oil) was released into the Kalamazoo River near Marshall, Michigan. As the discharged Line 6B oil migrated downstream the lighter diluent volatilized, formed visible oil droplets/flakes in the water column, became denser than water and/or became aggregated with sediment and migrated to the underlying bottom sediments. Accurate identification and determination of the amount of Line 6B oil present in the sediment was a primary requirement for remediation and allocation of liability. Based on a multi-tiered application of advanced hydrocarbon fingerprinting methodology, key chemical characteristics of the spilled oil were identified that allow for distinguishing heavy oil-related contamination from the complex river sediment background hydrocarbon contamination. It was determined that among the characteristics evaluated, concentration ratios of selected tri-aromatic steranes and triterpanes were most efficient parameters for identification and quantification of the spilled oil in the environment. This quantification approach was successfully applied and validated with field sample results and is consistent with the well-established environmental stability of these petroleum biomarkers and modern hydrocarbon fingerprinting methodology.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gregory S Douglas
- Newfields Environmental Forensics Practice, LLC, 300 Ledgewood Place, Rockland, MA, USA.
| | - Thomas P Graan
- Weston Solutions, Inc., 300 Plaza Circle, Suite 202, Mundelein, IL, USA
| | - Jeffery H Hardenstine
- Newfields Environmental Forensics Practice, LLC, 300 Ledgewood Place, Rockland, MA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Pelletier N, Chételat J, Cousens B, Zhang S, Stepner D, Muir DCG, Vermaire JC. Lead contamination from gold mining in Yellowknife Bay (Northwest Territories), reconstructed using stable lead isotopes. Environ Pollut 2020; 259:113888. [PMID: 32023786 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2019.113888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2019] [Revised: 12/23/2019] [Accepted: 12/26/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The contributions of contaminant sources are difficult to resolve in the sediment record using concentration gradients and flux reconstruction alone. In this study, we demonstrate that source partitioning using lead isotopes provide complementary and unique information to concentration gradients to evaluate point-source releases, transport, and recovery of metal mining pollution in the environment. We analyzed eight sediment cores, collected within 24 km of two gold mines, for Pb stable isotopes, Pb concentration, and sediment chronology. Stable Pb isotope ratios (206Pb/207Pb, 208Pb/204Pb) of mining ore were different from those of background (pre-disturbance) sediment, allowing the use of a quantitative mixing model. As previously reported for some Arctic lakes, Pb isotope ratios indicated negligible aerosol inputs to sediment from regional or long-range pollution sources, possibly related to low annual precipitation. Maximum recorded Pb flux at each site reached up to 63 mg m-2 yr-1 in the period corresponding to early years of mining when pollution mitigation measures were at a minimum (1950s-1960s). The maximum contribution of mining-derived Pb to these fluxes declined with distance from the mines from 92 ± 8% to 8 ± 4% at the farthest site. Mining-derived Pb was still present at the sediment surface within 9 km of Giant Mine more than ten years after mine closure (5-26 km, 95% confidence interval) and model estimates suggest it could be present for another ∼50-100 years. These results highlight the persistence of Pb pollution in freshwater sediment and the usefulness of Pb stable isotopes to quantify spatial and temporal trends of contamination from mining pollution, particularly as concentrations approach background.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Pelletier
- Geography and Environmental Studies, Carleton University, Ottawa, ON K1S 5B6, Canada
| | - John Chételat
- Environment and Climate Change Canada, National Wildlife Research Centre, Ottawa, ON K1A 0H3, Canada.
