1
|
Rajendran R, Krishnan R, Oh MJ. Establishment and validation of a 2D primary gill cell culture of the sevenband grouper (Hyporthodus septemfasciatus). J Virol Methods 2024; 327:114922. [PMID: 38556175 DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2024.114922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2024] [Revised: 03/27/2024] [Accepted: 03/28/2024] [Indexed: 04/02/2024]
Abstract
A 2D primary gill cell culture system of the sevenband grouper (Hyporthodus septemfasciatus) was established to validate the pathogenesis of nervous necrosis virus (NNV) as observed in previous studies. This system, developed using the double-seeded insert (DSI) technique, yielded confluent cell layers. Upon challenge with NNV in a setup containing both autoclaved salt water and L15 media in the apical compartment, viral replication akin to that anticipated based on previous studies was observed. Consequently, we advocate for the utilization of primary gill cell culture as a viable alternative to conventional methodologies for investigating host pathogen interactions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rahul Rajendran
- Department of Aqualife Medicine, Chonnam National University, Yeosu 50626, Republic of Korea
| | - Rahul Krishnan
- Department of Aquatic Animal Health Management, Kerala University of Fisheries and Ocean Studies, Kerala 682506, India
| | - Myung-Joo Oh
- Department of Aqualife Medicine, Chonnam National University, Yeosu 50626, Republic of Korea.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Huang S, Zheng R, Kang Y, Yang L, Gao J, Liu Q, Weng S, He J, Xie J. Orange-spotted grouper IFNh response to NNV or MSRV and its potential antiviral activities. Fish Shellfish Immunol 2024; 145:109345. [PMID: 38154761 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2023.109345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2023] [Revised: 12/23/2023] [Accepted: 12/24/2023] [Indexed: 12/30/2023]
Abstract
Type I interferon (IFN) plays a crucial role in the antiviral immune response. Nervous necrosis virus (NNV) and Micropterus salmoides rhabdovirus (MSRV) are the most important viruses in cultured larvae and juveniles, causing great economic losses to fish farming. To better understand the antiviral activities and immunoregulatory role of IFN from orange-spotted grouper (Epinephelus coioides), EcIFNh was cloned from NNV infected sample. EcIFNh has an open reading frame (ORF) of 552 bp and encodes a polypeptide of 183 amino acids. Phylogenetic tree analysis showed that EcIFNh was clustered into the IFNh branch. The tissue distribution analysis revealed that EcIFNh was highly expressed in the liver and brain of healthy orange-spotted grouper. The mRNA levels of EcIFNh were significantly upregulated after poly (I:C) stimulation and NNV or MSRV infection. Furthermore, the promoter of EcIFNh was characterized and significantly activated by EcMDA5, EcMAVS, EcSTING, EcIRF3, and EcIRF7 in the luciferase activity assays. We found that EcIFNh overexpression resisted the replication of NNV and MSRV, while EcIFNh silencing facilitated NNV replication in GB cells. In addition, EcIFNh recombinant protein (rEcIFNh) enhanced the immune response by inducing the expression of ISGs in vivo and in vitro, suggesting the potential application of rEcIFNh for anti-NNV and anti-MSRV. Taken together, our research may offer the foundation for virus-IFN system interaction in orange-spotted grouper.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Siyou Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhuhai), China-ASEAN Belt and Road Joint Laboratory on Mariculture Technology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Aquatic Economic Animals, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Rui Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhuhai), China-ASEAN Belt and Road Joint Laboratory on Mariculture Technology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Aquatic Economic Animals, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yiling Kang
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhuhai), China-ASEAN Belt and Road Joint Laboratory on Mariculture Technology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Aquatic Economic Animals, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Linwei Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhuhai), China-ASEAN Belt and Road Joint Laboratory on Mariculture Technology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Aquatic Economic Animals, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jie Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhuhai), China-ASEAN Belt and Road Joint Laboratory on Mariculture Technology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Aquatic Economic Animals, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qingqing Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhuhai), China-ASEAN Belt and Road Joint Laboratory on Mariculture Technology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Aquatic Economic Animals, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shaoping Weng
