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Mu L, Zhang J, Xu Y, Wei C, Rahman MM, Nordlund D, Liu Y, Lin F. Resolving Charge Distribution for Compositionally Heterogeneous Battery Cathode Materials. Nano Lett 2022; 22:1278-1286. [PMID: 35041789 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.1c04464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The isostructural nature of Li-layered cathodes allows for accommodating multiple transition metals (TMs). However, little is known about how the local TM stoichiometry influences the charging behavior of battery particles thus impacting battery performance. Here, we develop heterogeneous compositional distributions in polycrystalline LiNi1-x-yMnxCoyO2 (NMC) particles to investigate the interplay between local stoichiometry and charge distribution. These NMC particles exhibit a broad, continuous distribution of local Ni/Mn/Co stoichiometry, which does not compromise the global layeredness. The local Mn and Ni concentrations in individual NMC particles are positively and negatively correlated with the electrochemically induced Ni oxidation, respectively, whereas the Co concentration does not impose a clear effect on the Ni oxidation. The resulting material delivers excellent reversible capacity, rate capability, and cycle life at high operating voltages. Engineering Ni/Mn/Co distribution in NMC particles may provide a path toward controlling the charge distribution and thus chemomechanical properties of polycrystalline battery particles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linqin Mu
- Department of Chemistry, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, United States
| | - Jin Zhang
- Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Lightsource, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California 94025, United States
| | - Yahong Xu
- Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Lightsource, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California 94025, United States
| | - Chenxi Wei
- Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Lightsource, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California 94025, United States
| | | | - Dennis Nordlund
- Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Lightsource, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California 94025, United States
| | - Yijin Liu
- Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Lightsource, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California 94025, United States
| | - Feng Lin
- Department of Chemistry, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, United States
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Kaboli S, Demers H, Paolella A, Darwiche A, Dontigny M, Clément D, Guerfi A, Trudeau ML, Goodenough JB, Zaghib K. Behavior of Solid Electrolyte in Li-Polymer Battery with NMC Cathode via in-Situ Scanning Electron Microscopy. Nano Lett 2020; 20:1607-1613. [PMID: 32017575 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.9b04452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
We present the first results of in situ scanning electron microscopy (SEM) of an all-solid Li battery with a nickel-manganese-cobalt-oxide (NMC-622) cathode at 50 °C and an operating voltage of 2.7-4.3 V. Experiments were conducted under a constant current at several C rates (nC rate: cycling in 1/n h): C/12, C/6, and C/3. The microstructure evolution during cycling was monitored by continuous secondary electron imaging. We found that the chemical degradation of the solid polymer electrolyte (SPE) was the main mechanism for battery failure. This degradation was observed in the form of a gradual thinning of the SPE as a function of cycling time, resulting in gas generation from the cell. We also present various dynamic electrochemical and mechanical phenomena, as observed by SEM images, and compare the performance of this battery with that of an all-solid Li battery with a LiFePO4 cathode.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shirin Kaboli
- Hydro-Québec's Center of Excellence in Transportation Electrification and Energy Storage, Varennes, Québec J3X 1S1, Canada
| | - Hendrix Demers
- Hydro-Québec's Center of Excellence in Transportation Electrification and Energy Storage, Varennes, Québec J3X 1S1, Canada
| | - Andrea Paolella
- Hydro-Québec's Center of Excellence in Transportation Electrification and Energy Storage, Varennes, Québec J3X 1S1, Canada
| | - Ali Darwiche
- Hydro-Québec's Center of Excellence in Transportation Electrification and Energy Storage, Varennes, Québec J3X 1S1, Canada
| | - Martin Dontigny
- Hydro-Québec's Center of Excellence in Transportation Electrification and Energy Storage, Varennes, Québec J3X 1S1, Canada
| | - Daniel Clément
- Hydro-Québec's Center of Excellence in Transportation Electrification and Energy Storage, Varennes, Québec J3X 1S1, Canada
| | - Abdelbast Guerfi
- Hydro-Québec's Center of Excellence in Transportation Electrification and Energy Storage, Varennes, Québec J3X 1S1, Canada
| | - Michel L Trudeau
- Hydro-Québec's Center of Excellence in Transportation Electrification and Energy Storage, Varennes, Québec J3X 1S1, Canada
| | - John B Goodenough
- University of Texas at Austin, 202 Spence Street, College Station, Texas 77840, United States
| | - Karim Zaghib
- Hydro-Québec's Center of Excellence in Transportation Electrification and Energy Storage, Varennes, Québec J3X 1S1, Canada
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3
