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Kumar S, Dikshit M. Nitric Oxide: Regulation and Function in Neutrophil Immune Responses. Antioxid Redox Signal 2024. [PMID: 38251644 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2022.0220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2024]
Abstract
Significance: Neutrophils are crucial components of the innate immune system that combat invading pathogens and maintain homeostasis. Nitric oxide (NO•) exerts regulatory influence on neutrophil rolling, adhesion, oxidative burst, chemotaxis, phagocytosis, cytoneme, apoptosis, and NETosis by diverse mechanisms in an autocrine and paracrine manner. Recent Advances: Recent research has identified the critical role of NO• in the proliferation of neutrophil progenitors, differentiation, survival, and other functions. Further, NO• responses depend on the concentration, proximity, and redox environment, highlighting the intricate and context-dependent mechanisms by which NO• influences neutrophil responses. Critical Issues: Neutrophils express two constitutive isoforms of nitric oxide synthase (NOS), namely iNOS and nNOS. The production of NO• or superoxide (O2•-) radical by these isoforms depends on levels of substrates L-arginine and oxygen, and cofactors such as NADPH, FAD, FMN, and redox-sensitive BH4. Importantly, the interaction between NO• and superoxide generates potent oxidants within the phagolysosomes. The coordinated collaboration and regulation of NO• and O2•- are crucial for redox signaling and neutrophil properties. Future Directions: The activity of neutrophil NOS is regulated at multiple levels, including transcriptional regulation, cofactor availability, protein-protein interactions, and post-translational modifications. However, our understanding of regulatory mechanisms during various neutrophil functions remains limited. While we now recognize the neutrophil heterogeneity, metabolic adaptability, and anti-tumoral ability; however, reports identifying NOS/NO• role remain largely unexplored on these aspects in infections, inflammation, and immunosuppression. Future studies addressing these intriguing areas will be crucial in unraveling the role of NO•/NOS signaling in neutrophils across diverse pathologies and may present therapeutic opportunities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sachin Kumar
- Pharmacology Division, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Postal Staff College Area, Ghaziabad, India
| | - Madhu Dikshit
- Pharmacology Division, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow, India
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Wakasugi-Onogi S, Ma S, Ruhee RT, Tong Y, Seki Y, Suzuki K. Sulforaphane Attenuates Neutrophil ROS Production, MPO Degranulation and Phagocytosis, but Does Not Affect NET Formation Ex Vivo and In Vitro. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24108479. [PMID: 37239829 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24108479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2023] [Revised: 05/01/2023] [Accepted: 05/06/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Sulforaphane has several effects on the human body, including anti-inflammation, antioxidation, antimicrobial and anti-obesity effects. In this study, we examined the effect of sulforaphane on several neutrophil functions: reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, degranulation, phagocytosis, and neutrophil extracellular trap (NET) formation. We also examined the direct antioxidant effect of sulforaphane. First, we measured neutrophil ROS production induced by zymosan in whole blood in the presence of 0 to 560 µM sulforaphane. Second, we examined the direct antioxidant activity of sulforaphane using a HOCl removal test. In addition, inflammation-related proteins, including an azurophilic granule component, were measured by collecting supernatants following ROS measurements. Finally, neutrophils were isolated from blood, and phagocytosis and NET formation were measured. Sulforaphane reduced neutrophil ROS production in a concentration-dependent manner. The ability of sulforaphane to remove HOCl is stronger than that of ascorbic acid. Sulforaphane at 280 µM significantly reduced the release of myeloperoxidase from azurophilic granules, as well as that of the inflammatory cytokines TNF-α and IL-6. Sulforaphane also suppressed phagocytosis but did not affect NET formation. These results suggest that sulforaphane attenuates neutrophil ROS production, degranulation, and phagocytosis, but does not affect NET formation. Moreover, sulforaphane directly removes ROS, including HOCl.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sihui Ma
- Health Nutrition, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
| | - Ruheea Taskin Ruhee
- Research Fellow of Japan Society for the Promotion of Sciences, Tokyo 102-0083, Japan
| | - Yishan Tong