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhuhai), China-ASEAN Belt and Road Joint Laboratory on Mariculture Technology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Aquatic Economic Animals, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jianguo He
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhuhai), China-ASEAN Belt and Road Joint Laboratory on Mariculture Technology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Aquatic Economic Animals, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Junfeng Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhuhai), China-ASEAN Belt and Road Joint Laboratory on Mariculture Technology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Aquatic Economic Animals, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Rajendran R, Krishnan R, Kim JO, Oh MJ. Regulatory effects of potassium channel blockers on potassium channel genes upon nervous necrosis virus infection in sevenband grouper Hyporthodus septumfasciatus. Gene 2024; 890:147815. [PMID: 37739197 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2023.147815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2023] [Revised: 09/14/2023] [Accepted: 09/18/2023] [Indexed: 09/24/2023]
Abstract
Ion channels in fishes regulate the flow of important ions that play an active role in the excitation and transmission of impulses through neuronal cells. Specific housekeeping genes translates into proteins and selectively permeabilize and facilitate ion crossover transmissions. Potassium (K+) channels play a crucial role in a wide range of functions such as cell volume regulation, hormone secretion, synaptic transmission and muscle contraction. The dysfunction of ion channels result in channelopathies, which hinder critical cellular activities. Recent studies have indicated that viral pathogens tend to regulate cellular ion channels for entry into host cells. Hence, the present study aimed to elucidate the role of K+ channels during nervous necrosis virus (NNV) infections in the sevenband grouper (Hyporthodus septumfasciatus). Real-time PCR with the standardized potassium genes revealed the downregulation of potassium two pore domain channel subfamily member - KCNK10, KCNK9, KCNK2, and KCNK1 genes post infection at both 17 °C and 25 °C whereas an upregulation was noted in the case of gill tissues. SMART analysis revealed a transmembrane region in all genes. Multiple sequence alignment using MultAlin and phylogenetic analysis revealed true homology of potassium genes with other higher vertebrates. In vitro and in vivo challenge study of NNV using Tetra ethyl ammonium (TEA) as potential drug showed inverse relation to that of viral replication and a corresponding downregulation of K+ channel gene expression was observed which was further confirmed by an immunofluorescence assay. These findings indicate that K+ channels play a crucial role during viral infection. Moreover, the observed downregulation can be related to rapid endocytosis resulting from recycling endosomes during a viral infection. Hence, further studies are warranted to better understand the role of K+ channel genes during NNV infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rahul Rajendran
- Department of Aqualife Medicine, Chonnam National University, Yeosu, 50626, Republic of Korea
| | - Rahul Krishnan
- Department of Aquatic Animal Health Management, Faculty of Fisheries, Kerala University of Fisheries and Ocean Studies, Ernakulam, Kerala, India
| | - Jong-Oh Kim
- Department of Microbiology, Pukyong National University, Busan, Republic of Korea
| | - Myung-Joo Oh
- Department of Aqualife Medicine, Chonnam National University, Yeosu, 50626, Republic of Korea.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Ortega-del Campo S, Díaz-Martínez L, Moreno P, García-Rosado E, Alonso MC, Béjar J, Grande-Pérez A. The genetic variability and evolution of red-spotted grouper nervous necrosis virus quasispecies can be associated with its virulence. Front Microbiol 2023; 14:1182695. [PMID: 37396376 PMCID: PMC10308047 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1182695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2023] [Accepted: 05/23/2023] [Indexed: 07/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Nervous necrosis virus, NNV, is a neurotropic virus that causes viral nervous necrosis disease in a wide range of fish species, including European sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax). NNV has a bisegmented (+) ssRNA genome consisting of RNA1, which encodes the RNA polymerase, and RNA2, encoding the capsid protein. The most prevalent NNV species in sea bass is red-spotted grouper nervous necrosis virus (RGNNV), causing high mortality in larvae and juveniles. Reverse genetics studies have associated amino acid 270 of the RGNNV capsid protein with RGNNV virulence in sea