| | - Brian Cousens
- Ottawa-Carleton Geoscience Centre, Earth Sciences, Carleton University, Ottawa, ON K1S 5B6, Canada
| | - Shuangquang Zhang
- Ottawa-Carleton Geoscience Centre, Earth Sciences, Carleton University, Ottawa, ON K1S 5B6, Canada
| | - Dan Stepner
- Ottawa-Carleton Geoscience Centre, Earth Sciences, Carleton University, Ottawa, ON K1S 5B6, Canada
| | - Derek C G Muir
- Environment and Climate Change Canada, Canada Centre for Inland Waters, Burlington, ON L7S 1A1, Canada
| | - Jesse C Vermaire
- Geography and Environmental Studies, Carleton University, Ottawa, ON K1S 5B6, Canada; Institute of Environmental Science, Carleton University, Ottawa, ON K1S 5B6, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Sardenne F, Forget N, McKindsey CW. Contribution of mussel fall-off from aquaculture to wild lobster Homarus americanus diets. Mar Environ Res 2019; 149:126-136. [PMID: 31221492 DOI: 10.1016/j.marenvres.2019.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2019] [Revised: 06/04/2019] [Accepted: 06/05/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Anthropogenic subsidies to natural systems can influence the diet of mobile omnivore species and co-occurring species. This study assessed if fall-off from mussel aquaculture subsidized wild populations of mobile scavengers and predators, such as the commercially important lobster Homarus americanus. A Bayesian stable isotope-mixing model with parameters determined from the literature and from a 105 days laboratory feeding experiment was applied to wild lobsters to determine how important the various food sources were in these lobsters, especially mussel fall-off. Isotopic values were mainly affected by lobster size with model outputs indicating that large lobsters (>80 mm cephalothorax) fed mainly on mussels from the mussel farm (46% of the diet) while small ones fed mostly on the rock crab Cancer irroratus (99%). The contribution of mussel subsidies to the lobster's diet was thus size-specific and direct (i.e. through mussel fall-off and not through co-occurring species such as rock crab). The absence of a link between food sources and lipid energy content in lobsters suggested that the reduction of rock crab consumption would have to be more drastic to affect the general health of large lobsters in the short term.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fany Sardenne
- Maurice Lamontagne Institute, Fisheries & Oceans Canada, Mont-Joli, Quebec, Canada.
| | - Nathalie Forget
- Maurice Lamontagne Institute, Fisheries & Oceans Canada, Mont-Joli, Quebec, Canada
| | | |
Collapse
|
17
|
Patault E, Alary C, Franke C, Abriak NE. Quantification of tributaries contributions using a confluence-based sediment fingerprinting approach in the Canche river watershed (France). Sci Total Environ 2019; 668:457-469. [PMID: 30852221 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.02.458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2018] [Revised: 02/25/2019] [Accepted: 02/28/2019] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Since a few years, land use management aims to reduce and control water erosion processes in watersheds but there is a lack of quantitative information on the contribution of the sources of transported sediment. This is most important in agricultural areas where soils are sensitive to erosion. The geology of these areas is often characterized by large expanses of relatively homogeneous quaternary silts. The possibility of distinguishing the sources of erosion according to their geological substratum is thus very delicate. This information is important because its lack can lead to the mis-implementation of erosion control measures. To address this request, a confluence-based sediment fingerprinting approach was developed on the Canche river watershed (1274 km2; northern France), located in the European loess belt, an area that is affected by diffuse and concentrate erosion processes. Suspended particulate matter was collected during five seasonal sampling campaigns using sediment traps at the outlet of each tributary and confluence with the main stream of the Canche river. The final composite fingerprint was defined using physico-chemical and statistical analyses. The best tracer parameters for each tributary were selected using stepwise discriminant function analyses. These parameters were introduced into a mass balance mixing model incorporating Monte-Carlo simulations to represent the uncertainty. Estimates of the overall mean contributions from each tributary were quantified at different temporal scales. The annual sediment flux tributaries contributions range from 3 to 22% at the outlet of the Canche river, and annual sediment flux range from 0.87 to 40.7 kt yr-1. The Planquette and the Créquoise tributaries appear to be those producing the largest sediment flux. In contrast, tributaries with the highest number of erosion control on their area exhibit the lowest values of sediment flux. Our results indicate a positive impact of recent land management policies in the Canche river watershed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Edouard Patault
- IMT Lille Douai, Univ. Lille, EA 4515, LGCgE, Civil Engineering and Environmental Department, F-59000 Lille, France; MINES ParisTech, PSL Research University, Center of Geosciences, 35 rue Saint-Honoré, 77305 Fontainebleau Cedex, France.