- Graduate School of Sport Sciences, Waseda University, Tokorozawa 359-1192, Japan
| | - Yasuhiro Seki
- Graduate School of Sport Sciences, Waseda University, Tokorozawa 359-1192, Japan
| | - Katsuhiko Suzuki
- Faculty of Sport Sciences, Waseda University, Tokorozawa 359-1192, Japan
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Zhou M, Liu Y, Qin H, Shang T, Xue Z, Yang S, Zhang H, Yang J. Xuanfei Baidu Decoction regulates NETs formation via CXCL2/CXCR2 signaling pathway that is involved in acute lung injury. Biomed Pharmacother 2023; 161:114530. [PMID: 36933379 PMCID: PMC10019344 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2023.114530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2022] [Revised: 03/06/2023] [Accepted: 03/13/2023] [Indexed: 03/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Acute lung injury (ALI) and acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) are life-threatening symptoms in Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) patients. Xuanfei Baidu Decoction (XFBD) is a recommend first-line traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) formula therapeutic strategy for COVID-19 patients. Prior studies demonstrated the pharmacological roles and mechanisms of XFBD and its derived effective components against inflammation and infections through multiple model systems, which provided the biological explanations for its clinical use. Our previous work revealed that XFBD inhibited macrophages and neutrophils infiltration via PD-1/IL17A signaling pathway. However, the subsequent biological processes are not well elucidated. Here, we proposed a hypothesis that XFBD can regulate the neutrophils-mediated immune responses, including neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) formation and the generation of platelet-neutrophil aggregates (PNAs) after XFBD administration in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced ALI mice. The mechanism behind it was also firstly explained, that is XFBD regulated NETs formation via CXCL2/CXCR2 axis. Altogether, our findings demonstrated the sequential immune responses of XFBD after inhibiting neutrophils infiltration, as well as shedding light on exploiting the therapy of XFBD targeting neutrophils to ameliorate ALI during the clinical course.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengen Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Component-based Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, China; Key Laboratory of Pharmacology of Traditional Chinese Medical Formulae, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Ministry of Education, Tianjin 301617, China
| | - Yiman Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Component-based Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, China; Key Laboratory of Pharmacology of Traditional Chinese Medical Formulae, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Ministry of Education, Tianjin 301617, China
| | - Honglin Qin
- State Key Laboratory of Component-based Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, China; Key Laboratory of Pharmacology of Traditional Chinese Medical Formulae, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Ministry of Education, Tianjin 301617, China
| | - Ting Shang
- State Key Laboratory of Component-based Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, China; Key Laboratory of Pharmacology of Traditional Chinese Medical Formulae, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Ministry of Education, Tianjin 301617, China
| | - Zhifeng Xue
- State Key Laboratory of Component-based Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, China; Key Laboratory of Pharmacology of Traditional Chinese Medical Formulae, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Ministry of Education, Tianjin 301617, China
| | - Shuang Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Component-based Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, China; Key Laboratory of Pharmacology of Traditional Chinese Medical Formulae, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Ministry of Education, Tianjin 301617, China
| | - Han Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Component-based Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, China; Key Laboratory of Pharmacology of Traditional Chinese Medical Formulae, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Ministry of Education, Tianjin 301617, China; Hai he Laboratory of Modern Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, China.
| | - Jian Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Component-based Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, China; Key Laboratory of Pharmacology of Traditional Chinese Medical Formulae, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Ministry of Education, Tianjin 301617, China; Hai he Laboratory of Modern Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, China.