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Zhai H, Gong T, Xu B, Cheng Q, Paley D, Qie B, Jin T, Fu Z, Tan L, Lin YH, Nan CW, Yang Y. Stabilizing Polyether Electrolyte with a 4 V Metal Oxide Cathode by Nanoscale Interfacial Coating. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2019; 11:28774-28780. [PMID: 31314493 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.9b04932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Safety is critical to developing next-generation batteries with high-energy density. Polyether-based electrolytes, such as poly(ethylene oxide) and poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG), are attractive alternatives to the current flammable liquid organic electrolyte, since they are much more thermally stable and compatible with high-capacity lithium anode. Unfortunately, they are not stable with 4 V Li(NixMnyCo1-x-y)O2 (NMC) cathodes, hindering them from application in batteries with high-energy density. Here, we report that the compatibility between PEG electrolyte and NMC cathodes can be significantly improved by forming a 2 nm Al2O3 coating on the NMC surface. This nanoscale coating dramatically changes the composition of the cathode electrolyte interphase and thus stabilizes the PEG electrolyte with the NMC cathode. With Al2O3, the capacity remains at 84.7% after 80 cycles and 70.3% after 180 cycles. In contrast, the capacity fades to less than 50% after only 20 cycles in bare NMC electrodes. This study opens a new opportunity to develop safe electrolyte for lithium batteries with high-energy density.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Bingqing Xu
- State Key Laboratory of New Ceramics and Fine Processing, School of Materials Science and Engineering , Tsinghua University , Beijing 100084 , P. R. China
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Yuan-Hua Lin
- State Key Laboratory of New Ceramics and Fine Processing, School of Materials Science and Engineering , Tsinghua University , Beijing 100084 , P. R. China
| | - Ce-Wen Nan
- State Key Laboratory of New Ceramics and Fine Processing, School of Materials Science and Engineering , Tsinghua University , Beijing 100084 , P. R. China
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4
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Rajendra T, Mistry AN, Patel P, Ausderau LJ, Xiao X, Mukherjee PP, Nelson GJ. Quantifying Transport, Geometrical, and Morphological Parameters in Li-Ion Cathode Phases Using X-ray Microtomography. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2019; 11:19933-19942. [PMID: 31066541 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.8b22758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The charge/discharge capabilities of Li-ion cathodes are influenced by the meso-scale geometry, transport properties, and morphological parameters of the constituent phases in the cathode: active material, binder, conductive additive, and pore. Electrode processing influences the structure and attendant properties of these constituents. Thus, performance of the battery can be enhanced by correlating various electrode processing techniques with the charge/discharge behavior in the lithium-ion cathodes. X-ray microtomography was used to image samples obtained from pristine Li(Ni1/3Mn1/3Co1/3)O2 (NMC) cathodes subjected to distinct processing approaches. Two sample preparation approaches were applied to the samples prior to microtomography. Casting the samples in epoxy yielded only the cathode active material domain. Encapsulating the sample with Kapton tape yielded phase contrast data that permitted segmentation of the active material and combined carbon/binder and pore regions. Geometrical and morphological details of the active material and the secondary phases were characterized and compared between the varied processing approaches. Calendered and ball-milled samples exhibited distinct differences in both geometry and morphology. Drying modes demonstrated variation in the distribution of the secondary and pore phases. Applying phase contrast capabilities, the processing-morphology relationship can be better understood to enhance overall battery performance across multiple scales.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thushananth Rajendra
- Department of Mechanical & Aerospace Engineering , The University of Alabama in Huntsville , Huntsville , Alabama 35899 , United States
| | - Aashutosh N Mistry
- School of Mechanical Engineering , Purdue University , West Lafayette , Indiana 47907 , United States
| | - Prehit Patel
- Department of Mechanical & Aerospace Engineering , The University of Alabama in Huntsville , Huntsville , Alabama 35899 , United States
| | - Logan J Ausderau
- Department of Mechanical & Aerospace Engineering , The University of Alabama in Huntsville , Huntsville , Alabama 35899 , United States
| | - Xianghui Xiao
- Advanced Photon Source , Argonne National Laboratory , Lemont , Illinois 60439 , United States
| | - Partha P Mukherjee
- School of Mechanical Engineering , Purdue University , West Lafayette , Indiana 47907 , United States
| | - George J Nelson
- Department of Mechanical & Aerospace Engineering , The University of Alabama in Huntsville , Huntsville , Alabama 35899 , United States