| | - Claire Alary
- IMT Lille Douai, Univ. Lille, EA 4515, LGCgE, Civil Engineering and Environmental Department, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - Christine Franke
- MINES ParisTech, PSL Research University, Center of Geosciences, 35 rue Saint-Honoré, 77305 Fontainebleau Cedex, France
| | - Nor-Edine Abriak
- IMT Lille Douai, Univ. Lille, EA 4515, LGCgE, Civil Engineering and Environmental Department, F-59000 Lille, France
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Mishra V, Puthucheri S, Singh D. An efficient use of mixing model for computing the effective dielectric and thermal properties of the human head. Med Biol Eng Comput 2018; 56:1987-2001. [PMID: 29732525 DOI: 10.1007/s11517-018-1828-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2017] [Accepted: 04/04/2018] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
As a preventive measure against the electromagnetic (EM) wave exposure to human body, EM radiation regulatory authorities such as ICNIRP and FCC defined the value of specific absorption rate (SAR) for the human head during EM wave exposure from mobile phone. SAR quantifies the absorption of EM waves in the human body and it mainly depends on the dielectric properties (ε', σ) of the corresponding tissues. The head part of the human body is more susceptible to EM wave exposure due to the usage of mobile phones. The human head is a complex structure made up of multiple tissues with intermixing of many layers; thus, the accurate measurement of permittivity (ε') and conductivity (σ) of the tissues of the human head is still a challenge. For computing the SAR, researchers are using multilayer model, which has some challenges for defining the boundary for layers. Therefore, in this paper, an attempt has been made to propose a method to compute effective complex permittivity of the human head in the range of 0.3 to 3.0 GHz by applying De-Loor mixing model. Similarly, for defining the thermal effect in the tissue, thermal properties of the human head have also been computed using the De-Loor mixing method. The effective dielectric and thermal properties of equivalent human head model are compared with the IEEE Std. 1528. Graphical abstract ᅟ.
Collapse
|
19
|
Brown CJ, Brett MT, Adame MF, Stewart-Koster B, Bunn SE. Quantifying learning in biotracer studies. Oecologia 2018; 187:597-608. [PMID: 29651662 DOI: 10.1007/s00442-018-4138-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2017] [Accepted: 04/05/2018] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
Mixing models have become requisite tools for analyzing biotracer data, most commonly stable isotope ratios, to infer dietary contributions of multiple sources to a consumer. However, Bayesian mixing models will always return a result that defaults to their priors if the data poorly resolve the source contributions, and thus, their interpretation requires caution. We describe an application of information theory to quantify how much has been learned about a consumer's diet from new biotracer data. We apply the approach to two example data sets. We find that variation in the isotope ratios of sources limits the precision of estimates for the consumer's diet, even with a large number of consumer samples. Thus, the approach which we describe is a type of power analysis that uses a priori simulations to find an optimal sample size. Biotracer data are fundamentally limited in their ability to discriminate consumer diets. We suggest that other types of data, such as gut content analysis, must be used as prior information in model fitting, to improve model learning about the consumer's diet. Information theory may also be used to identify optimal sampling protocols in situations where sampling of consumers is limited due to expense or ethical concerns.
Collapse
|
20
|
Rao K, Priya N, Ramanathan AL. Impact of seasonality on the nutrient concentrations in Gautami-Godavari Estuarine Mangrove Complex, Andhra Pradesh, India. Mar Pollut Bull 2018; 129:329-335. [PMID: 29680555 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2018.02.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2017] [Revised: 02/13/2018] [Accepted: 02/24/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Spatiotemporal variations of dissolved nutrients were studied along Gautami-Godavari mangrove ecosystem to delineate their sources and fate. Average values of nitrate (NO3-), dissolved silica (DSi) and phosphate (PO43-) is 2.09 mg/l, 12.7 mg/l and 0.16 mg/l in wet season and 0.47 mg/l, 6.96 mg/l and 0.29 mg/l in dry season respectively. In wet season river discharge has significant influence on NO3- and DSi. In dry season, NO3- and PO43- are controlled by groundwater discharge, benthic exchange and various in situ processes owing to sediment redox condition. Mixing model shows net addition of phosphate in Coringa mangroves (95%) and Lower estuary (13%) and net removal of nitrate (24.79%) in Coringa mangrove and in estuary (58.9%). Thus present mangrove acts as net source for phosphate and net sink for nitrate and DSi. Nutrient ratio shows seasonal switching between potential Phosphorus and Nitrogen limitation in wet and dry season respectively.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Karuna Rao
- School of Environmental Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi 110067, India
| | - Namrata Priya
- School of Environmental Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi 110067, India
| | - A L Ramanathan
- School of Environmental Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi 110067, India.
