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Kuramoto E, Tanaka YR, Hioki H, Goto T, Kaneko T. Local Connections of Pyramidal Neurons to Parvalbumin-Producing Interneurons in Motor-Associated Cortical Areas of Mice. eNeuro 2021:ENEURO. [PMID: 34965927 DOI: 10.1523/ENEURO.0567-20.2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2020] [Revised: 11/17/2021] [Accepted: 12/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Parvalbumin (PV)-producing neurons are the largest subpopulation of cortical GABAergic interneurons, which mediate lateral, feedforward, and feedback inhibition in local circuits and modulate the activity of pyramidal neurons. Clarifying the specific connectivity between pyramidal and PV neurons is essential for understanding the role of PV neurons in local circuits. In the present study, we visualized somas and dendrites of PV neurons using transgenic mice in which PV neurons specifically express membrane-targeted GFP, and intracellularly labeled local axons of 26 pyramidal neurons in layers 2–6 in acute slices of the motor-associated cortex from transgenic mice. We mapped morphologically distribution of inputs from a pyramidal neuron to PV neurons based on contact sites (appositions) between the axons from an intracellularly filled pyramidal neuron and the dendrites of PV neurons. Layer 6 corticothalamic (CT)-like pyramidal neurons formed appositions to PV neurons at a significantly higher rate than other pyramidal neurons. The percentage of apposed varicosities to all the labeled varicosities of layer 6 CT-like neurons was 28%, and that of the other pyramidal neurons was 12–19%. Layer 6 CT-like neurons preferentially formed appositions with PV neurons in layers 5b–6, while other pyramidal neurons uniformly formed appositions with PV neurons in all layers. Furthermore, both layer 6 CT-like and corticocortical-like neurons more frequently formed compound appositions, where two or more appositions were located on a dendritic branch, than other pyramidal neurons. Layer 6 CT neurons may contribute to intracortical information processing through preferential connections with PV neurons in layers 5b–6.
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Germanò A, Raffa G, Conti A, Fiore P, Cardali SM, Esposito F, Scibilia A, Quattropani MC, Vinci SL, Marzano G, Pergolizzi S, Longo M, Angileri FF. Modern Treatment of Brain Arteriovenous Malformations Using Preoperative Planning Based on Navigated Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation: A Revisitation of the Concept of Eloquence. World Neurosurg 2019; 131:371-84. [PMID: 31247351 DOI: 10.1016/j.wneu.2019.06.119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2019] [Revised: 06/12/2019] [Accepted: 06/13/2019] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Navigated transcranial magnetic stimulation (nTMS) provides a reliable identification of "eloquent" cortical brain areas. Moreover, it can be used for diffusion tensor imaging fiber tracking of eloquent subcortical tracts. We describe the use of nTMS-based cortical mapping and diffusion tensor imaging fiber tracking for defining the "eloquence" of areas surrounding brain arteriovenous malformations (BAVMs), aiming to improve patient stratification and treatment. METHODS We collected data of BAVMs suspected to be in eloquent areas treated between 2017 and 2019, and submitted to nTMS-based reconstruction of motor, language, and visual pathways for the definition of the eloquence of the surrounding brain areas. We describe the nTMS-based approach and analyze its impact on patient stratification and allocation to treatment in comparison with the standard assessment of eloquence based on anatomical landmarks. RESULTS Ten patients were included in the study. Preliminarily, 9 BAVMs were suspected to be located in an eloquent area. After nTMS-based mapping, only 5 BAVMs were confirmed to be close to eloquent structures, thus leading to a change of the score for eloquence and of the final BAVMs grading in 60% of patients. Treatment was customized according to nTMS information, and no cases of neurological worsening were observed. Radiological obliteration was complete in 7 cases microsurgically treated, and accounted for about 70% in the remaining 3 patients 1 year after radiosurgical treatment. CONCLUSIONS The nTMS-based information allows an accurate stratification and allocation of patients with BAVMs to the most effective treatment according to a modern, customized, neurophysiological identification of the adjacent eloquent brain networks.
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Iimura Y, Jones K, Hattori K, Okazawa Y, Noda A, Hoashi K, Nonoda Y, Asano E, Akiyama T, Go C, Ochi A, Snead OC, Donner EJ, Rutka JT, Drake JM, Otsubo H. Epileptogenic high-frequency oscillations skip the motor area in children with multilobar drug-resistant epilepsy. Clin Neurophysiol 2017; 128:1197-1205. [PMID: 28521267 DOI: 10.1016/j.clinph.2017.03.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2016] [Revised: 03/07/2017] [Accepted: 03/13/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Subtotal hemispherectomy involves the resection of multiple lobes in children with drug-resistant epilepsy, skipping the motor area (MA). We determined epileptogenicity using the occurrence rate (OR) of high-frequency oscillations (HFOs) and the modulation index (MI), demonstrating strength of coupling between HFO and slow wave. We hypothesized that epileptogenicity increased over the multiple lobes but skipped the MA. METHODS We analyzed 23 children (14 subtotal hemispherectomy; 9 multilobar resections). Scalp video-EEG and magnetoencephalography were performed before surgery. We analyzed the OR(HFO) and MI(5 phases=0.5-8 Hz) on electrodes of total area, resection areas, and MA. We compared the data between good [International League Against Epilepsy (ILAE) class I-II] and poor (III-VI) seizure outcome groups. RESULTS ILAE class Ia outcome was achieved in 18 children. Among the MI(5 phases) in the resection areas, MI(3-4 Hz) was the highest. The OR(HFO) and MI(3-4 Hz) in both total area and resection areas were significantly higher in the good seizure outcome group than in the poor outcome group. The OR(HFO) and MI(3-4 Hz) in resection areas were significantly higher than in the MA. CONCLUSIONS Our patients with multilobar drug-resistant epilepsy showed evidence of multifocal epileptogenicity that specifically skipped the MA. SIGNIFICANCE This is the first study demonstrating that the electrophysiological phenotype of multifocal epilepsy specifically skips the MA using OR(HFO) and MI(3-4 Hz).