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Billy E, Joulié M, Laucournet R, Boulineau A, De Vito E, Meyer D. Dissolution Mechanisms of LiNi 1/3Mn 1/3Co 1/3O 2 Positive Electrode Material from Lithium-Ion Batteries in Acid Solution. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2018; 10:16424-16435. [PMID: 29664284 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.8b01352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The sustainability through the energy and environmental costs involve the development of new cathode materials, considering the material abundance, the toxicity, and the end of life. Currently, some synthesis methods of new cathode materials and a large majority of recycling processes are based on the use of acidic solutions. This study addresses the mechanistic and limiting aspects on the dissolution of the layered LiNi1/3Mn1/3Co1/3O2 oxide in acidic solution. The results show a dissolution of the active cathode material in two steps, which leads to the formation of a well-defined core-shell structure inducing an enrichment in manganese on the particle surface. The crucial role of lithium extraction is discussed and considered as the source of a "self-regulating" dissolution process. The delithiation involves a cumulative charge compensation by the cationic and anionic redox reactions. The electrons generated from the compensation of charge conduct to the dissolution by the protons. The delithiation and its implications on the side reactions, by the modification of the potential, explain the structural and compositional evolutions observed toward a composite material MnO2·Li xMO2 (M = Ni, Mn, and Co). The study shows a clear way to produce new cathode materials and recover transition metals from Li-ion batteries by hydrometallurgical processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emmanuel Billy
- Université Grenoble Alpes , F-38000 Grenoble , France
- CEA-LITEN , F-38054 Grenoble , France
| | - Marion Joulié
- Université Grenoble Alpes , F-38000 Grenoble , France
- CEA-LITEN , F-38054 Grenoble , France
| | - Richard Laucournet
- Université Grenoble Alpes , F-38000 Grenoble , France
- CEA-LITEN , F-38054 Grenoble , France
| | - Adrien Boulineau
- Université Grenoble Alpes , F-38000 Grenoble , France
- CEA-LITEN , F-38054 Grenoble , France
| | - Eric De Vito
- Université Grenoble Alpes , F-38000 Grenoble , France
- CEA-LITEN , F-38054 Grenoble , France
| | - Daniel Meyer
- Institut de Chimie Séparative de Marcoule (ICSM), UMR 5257 CEA-CNRS-UM-ENSCM, Centre de Marcoule , BP 17171, 30207 Bagnols-sur-Cèze Cedex , France
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6
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Laskar MR, Jackson DHK, Guan Y, Xu S, Fang S, Dreibelbis M, Mahanthappa MK, Morgan D, Hamers RJ, Kuech TF. Atomic Layer Deposition of Al2O3-Ga2O3 Alloy Coatings for Li[Ni0.5Mn0.3Co0.2]O2 Cathode to Improve Rate Performance in Li-Ion Battery. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2016; 8:10572-10580. [PMID: 27035035 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.5b11878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Metal oxide coatings can improve the electrochemical stability of cathodes and hence, their cycle-life in rechargeable batteries. However, such coatings often impose an additional electrical and ionic transport resistance to cathode surfaces leading to poor charge-discharge capacity at high C-rates. Here, a mixed oxide (Al2O3)1-x(Ga2O3)x alloy coating, prepared via atomic layer deposition (ALD), on Li[Ni0.5Mn0.3Co0.2]O2 (NMC) cathodes is developed that has increased electron conductivity and demonstrated an improved rate performance in comparison to uncoated NMC. A "co-pulsing" ALD technique was used which allows intimate and controlled ternary mixing of deposited film to obtain nanometer-thick mixed oxide coatings. Co-pulsing allows for independent control over film composition and thickness in contrast to separate sequential pulsing of the metal sources. (Al2O3)1-x(Ga2O3)x alloy coatings were demonstrated to improve the cycle life of the battery. Cycle tests show that increasing Al-content in alloy coatings increases capacity retention; whereas a mixture of compositions near (Al2O3)0.5(Ga2O3)0.5 was found to produce the optimal rate performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masihhur R Laskar
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Wisconsin Madison , 1415 Engineering Drive, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - David H K Jackson
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Wisconsin Madison , 1415 Engineering Drive, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - Yingxin Guan
- Department of Material Science and Engineering, University of Wisconsin Madison , 1509 University Avenue, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - Shenzhen Xu
- Department of Material Science and Engineering, University of Wisconsin Madison , 1509 University Avenue, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - Shuyu Fang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin Madison , 1101 University Avenue, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - Mark Dreibelbis
- The Dow Chemical Company , 1776 building, Midland, Michigan 48674, United States
| | - Mahesh K Mahanthappa
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin Madison , 1101 University Avenue, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - Dane Morgan
- Department of Material Science and Engineering, University of Wisconsin Madison , 1509 University Avenue, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - Robert J Hamers
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin Madison , 1101 University Avenue, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - Thomas F Kuech
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Wisconsin Madison , 1415 Engineering Drive, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
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