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Lee TY, Hong NM, Shih YT, Huang JC, Kao SJ. The sources of streamwater to small mountainous rivers in Taiwan during typhoon and non-typhoon seasons. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int 2017; 24:26940-26957. [PMID: 26282440 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-015-5183-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2014] [Accepted: 08/10/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The dynamics and behaviors of streamwater chemistry are rarely documented for subtropical small mountainous rivers. A 1-year detailed time series of streamwater chemistry, using non-typhoon and typhoon samples, was monitored in two watersheds, with and without cultivation, in central Taiwan. Rainwater, soil leachate, and well water were supplemented to explain the streamwater chemistry. The concentrations of fluoride, chloride, sulfate, magnesium, potassium, calcium, strontium, silicon, and barium of all the water samples were measured. Principal component analysis and residual analysis were applied to examine the mechanisms of solute transport and investigate possible sources contributing to the streamwater chemistry. In addition to the influence of well water and soil leachate on streamwater chemistry during non-typhoon period, overland flow and surface erosion affect streamwater chemistry during the typhoon period. The latter has not been discussed in previous studies. Surface erosion is likely to be an end member and non-conservatively mixed with other end members, resulting in a previously unobserved blank zone in the mixing space. This has a particularly great impact on small mountainous watersheds, which suffer from rapid erosion. Moreover, fertilizer contaminates agricultural soil, making soil water end members more identifiable. To our knowledge, this study is the first to clearly illustrate the dynamics and sources of streamwater chemistry of small mountainous rivers that are analogous to rivers in Oceania.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tsung-Yu Lee
- Department of Geography, National Taiwan Normal University, Taipei, Taiwan.
| | - Nien-Ming Hong
- Graduate Institute of Earth Science, Chinese Culture University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Ting Shih
- Department of Geography, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Jr-Chuan Huang
- Department of Geography, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Shuh-Ji Kao
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Collins AL, Pulley S, Foster IDL, Gellis A, Porto P, Horowitz AJ. Sediment source fingerprinting as an aid to catchment management: A review of the current state of knowledge and a methodological decision-tree for end-users. J Environ Manage 2017; 194:86-108. [PMID: 27743830 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2016.09.075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2016] [Revised: 09/20/2016] [Accepted: 09/22/2016] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
The growing awareness of the environmental significance of fine-grained sediment fluxes through catchment systems continues to underscore the need for reliable information on the principal sources of this material. Source estimates are difficult to obtain using traditional monitoring techniques, but sediment source fingerprinting or tracing procedures, have emerged as a potentially valuable alternative. Despite the rapidly increasing numbers of studies reporting the use of sediment source fingerprinting, several key challenges and uncertainties continue to hamper consensus among the international scientific community on key components of the existing methodological procedures. Accordingly, this contribution reviews and presents recent developments for several key aspects of fingerprinting, namely: sediment source classification, catchment source and target sediment sampling, tracer selection, grain size issues, tracer conservatism, source apportionment modelling, and assessment of source predictions using artificial mixtures. Finally, a decision-tree representing the current state of knowledge is presented, to guide end-users in applying the fingerprinting approach.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A L Collins
- Sustainable Soils and Grassland Systems Department, Rothamsted Research, Okehampton, EX20 2SB, UK.