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasushi Iimura
- Division of Neurology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Kevin Jones
- Division of Neurology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Kyoko Hattori
- Division of Neurology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Yushi Okazawa
- Division of Neurology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Atsuko Noda
- Division of Neurology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Kana Hoashi
- Division of Neurology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Yutaka Nonoda
- Pediatrics and Neurology, Children's Hospital of Michigan, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Eishi Asano
- Pediatrics and Neurology, Children's Hospital of Michigan, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Tomoyuki Akiyama
- Department of Child Neurology, Okayama University Hospital, Okayama, Japan
| | - Cristina Go
- Division of Neurology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Ayako Ochi
- Division of Neurology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - O Carter Snead
- Division of Neurology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Elizabeth J Donner
- Division of Neurology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - James T Rutka
- Division of Neurosurgery, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - James M Drake
- Division of Neurosurgery, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Hiroshi Otsubo
- Division of Neurology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
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Cona G, Marino G, Semenza C. TMS of supplementary motor area (SMA) facilitates mental rotation performance: Evidence for sequence processing in SMA. Neuroimage 2016; 146:770-777. [PMID: 27989840 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2016.10.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2016] [Revised: 09/02/2016] [Accepted: 10/18/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
In the present study we applied online transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) bursts at 10Hz to the supplementary motor area (SMA) and primary motor cortex to test whether these regions are causally involved in mental rotation. Furthermore, in order to investigate what is the specific role played by SMA and primary motor cortex, two mental rotation tasks were used, which included pictures of hands and abstract objects, respectively. While primary motor cortex stimulation did not affect mental rotation performance, SMA stimulation improved the performance in the task with object stimuli, and only for the pairs of stimuli that had higher angular disparity between each other (i.e., 100° and 150°). The finding that the effect of SMA stimulation was modulated by the amount of spatial orientation information indicates that SMA is causally involved in the very act of mental rotation. More specifically, we propose that SMA mediates domain-general sequence processes, likely required to accumulate and integrate information that are, in this context, spatial. The possible physiological mechanisms underlying the facilitation of performance due to SMA stimulation are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Cona
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Padua, Italy.
| | - G Marino
- Department of General Psychology, University of Padua, Italy
| | - C Semenza
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Padua, Italy; Center of Cognitive Neuroscience, University of Padua, Italy; IRCCS San Camillo Hospital Foundation, Neuropsychology Unit, 30126 Lido-Venice, Italy
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Tard C, Devanne H, Defebvre L, Delval A. Single session intermittent theta-burst stimulation on the left premotor cortex does not alleviate freezing of gait in Parkinson's disease. Neurosci Lett 2016; 628:1-9. [PMID: 27268039 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2016.05.061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2016] [Revised: 05/16/2016] [Accepted: 05/27/2016] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the efficiency of intermittent theta-burst stimulation (iTBS) to alleviate the symptoms of freezing of gait (FoG) in Parkinson's disease (PD). METHODS We performed a cross-over, sham-controlled study of patients with severe PD, bilateral motor signs and debilitating, severe FoG, that was levodopa-sensitive but not controlled by optimal dopatherapy. We applied iTBS to the left premotor cortex and measured FoG, gait initiation and continuous gait, before and immediately after the iTBS session. All patients received sham and true iTBS with a one-week interval and in randomized order. RESULTS 15 patients were included in the study. Recordings were performed under usual medication and all patients always showed unresponsive freezing. The pre- and post-stimulation gait trajectories did not differ in terms of the mean trajectory completion time or the percent time with FoG. The percent time with FoG was 6% greater after sham stimulation and 3% lower after iTBS (p>0.05). Visual cueing modified gait initiation and continuous gait but these latter were not influenced by rTMS. CONCLUSIONS The present study provides Class I evidence that iTBS of the left premotor cortex does not alleviate FoG in PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Céline Tard
- Université de Lille, U1171 troubles cognitifs, dégénératifs et vasculaires, Lille, France; Service de Neurologie et Pathologie du mouvement, Hôpital Roger Salengro, CHU de Lille, Lille, France; Service de Neurophysiologie Clinique, Hôpital Roger Salengro, CHU de Lille, Lille, France.
| | - Hervé Devanne
- Service de Neurophysiologie Clinique, Hôpital Roger Salengro, CHU de Lille, Lille, France; Université du Littoral Côte d'Opale, Calais, France
| | - Luc Defebvre
- Université de Lille, U1171 troubles cognitifs, dégénératifs et vasculaires, Lille, France; Service de Neurologie et Pathologie du mouvement, Hôpital Roger Salengro, CHU de Lille, Lille, France
| | - Arnaud Delval
- Université de Lille, U1171 troubles cognitifs, dégénératifs et vasculaires, Lille, France; Service de Neurophysiologie Clinique, Hôpital Roger Salengro, CHU de Lille, Lille, France
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