bass. NNV infection generates quasispecies and reassortants able to adapt to various selective pressures, such as host immune response or switching between host species. To better understand the variability of RGNNV populations and their association with RGNNV virulence, sea bass specimens were infected with two RGNNV recombinant viruses, a wild-type, rDl956, highly virulent to sea bass, and a single-mutant virus, Mut270Dl965, less virulent to this host. Both viral genome segments were quantified in brain by RT-qPCR, and genetic variability of whole-genome quasispecies was studied by Next Generation Sequencing (NGS). Copies of RNA1 and RNA2 in brains of fish infected with the low virulent virus were 1,000-fold lower than those in brains of fish infected with the virulent virus. In addition, differences between the two experimental groups in the Ts/Tv ratio, recombination frequency and genetic heterogeneity of the mutant spectra in the RNA2 segment were found. These results show that the entire quasispecies of a bisegmented RNA virus changes as a consequence of a single point mutation in the consensus sequence of one of its segments. Sea bream (Sparus aurata) is an asymptomatic carrier for RGNNV, thus rDl965 is considered a low-virulence isolate in this species. To assess whether the quasispecies characteristics of rDl965 were conserved in another host showing different susceptibility, juvenile sea bream were infected with rDl965 and analyzed as above described. Interestingly, both viral load and genetic variability of rDl965 in seabream were similar to those of Mut270Dl965 in sea bass. This result suggests that the genetic variability and evolution of RGNNV mutant spectra may be associated with its virulence.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sergio Ortega-del Campo
- Departamento de Biología Celular, Genética y Fisiología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Málaga, Málaga, Spain
| | - Luis Díaz-Martínez
- Centro de Supercomputación y Bioinnovación (SCBI), Universidad de Málaga, Málaga, Spain
| | - Patricia Moreno
- Departamento de Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Málaga, Málaga, Spain
- Instituto de Biotecnología y Desarrollo Azul, IBYDA, Universidad de Málaga, Málaga, Spain
| | - Esther García-Rosado
- Departamento de Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Málaga, Málaga, Spain
- Instituto de Biotecnología y Desarrollo Azul, IBYDA, Universidad de Málaga, Málaga, Spain
| | - M. Carmen Alonso
- Departamento de Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Málaga, Málaga, Spain
- Instituto de Biotecnología y Desarrollo Azul, IBYDA, Universidad de Málaga, Málaga, Spain
| | - Julia Béjar
- Departamento de Biología Celular, Genética y Fisiología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Málaga, Málaga, Spain
- Instituto de Biotecnología y Desarrollo Azul, IBYDA, Universidad de Málaga, Málaga, Spain
| | - Ana Grande-Pérez
- Departamento de Biología Celular, Genética y Fisiología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Málaga, Málaga, Spain
- Instituto de Hortofruticultura Subtropical y Mediterránea “La Mayora”, Universidad de Málaga- Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (IHSM-UMA-CSIC), Málaga, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Jungi SV, Machimbirike VI, Linh NV, Sangsuriya P, Salin KR, Senapin S, Dong HT. Synthetic peptides derived from predicted B cell epitopes of nervous necrosis virus ( NNV) show antigenicity and elicit immunogenic responses in Asian seabass (Lates calcarifer). Fish Shellfish Immunol 2023:108854. [PMID: 37253409 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2023.108854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2023] [Revised: 05/24/2023] [Accepted: 05/28/2023] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Nervous necrosis virus (NNV) has spread throughout the world, affecting more than 120 freshwater and marine fish species. While vaccination effectively prevents disease outbreaks, the difficulty of producing sufficient viruses using cell lines continues to be a significant disadvantage for producing inactivated vaccines. This study, therefore, explored the application of synthetic peptides as potential vaccine candidates for the prevention of NNV in Asian seabass (Lates calcarifer). Using the epitope prediction tool and molecular docking, three predicted immunogenic B cell epitopes (30-32 aa) derived from NNV coat protein were selected and synthesised, corresponding to amino acid positions 5 to 34 (P1), 133 to 162 (P2) and 181 to 212 (P3). All the predicted peptides interact with Asian sea bass's MHC class II by docking. The antigenicity of these peptides was determined through ELISA and all peptides were able to react with NNV-specific antibodies. Subsequently, the immunogenicity of these synthetic peptides was investigated by immunisation of Asian seabass with individual peptides (30 μg/fish) and a peptide cocktail (P1+P2+P3, 10 μg each/fish) by intraperitoneal injection, followed by a booster dose at day 28 post-primary immunisation. There was a subset of immunised fish that were able to induce upregulation of immune genes (IL-1β, TNFα, MHCI, MHCII β, CD4, CD8, and IgM-like) in the head kidney and spleen post immunization. Importantly, antibodies derived from fish immunised with synthetic peptides reacted with whole NNV virions, and sera from P1 group could neutralise NNV in an in vitro assay. Taken together, these findings indicate that synthetic linear peptides based on predicted B cell epitopes exhibited both antigenic and immunogenic properties, suggesting that they could be potential vaccine candidates for the prevention of NNV in fish.