| | - S Pulley
- Geography Department, Rhodes University, Grahamstown, 6140, South Africa
| | - I D L Foster
- Geography Department, Rhodes University, Grahamstown, 6140, South Africa; School of Science and Technology, University of Northampton, Northampton, NN2 6JD, UK
| | - A Gellis
- U.S. Geological Survey, Baltimore, MD, 21228, United States
| | - P Porto
- Department of Agraria, University Mediterranea of Reggio Calabria, Italy
| | - A J Horowitz
- U.S. Geological Survey, Atlanta, GA, 30093, United States
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Palazón L, Navas A. Variability in source sediment contributions by applying different statistic test for a Pyrenean catchment. J Environ Manage 2017; 194:42-53. [PMID: 27497674 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2016.07.058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2016] [Revised: 07/15/2016] [Accepted: 07/17/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Information on sediment contribution and transport dynamics from the contributing catchments is needed to develop management plans to tackle environmental problems related with effects of fine sediment as reservoir siltation. In this respect, the fingerprinting technique is an indirect technique known to be valuable and effective for sediment source identification in river catchments. Large variability in sediment delivery was found in previous studies in the Barasona catchment (1509 km2, Central Spanish Pyrenees). Simulation results with SWAT and fingerprinting approaches identified badlands and agricultural uses as the main contributors to sediment supply in the reservoir. In this study the <63 μm sediment fraction from the surface reservoir sediments (2 cm) are investigated following the fingerprinting procedure to assess how the use of different statistical procedures affects the amounts of source contributions. Three optimum composite fingerprints were selected to discriminate between source contributions based in land uses/land covers from the same dataset by the application of (1) discriminant function analysis; and its combination (as second step) with (2) Kruskal-Wallis H-test and (3) principal components analysis. Source contribution results were different between assessed options with the greatest differences observed for option using #3, including the two step process: principal components analysis and discriminant function analysis. The characteristics of the solutions by the applied mixing model and the conceptual understanding of the catchment showed that the most reliable solution was achieved using #2, the two step process of Kruskal-Wallis H-test and discriminant function analysis. The assessment showed the importance of the statistical procedure used to define the optimum composite fingerprint for sediment fingerprinting applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- L Palazón
- Department of Soil and Water, Estación Experimental de Aula Dei (EEAD-CSIC), Avda, Montañana 1005, Zaragoza, 50059, Spain.
| | - A Navas
- Department of Soil and Water, Estación Experimental de Aula Dei (EEAD-CSIC), Avda, Montañana 1005, Zaragoza, 50059, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Palazón L, Latorre B, Gaspar L, Blake WH, Smith HG, Navas A. Combining catchment modelling and sediment fingerprinting to assess sediment dynamics in a Spanish Pyrenean river system. Sci Total Environ 2016; 569-570:1136-1148. [PMID: 27387801 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.06.189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2015] [Revised: 06/22/2016] [Accepted: 06/23/2016] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Leticia Palazón
- Department of Soil and Water, Estación Experimental de Aula Dei (EEAD-CSIC), Avda. Montañana 1005, Zaragoza, 50059, Spain.