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4
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Baron S, Rashal T, Vaisman D, Elhasid R, Shukrun R. Selinexor, a selective inhibitor of nuclear export, inhibits human neutrophil extracellular trap formation in vitro. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:1030991. [PMID: 36506529 PMCID: PMC9730241 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.1030991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2022] [Accepted: 11/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Neutrophils are central players in the innate immune system. To protect against invading pathogens, neutrophils can externalize chromatin to create neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs). While NETs are critical to host defense, they also have deleterious effects, and dysregulation of NETs formation has been implicated in autoimmune diseases, atherosclerosis and thrombotic conditions, cancer progression and dissemination, and acute respiratory distress syndrome. Here, we report that selinexor, a first-in-class selective inhibitor of nuclear export approved for the treatment of multiple myeloma and diffuse large B-cell lymphoma, markedly suppressed the release of NETs in vitro. Furthermore, we demonstrate a significant inhibitory effect of selinexor on NETs formation, but not on oxidative burst or enzymatic activities central to NETs release such as neutrophil elastase, myeloperoxidase or peptidyl arginine deiminase type IV. The inhibitory effect of selinexor was demonstrated in neutrophils activated by a variety of NETs-inducers, including PMA, TGF-β, TNF-α and IL-8. Maximal inhibition of NETs formation was observed using TGF-β, for which selinexor inhibited NETs release by 61.6%. These findings pave the way to the potential use of selinexor in an effort to reduce disease burden by inhibition of NETs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Szilvia Baron
- Pediatric Hemato-Oncology Research Laboratory, Tel Aviv Medical Center, Tel Aviv, Israel,Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel,*Correspondence: Szilvia Baron,
| | - Tami Rashal
- Karyopharm Therapeutics Inc., Newton, MA, United States
| | - Dmitry Vaisman
- Pediatric Hemato-Oncology Research Laboratory, Tel Aviv Medical Center, Tel Aviv, Israel,Department of Pediatric Hemato-Oncology, Tel Aviv Medical Center, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Ronit Elhasid
- Pediatric Hemato-Oncology Research Laboratory, Tel Aviv Medical Center, Tel Aviv, Israel,Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel,Department of Pediatric Hemato-Oncology, Tel Aviv Medical Center, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Rachel Shukrun
- Pediatric Hemato-Oncology Research Laboratory, Tel Aviv Medical Center, Tel Aviv, Israel,Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel,Department of Pediatric Hemato-Oncology, Tel Aviv Medical Center, Tel Aviv, Israel
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Yang D, Liu J. Neutrophil Extracellular Traps: A New Player in Cancer Metastasis and Therapeutic Target. J Exp Clin Cancer Res 2021; 40:233. [PMID: 34271947 PMCID: PMC8283906 DOI: 10.1186/s13046-021-02013-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2021] [Accepted: 06/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Neutrophil Extracellular Traps (NETs) are neutrophil-derived extracellular scaffolds, which typically consist of fibrous decondensed chromatins decorated with histones and granule proteins. Initially discovered as a host defence mechanism of neutrophil against pathogens, they have also been implicated in the progression of sterile inflammation-associated diseases such as autoimmune disease, diabetes, and cancer. In this review, we highlight and discuss the more recent studies on the roles of NETs in cancer development, with a special focus on cancer metastasis. Moreover, we present the strategies for targeting NETs in pre-clinical models, but also the challenging questions that need to be answered in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dakai Yang
- Liver Disease and Cancer Institute, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, People's Republic of China. .,Key Laboratory of Medical Science and Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, People's Republic of China.
| | - Jing Liu
- Microbiology and Immunity Department, Shanghai University of Medicine & Health Sciences, Shanghai, People's Republic of China. .,Collaborative Innovation Center for Biomedicines, Shanghai University of Medicine & Health Sciences, Shanghai, People's Republic of China.