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sumit Vinod Jungi
- Aquaculture and Aquatic Resources Management, School of Environment, Resources and Development, Asian Institute of Technology, Pathum Thanim, 12120, Thailand
| | - Vimbai Irene Machimbirike
- Marine Microbial Pathogenesis and Vaccinology Lab, Department of Ocean Sciences, Memorial University, St. John's, A1C 5S7, NL, Canada
| | - Nguyen Vu Linh
- Department of Animal and Aquatic Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, 50200, Thailand; Center of Excellence in Material Science and Technology, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, 50200, Thailand
| | - Pakkakul Sangsuriya
- National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (BIOTEC), National Science and Technology Development Agency (NSTDA), Pathum Thani, 12120, Thailand; Aquatic Molecular Genetics and Biotechnology Research Team, BIOTEC, NSTDA, Pathum Thani, 12120, Thailand
| | - Krishna R Salin
- Aquaculture and Aquatic Resources Management, School of Environment, Resources and Development, Asian Institute of Technology, Pathum Thanim, 12120, Thailand
| | - Saengchan Senapin
- National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (BIOTEC), National Science and Technology Development Agency (NSTDA), Pathum Thani, 12120, Thailand; Fish Heath Platform, Center of Excellence for Shrimp Molecular Biology and Biotechnology (Centex Shrimp), Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Ha Thanh Dong
- Aquaculture and Aquatic Resources Management, School of Environment, Resources and Development, Asian Institute of Technology, Pathum Thanim, 12120, Thailand.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Yang Z, Yu Y, Wang L, Wong SM, Yue GH. Silencing Asian Seabass gab3 Inhibits Nervous Necrosis Virus Replication. Mar Biotechnol (NY) 2022; 24:1084-1093. [PMID: 36227511 DOI: 10.1007/s10126-022-10169-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2022] [Accepted: 09/21/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The nervous necrosis virus (NNV) causes the viral nervous necrosis (VNN) disease in aquatic animals and has been a major threat in aquaculture. Thus, it is essential for the development of a prevention method to minimize economic losses caused by NNV such as the identification of NNV resistance genes and application of these genes in molecular breeding to increase disease resistance. gab3 is an important NNV resistance gene in Asian seabass. However, the mechanism of gab3 in NNV resistance has not been elucidated. In this study, knockdown of gab3 in NNV-infected Asian seabass cells resulted in a significant decrease in viral RNA and virus titers. Knockout of gab3 in zebrafish led to an increased survival rate and resistant time after NNV infection. Cellular localization of the GAB3 and NNV by immunofluorescence staining showed that the GAB3 was translocated from the nucleus to the cytoplasm, and finally reached the cell membrane of SB cells after 48 h post NNV infection. Our study suggests that gab3 plays an important role in NNV replication and silencing gab3 can inhibit virus replication.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zituo Yang
- Temasek Life Sciences Laboratory, National University of Singapore, 1 Research Link, Singapore, 117604, Singapore
- Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, 14 Science Drive, Singapore, 117543, Singapore
| | - Yepin Yu
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Animal Conservation and Resource Utilization, Guangdong Public Laboratory of Wild Animal Conservation and Utilization, Institute of Zoology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510260, China
| | - Le Wang
- Temasek Life Sciences Laboratory, National University of Singapore, 1 Research Link, Singapore, 117604, Singapore
| | - Sek-Man Wong
- Temasek Life Sciences Laboratory, National University of Singapore, 1 Research Link, Singapore, 117604, Singapore
- Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, 14 Science Drive, Singapore, 117543, Singapore
- National University of Singapore Suzhou Research Institute, Suzhou, Jiangsu, 215123, China
| | - Gen Hua Yue
- Temasek Life Sciences Laboratory, National University of Singapore, 1 Research Link, Singapore, 117604, Singapore.
- Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, 14 Science Drive, Singapore, 117543, Singapore.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Zhang WW, Jia P, Lu XB, Chen XQ, Weng JH, Jia KT, Yi MS. Capsid protein from red-spotted grouper nervous necrosis virus induces incomplete autophagy by inactivating the HSP90ab1-AKT-MTOR pathway. Zool Res 2022; 43:98-110. [PMID: 34904422 PMCID: PMC8743256 DOI: 10.24272/j.issn.2095-8137.2021.249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
As a highly important fish virus, nervous necrosis virus (NNV) has caused severe economic losses to the aquaculture industry worldwide. Autophagy, an evolutionarily conserved intracellular degradation process, is involved in the pathogenesis of several viruses. Although NNV can induce autophagy to facilitate infection in grouper fish spleen cells, how it initiates and mediates autophagy pathways during the initial stage of infection is still unclear. Here, we found that red-spotted grouper NNV (RGNNV) induced autophagosome formation in two fish cell lines at 1.5 and 3 h post infection, indicating that autophagy is activated upon entry of RGNNV. Moreover, autophagic detection showed that RGNNV entry induced incomplete autophagy by impairing the fusion of autophagosomes with lysosomes. Further investigation revealed that binding of the RGNNV capsid protein (CP) to the Lateolabrax japonicus heat shock protein HSP90ab1 (LjHSP90ab1), a cell surface receptor of RGNNV, contributed to RGNNV invasion-induced autophagy. Finally, we found that CP blocked the interaction of L. japonicus protein kinase B (AKT) with LjHSP90ab1 by competitively binding the NM domain of LjHSP90ab1 to inhibit the AKT-mechanistic target of the rapamycin (MTOR) pathway. This study provides novel insight into the relationship between NNV receptors and autophagy, which may help clarify the pathogenesis of NNV.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wan-Wan Zhang
- School of Marine Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510000, China.,Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhuhai), Zhuhai, Guangdong 519000, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Resources and Coastal Engineering, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510000, China.,Pearl River Estuary Marine Ecosystem Research Station, Ministry of Education, Zhuhai, Guangdong 519000, China
| | - Peng Jia
- School of Marine Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510000, China.,Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhuhai), Zhuhai, Guangdong 519000, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Resources and Coastal Engineering, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510000, China.,Pearl River Estuary Marine Ecosystem Research Station, Ministry of Education, Zhuhai, Guangdong 519000, China. E-mail:
| | - Xiao-Bing Lu
- School of Marine Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510000, China.,Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhuhai), Zhuhai, Guangdong 519000, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Resources and Coastal Engineering, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510000, China.,Pearl River Estuary Marine Ecosystem Research Station, Ministry of Education, Zhuhai, Guangdong 519000, China
| | - Xiao-Qi Chen
- School of Marine Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510000, China
| | - Jue-Hua Weng
- School of Marine Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510000, China
| | - Kun-Tong Jia
- School of Marine Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510000, China.,Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhuhai), Zhuhai, Guangdong 519000, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Resources and Coastal Engineering, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510000, China.,Pearl River Estuary Marine Ecosystem Research Station, Ministry of Education, Zhuhai, Guangdong 519000, China
| | - Mei-Sheng Yi
- School of Marine Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510000, China.,Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhuhai), Zhuhai, Guangdong 519000, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Resources and Coastal Engineering, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510000, China.,Pearl River Estuary Marine Ecosystem Research Station, Ministry of Education, Zhuhai, Guangdong 519000, China. E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Moreno P, Gemez-Mata J, Garcia-Rosado E, Bejar J, Labella AM, Souto S, Alonso MC. Differential immunogene expression profile of European sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax, L.) in response to highly and low virulent NNV. Fish Shellfish Immunol 2020; 106:56-70. [PMID: 32702480 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2020.06.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2020] [Revised: 06/25/2020] [Accepted: 06/26/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