| | - Borja Latorre
- Department of Soil and Water, Estación Experimental de Aula Dei (EEAD-CSIC), Avda. Montañana 1005, Zaragoza, 50059, Spain
| | - Leticia Gaspar
- Environmental Science Program, University of Northern British Columbia,3333 University Way, Prince George, BC V2N 4Z9, Canada
| | - William H Blake
- School of Geography, Earth and Environmental Sciences, Plymouth University, Portland Square, Drake Circus, Plymouth, Devon PL4 8AA, United Kingdom
| | - Hugh G Smith
- School of Environmental Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L697ZT, United Kingdom
| | - Ana Navas
- Department of Soil and Water, Estación Experimental de Aula Dei (EEAD-CSIC), Avda. Montañana 1005, Zaragoza, 50059, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Glon MG, Larson ER, Pangle KL. Connecting laboratory behavior to field function through stable isotope analysis. PeerJ 2016; 4:e1918. [PMID: 27077010 PMCID: PMC4830243 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.1918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2016] [Accepted: 03/19/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Inherent difficulties of tracking and observing organisms in the field often leave researchers with no choice but to conduct behavioral experiments under laboratory settings. However, results of laboratory experiments do not always translate accurately to natural conditions. A fundamental challenge in ecology is therefore to scale up from small area and short-duration laboratory experiments to large areas and long durations over which ecological processes generally operate. In this study, we propose that stable isotope analysis may be a tool that can link laboratory behavioral observations to past field interactions or function of individual organisms. We conducted laboratory behavioral assays to measure dominance of invasive rusty crayfish, Orconectes rusticus, and used stable isotope analysis to hindcast trophic positions of these crayfish under preceding natural conditions. We hypothesized that more dominant crayfish in our assays would have higher trophic positions if dominance were related to competitive ability or willingness to pursue high-risk, high-reward prey. We did not find a relationship between crayfish dominance and trophic position, and therefore infer that laboratory dominance of crayfish may not necessarily relate to their ecology in the field. However, this is to our knowledge the first attempt to directly relate laboratory behavior to field performance via stable isotope analysis. We encourage future studies to continue to explore a possible link between laboratory and field behavior via stable isotope analysis, and propose several avenues to do so.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mael G Glon
- Department of Biology, Central Michigan University , Mt Pleasant, MI , United States
| | - Eric R Larson
- Department of Natural Resources and Environmental Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign , Urbana, IL , United States
| | - Kevin L Pangle
- Department of Biology, Central Michigan University , Mt Pleasant, MI , United States
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Palazón L, Latorre B, Gaspar L, Blake WH, Smith HG, Navas A. Comparing catchment sediment fingerprinting procedures using an auto-evaluation approach with virtual sample mixtures. Sci Total Environ 2015; 532:456-466. [PMID: 26100724 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2015.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2014] [Revised: 05/01/2015] [Accepted: 05/01/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Information on sediment sources in river catchments is required for effective sediment control strategies, to understand sediment, nutrient and pollutant transport, and for developing soil erosion management plans. Sediment fingerprinting procedures are employed to quantify sediment source contributions and have become a widely used tool. As fingerprinting procedures are naturally variable and locally dependant, there are different applications of the procedure. Here, the auto-evaluation of different fingerprinting procedures using virtual sample mixtures is proposed to support the selection of the fingerprinting procedure with the best capacity for source discrimination and apportionment. Surface samples from four land uses from a Central Spanish Pyrenean catchment were used i) as sources to generate the virtual sample mixtures and ii) to characterise the sources for the fingerprinting procedures. The auto-evaluation approach involved comparing fingerprinting procedures based on four optimum composite fingerprints selected by three statistical tests, three source characterisations (mean, median and corrected mean) and two types of objective functions for the mixing model. A total of 24 fingerprinting procedures were assessed by this new approach which were solved by Monte Carlo simulations and compared using the root mean squared error (RMSE) between known and assessed source ascriptions for the virtual sample mixtures. It was found that the source ascriptions with the highest accuracy were achieved using the corrected mean source characterisations for the composite fingerprints selected by the Kruskal Wallis H-test and principal components analysis. Based on the RMSE results, high goodness of fit (GOF) values were not always indicative of accurate source apportionment results, and care should be taken when using GOF to assess mixing model performance. The proposed approach to test different fingerprinting procedures using virtual sample mixtures provides an enhanced basis for selecting procedures that can deliver optimum source discrimination and apportionment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Leticia Palazón
- Department of Soil and Water, Estación Experimental de Aula Dei (EEAD-CSIC), Avda. Montañana 1005, Zaragoza, 50059, Spain.