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Grob D, Conejeros I, López-Osorio S, Velásquez ZD, Segeritz L, Gärtner U, Schaper R, Hermosilla C, Taubert A. Canine Angiostrongylus vasorum-Induced Early Innate Immune Reactions Based on NETs Formation and Canine Vascular Endothelial Cell Activation In Vitro. Biology (Basel) 2021; 10:biology10050427. [PMID: 34065858 PMCID: PMC8151090 DOI: 10.3390/biology10050427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2021] [Revised: 05/07/2021] [Accepted: 05/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Simple Summary Angiostrongylus vasorum is a cardiopulmonary nematode that affects canids, residing in the pulmonary artery and right atrium/ventricle. Due to its location, the parasite will have a close interaction with the different components of the innate immune system, including endothelial cells and polymorphonuclear neutrophils (PMN). Here we evaluated the expression of adhesion molecules of canine aortic endothelial cells (CAEC), and NETs formation by co-culture of freshly isolated canine PMN with A. vasorum L3. Overall, we found distinct inter-donor variations in adhesion molecule expression among CAEC isolates. Additionally, PMN and A. vasorum co-culture induced NETs release without affecting larval viability. Abstract Due to its localization in the canine blood stream, Angiostrongylus vasorum is exposed to circulating polymorphonuclear neutrophils (PMN) and the endothelial cells of vessels. NETs release of canine PMN exposed to A. vasorum infective stages (third stage larvae, L3) and early pro-inflammatory immune reactions of primary canine aortic endothelial cells (CAEC) stimulated with A. vasorum L3-derived soluble antigens (AvAg) were analyzed. Expression profiles of the pro-inflammatory adhesion molecules ICAM-1, VCAM-1, P-selectin and E-selectin were analyzed in AvAg-stimulated CAEC. Immunofluorescence analyses demonstrated that motile A. vasorum L3 triggered different NETs phenotypes, with spread NETs (sprNETs) as the most abundant. Scanning electron microscopy confirmed that the co-culture of canine PMN with A. vasorum L3 resulted in significant larval entanglement. Distinct inter-donor variations of P-selectin, E-selectin, ICAM-1 and VCAM-1 gene transcription and protein expression were observed in CAEC isolates which might contribute to the high individual variability of pathological findings in severe canine angiostrongylosis. Even though canine NETs did not result in larval killing, the entanglement of L3 might facilitate further leukocyte attraction to their surface. Since NETs have already been documented as involved in both thrombosis and endothelium damage events, we speculate that A. vasorum-triggered NETs might play a critical role in disease outcome in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Grob
- Institute for Parasitology, Justus Liebig University Giessen, 35392 Giessen, Germany; (I.C.); (S.L.-O.); (Z.D.V.); (L.S.); (C.H.); (A.T.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Iván Conejeros
- Institute for Parasitology, Justus Liebig University Giessen, 35392 Giessen, Germany; (I.C.); (S.L.-O.); (Z.D.V.); (L.S.); (C.H.); (A.T.)
| | - Sara López-Osorio
- Institute for Parasitology, Justus Liebig University Giessen, 35392 Giessen, Germany; (I.C.); (S.L.-O.); (Z.D.V.); (L.S.); (C.H.); (A.T.)
- Grupo de Investigación CIBAV, Universidad de Antioquia UdeA, Medellín 050034, Colombia
| | - Zahady D. Velásquez
- Institute for Parasitology, Justus Liebig University Giessen, 35392 Giessen, Germany; (I.C.); (S.L.-O.); (Z.D.V.); (L.S.); (C.H.); (A.T.)
| | - Lisa Segeritz
- Institute for Parasitology, Justus Liebig University Giessen, 35392 Giessen, Germany; (I.C.); (S.L.-O.); (Z.D.V.); (L.S.); (C.H.); (A.T.)
| | - Ulrich Gärtner
- Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Justus Liebig University Giessen, 35392 Giessen, Germany;
| | | | - Carlos Hermosilla
- Institute for Parasitology, Justus Liebig University Giessen, 35392 Giessen, Germany; (I.C.); (S.L.-O.); (Z.D.V.); (L.S.); (C.H.); (A.T.)
| | - Anja Taubert
- Institute for Parasitology, Justus Liebig University Giessen, 35392 Giessen, Germany; (I.C.); (S.L.-O.); (Z.D.V.); (L.S.); (C.H.); (A.T.)