| | - Borja Latorre
- Department of Soil and Water, Estación Experimental de Aula Dei (EEAD-CSIC), Avda. Montañana 1005, Zaragoza, 50059, Spain
| | - Leticia Gaspar
- Environmental Science Program, University of Northern British Columbia, 3333 University Way, Prince George, BC V2N 4Z9, Canada
| | - William H Blake
- School of Geography, Earth and Environmental Sciences, Plymouth University, Portland Square, Drake Circus, Plymouth, Devon, PL4 8AA, United Kingdom
| | - Hugh G Smith
- School of Environmental Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L697ZT, United Kingdom
| | - Ana Navas
- Department of Soil and Water, Estación Experimental de Aula Dei (EEAD-CSIC), Avda. Montañana 1005, Zaragoza, 50059, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Xia X, Wu Q, Zhu B, Zhao P, Zhang S, Yang L. Analyzing the contribution of climate change to long-term variations in sediment nitrogen sources for reservoirs/lakes. Sci Total Environ 2015; 523:64-73. [PMID: 25862992 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2015.03.140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2014] [Revised: 03/30/2015] [Accepted: 03/30/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
We applied a mixing model based on stable isotopic δ(13)C, δ(15)N, and C:N ratios to estimate the contributions of multiple sources to sediment nitrogen. We also developed a conceptual model describing and analyzing the impacts of climate change on nitrogen enrichment. These two models were conducted in Miyun Reservoir to analyze the contribution of climate change to the variations in sediment nitrogen sources based on two (210)Pb and (137)Cs dated sediment cores. The results showed that during the past 50years, average contributions of soil and fertilizer, submerged macrophytes, N2-fixing phytoplankton, and non-N2-fixing phytoplankton were 40.7%, 40.3%, 11.8%, and 7.2%, respectively. In addition, total nitrogen (TN) contents in sediment showed significant increasing trends from 1960 to 2010, and sediment nitrogen of both submerged macrophytes and phytoplankton sources exhibited significant increasing trends during the past 50years. In contrast, soil and fertilizer sources showed a significant decreasing trend from 1990 to 2010. According to the changing trend of N2-fixing phytoplankton, changes of temperature and sunshine duration accounted for at least 43% of the trend in the sediment nitrogen enrichment over the past 50years. Regression analysis of the climatic factors on nitrogen sources showed that the contributions of precipitation, temperature, and sunshine duration to the variations in sediment nitrogen sources ranged from 18.5% to 60.3%. The study demonstrates that the mixing model provides a robust method for calculating the contribution of multiple nitrogen sources in sediment, and this study also suggests that N2-fixing phytoplankton could be regarded as an important response factor for assessing the impacts of climate change on nitrogen enrichment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xinghui Xia
- School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, State Key Laboratory of Water Environment Simulation/Key Laboratory of Water and Sediment Sciences of Ministry of Education, Beijing 100875, China.
| | - Qiong Wu
- School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, State Key Laboratory of Water Environment Simulation/Key Laboratory of Water and Sediment Sciences of Ministry of Education, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Baotong Zhu
- School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, State Key Laboratory of Water Environment Simulation/Key Laboratory of Water and Sediment Sciences of Ministry of Education, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Pujun Zhao
- School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, State Key Laboratory of Water Environment Simulation/Key Laboratory of Water and Sediment Sciences of Ministry of Education, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Shangwei Zhang
- Department of Isotope Biogeochemistry, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research - UFZ, Permoserstraße 15, Leipzig 04318, Germany
| | - Lingyan Yang
- Beijing Municipal Environmental Monitoring Center, Beijing 100048, China
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Cooper RJ, Pedentchouk N, Hiscock KM, Disdle P, Krueger T, Rawlins BG. Apportioning sources of organic matter in streambed sediments: an integrated molecular and compound-specific stable isotope approach. Sci Total Environ 2015; 520:187-197. [PMID: 25817221 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2015.03.058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2014] [Revised: 03/14/2015] [Accepted: 03/15/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
We present a novel application for quantitatively apportioning sources of organic matter in streambed sediments via a coupled molecular and compound-specific isotope analysis (CSIA) of long-chain leaf wax n-alkane biomarkers using a Bayesian mixing model. Leaf wax extracts of 13 plant species were collected from across two environments (aquatic and terrestrial) and four plant functional types (trees, herbaceous perennials, and C3 and C4 graminoids) from the agricultural River Wensum catchment, UK. Seven isotopic (δ13C27, δ13C29, δ13C31, δ13C27-31, δ2H27, δ2H29, and δ2H27-29) and two n-alkane ratio (average chain length (ACL), carbon preference index (CPI)) fingerprints were derived, which successfully differentiated 93% of individual plant specimens by plant functional type. The δ2H values were the strongest discriminators of plants originating from different functional groups, with trees (δ2H27-29=-208‰ to -164‰) and C3 graminoids (δ2H27-29=-259‰ to -221‰) providing the largest contrasts. The δ13C values provided strong discrimination between C3 (δ13C27-31=-37.5‰ to -33.8‰) and C4 (δ13C27-31=-23.5‰ to -23.1‰) plants, but neither δ13C nor δ2H values could uniquely differentiate aquatic and terrestrial species, emphasizing a stronger plant physiological/biochemical rather than environmental control over isotopic differences. ACL and CPI complemented isotopic discrimination, with significantly longer chain lengths recorded for trees and terrestrial plants compared with herbaceous perennials and aquatic species, respectively. Application of a comprehensive Bayesian mixing model for 18 streambed sediments collected between September 2013 and March 2014 revealed considerable temporal variability in the apportionment of organic matter sources. Median organic matter contributions ranged from 22% to 52% for trees, 29% to 50% for herbaceous perennials, 17% to 34% for C3 graminoids and 3% to 7% for C4 graminoids. The results presented here clearly demonstrate the effectiveness of an integrated molecular and stable isotope analysis for quantitatively apportioning, with uncertainty, plant-specific organic matter contributions to streambed sediments via a Bayesian mixing model approach.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Richard J Cooper
- School of Environmental Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7TJ, UK.
| | - Nikolai Pedentchouk
- School of Environmental Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7TJ, UK
| | - Kevin M Hiscock
- School of Environmental Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7TJ, UK
| | - Paul Disdle
- School of Environmental Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7TJ, UK
| | | | - Barry G Rawlins
- British Geological Survey, Keyworth, Nottingham NG12 5GG, UK
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Fatourehchi N, Sohrabi M, Dabir B, Royaee SJ, Haji Malayeri A. Application of a novel type impinging streams reactor in solid-liquid enzyme reactions and modeling of residence time distribution using GDB model. Enzyme Microb Technol 2014; 55:14-20. [PMID: 24411440 DOI: 10.1016/j.enzmictec.2013.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2013] [Revised: 11/18/2013] [Accepted: 11/20/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Solid-liquid enzyme reactions constitute important processes in biochemical industries. The isomerization of d-glucose to d-fructose, using the immobilized glucose isomerase (Sweetzyme T), as a typical example of solid-liquid catalyzed reactions has been carried out in one stage and multi-stage novel type of impinging streams reactors. Response surface methodology was applied to determine the effects of certain pertinent parameters of the process namely axial velocity (A), feed concentration (B), nozzles' flow rates (C) and enzyme loading (D) on the performance of the apparatus. The results obtained from the conversion of glucose in this reactor were much higher than those expected in conventional reactors, while residence time was decreased dramatically. Residence time distribution (RTD) in a one-stage impinging streams reactor was investigated using colored solution as the tracer. The results showed that the flow pattern in the reactor was close to that in a continuous stirred tank reactor (CSTR). Based on the analysis of flow region in the reactor, gamma distribution model with bypass (GDB) was applied to study the RTD of the reactor. The results indicated that RTD in the impinging streams reactor could be described by the latter model.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Niloufar Fatourehchi
- Chemical Engineering Department, Amirkabir University of Technology, Tehran, Iran
| | - Morteza Sohrabi
- Chemical Engineering Department, Amirkabir University of Technology, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Bahram Dabir
- Chemical Engineering Department, Amirkabir University of Technology, Tehran, Iran
| | - Sayed Javid Royaee
- Refining Technology Development Division, Research Institute of Petroleum Industry, Tehran, Iran
| | - Adel Haji Malayeri
- Chemical Engineering Department, Amirkabir University of Technology, Tehran, Iran
| |
Collapse
|