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Hu J, Kang H, Chen H, Yao J, Yi X, Tang W, Wan M. Targeting neutrophil extracellular traps in severe acute pancreatitis treatment. Therap Adv Gastroenterol 2020; 13:1756284820974913. [PMID: 33281940 PMCID: PMC7692350 DOI: 10.1177/1756284820974913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2020] [Accepted: 10/26/2020] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Severe acute pancreatitis (SAP) is a critical abdominal disease associated with high death rates. A systemic inflammatory response promotes disease progression, resulting in multiple organ dysfunction. The functions of neutrophils in the pathology of SAP have been presumed traditionally to be activation of chemokine and cytokine cascades accompanying the inflammatory process. Recently, since their discovery, a new type of antimicrobial mechanism, neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs), and their role in SAP, has attracted widespread attention from the scientific community. Significantly different from phagocytosis and degranulation, NETs kill extracellular microorganisms by releasing DNA fibers decorated with granular proteins. In addition to their strong antimicrobial functions, NETs participate in the pathophysiological process of many noninfectious diseases. In SAP, NETs injure normal tissues under inflammatory stress, which is associated with the activation of inflammatory cells, to cause an inflammatory cascade, and SAP products also trigger NET formation. Thus, due to the interaction between NET generation and SAP, a treatment targeting NETs might become a key point in SAP therapy. In this review, we summarize the mechanism of NETs in protecting the host from pathogen invasion, the stimulus that triggers NET formation, organ injury associated with SAP involving NETs, methods to interrupt the harmful effects of NETs, and different therapeutic strategies to preserve the organ function of patients with SAP by targeting NETs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Huan Chen
- Department of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Jiaqi Yao
- Department of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Xiaolin Yi
- Department of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Wenfu Tang
- Department of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
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Grob D, Conejeros I, Velásquez ZD, Preußer C, Gärtner U, Alarcón P, Burgos RA, Hermosilla C, Taubert A. Trypanosoma brucei brucei Induces Polymorphonuclear Neutrophil Activation and Neutrophil Extracellular Traps Release. Front Immunol 2020; 11:559561. [PMID: 33193328 PMCID: PMC7649812 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.559561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2020] [Accepted: 08/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Trypanosoma brucei brucei trypomastigotes are classical blood parasites of cattle, these stages might become potential targets for circulating polymorphonuclear neutrophils (PMN). We here investigated NETs extrusion and related oxygen consumption in bovine PMN exposed to motile T. b. brucei trypomastigotes in vitro. Parasite exposure induced PMN activation as detected by enhanced oxygen consumption rates (OCR), extracellular acidification rates (ECAR), and production of total and extracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS). Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) showed that co-cultivation of bovine PMN with motile trypomastigotes resulted in NETs formation within 120 min of exposure. T. b. brucei-induced NETs were confirmed by confocal microscopy demonstrating co-localization of extruded DNA with neutrophil elastase (NE) and nuclear histones. Immunofluorescence analyses demonstrated that trypomastigotes induced different phenotypes of NETs in bovine PMN, such as aggregated NETs (aggNETs), spread NETs (sprNETs), and diffuse NETs (diffNETs) with aggNETs being the most abundant ones. Furthermore, live cell 3D-holotomographic microscopy unveiled detailed morphological changes during the NETotic process. Quantification of T. b. brucei-induced NETs formation was estimated by DNA and nuclear area analysis (DANA) and confirmed enhanced NETs formation in response to trypomastigote stages. Formation of NETs does not result in a decrease of T. b. brucei viability, but a decrease of 26% in the number of motile parasites. Referring the involved signaling pathways, trypomastigote-induced NETs formation seems to be purinergic-dependent, since inhibition via NF449 treatment resulted in a significant reduction of T. b. brucei-triggered DNA extrusion. Overall, future studies will have to analyze whether the formation of aggNETs indeed plays a role in the outcome of clinical disease and bovine African trypanosomiasis-related immunopathological disorders, such as increased intravascular coagulopathy and vascular permeability, often reported to occur in this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Grob
- Institute of Parasitology, Biomedical Research Center Seltersberg (BFS), Justus Liebig University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Iván Conejeros
- Institute of Parasitology, Biomedical Research Center Seltersberg (BFS), Justus Liebig University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Zahady D Velásquez
- Institute of Parasitology, Biomedical Research Center Seltersberg (BFS), Justus Liebig University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Christian Preußer
- Institute of Biochemistry, Department of Biology and Chemistry, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Ulrich Gärtner
- Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Pablo Alarcón
- Laboratory of Inflammation Pharmacology, Institute of Pharmacology and Morphophysiology, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
| | - Rafael A Burgos
- Laboratory of Inflammation Pharmacology, Institute of Pharmacology and Morphophysiology, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
| | - Carlos Hermosilla
- Institute of Parasitology, Biomedical Research Center Seltersberg (BFS), Justus Liebig University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Anja Taubert
- Institute of Parasitology, Biomedical Research Center Seltersberg (BFS), Justus Liebig University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
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