European sea bass is highly susceptible to the nervous necrosis virus, RGNNV genotype, whereas natural outbreaks caused by the SJNNV genotype have not been recorded. The onset and severity of an infectious disease depend on pathogen virulence factors and the host immune response. The importance of RGNNV capsid protein amino acids 247 and 270 as virulence factors has been previously demonstrated in European sea bass; however, sea bass immune response against nodaviruses with different levels of virulence has been poorly characterized. Knowing the differences between the immune response against both kinds of isolates may be key to get more insight into the host mechanisms responsible for NNV virulence. For this reason, this study analyses the transcription of immunogenes differentially expressed in European sea bass inoculated with nodaviruses with different virulence: a RGNNV virus obtained by reverse genetics (rDl956), highly virulent to sea bass, and a mutated virus (Mut247+270Dl956, RGNNV virus displaying SJNNV-type amino acids at positions 247 and 270 of the capsid protein), presenting lower virulence. This study has been performed in brain and head kidney, and the main differences between the immunogene responses triggered by both viruses have been observed in brain. The immunogene response in this organ is stronger after inoculation with the most virulent virus, and the main differences involved genes related with IFN I system, inflammatory response, cell-mediated response, and apoptosis. The lower virulence of Mut247+270Dl956 to European sea bass can be associated with a delayed IFN I response, as well as an early and transitory inflammation and cell-mediated responses, suggesting that those can be pivotal elements in controlling the viral infection, and therefore, their functional activity could be analysed in future studies. In addition, this study supports the role of capsid amino acids at positions 247 and 270 as important determinants of RGNNV virulence to European sea bass.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Patricia Moreno
- Universidad de Málaga, Instituto de Biotecnología y Desarrollo Azul, IBYDA, Departamento de Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias, 29071, Málaga, Spain
| | - Juan Gemez-Mata
- Universidad de Málaga, Instituto de Biotecnología y Desarrollo Azul, IBYDA, Departamento de Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias, 29071, Málaga, Spain
| | - Esther Garcia-Rosado
- Universidad de Málaga, Instituto de Biotecnología y Desarrollo Azul, IBYDA, Departamento de Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias, 29071, Málaga, Spain
| | - Julia Bejar
- Universidad de Málaga, Instituto de Biotecnología y Desarrollo Azul, IBYDA, Departamento de Biología Celular, Genética y Fisiología, Facultad de Ciencias, 29071, Málaga, Spain
| | - Alejandro M Labella
- Universidad de Málaga, Instituto de Biotecnología y Desarrollo Azul, IBYDA, Departamento de Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias, 29071, Málaga, Spain
| | - Sandra Souto
- Departamento de Microbiología y Parasitología, Instituto de Acuicultura, Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - M Carmen Alonso
- Universidad de Málaga, Instituto de Biotecnología y Desarrollo Azul, IBYDA, Departamento de Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias, 29071, Málaga, Spain.
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Ruiz-Palacios M, Esteban MÁ, Cuesta A. Establishment of a brain cell line (SaB-1) from gilthead seabream and its application to fish virology. Fish Shellfish Immunol 2020; 106:161-166. [PMID: 32771610 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2020.07.065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2020] [Revised: 07/28/2020] [Accepted: 07/30/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Gilthead seabream (Sparus aurata) is among the most important cultured fish species in the Mediterranean area and pathogen diseases one of the bottlenecks to the aquaculture sector. For this reason, generation of laboratory tools for diagnostic and research applications would be beneficial to improve the seabream aquaculture. In this sense, we aimed to generate a seabream cell line for biological studies. Thus, we have obtained a brain-derived cell line (SaB-1) that is continuously growing for more than 4 years. Cellular characterization of the SaB-1 cells shows that they express both neural and glial cell markers, suggesting they are neural-stem cells, have a neuron-like morphology and show a rapid growth in culture. We evaluated their susceptibility to the main fish viruses: nervous necrosis virus (NNV), spring viremia carp virus (SVCV), infectious pancreatic necrosis virus (IPNV) and viral haemorrhagic septicaemia virus (VHSV). SaB-1 cells are susceptible to all the tested viruses. In addition, the transcription of genes related to the type I interferon (IFN) is greatly up-regulated by the NNV infection whilst the viral infection with SVCV, IPNV or VHSV failed to do so. These data demonstrate that the seabream SaB-1 cell line is continuous, stable and could be useful, at least, for fish virology and immunity applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- María Ruiz-Palacios
- Immunobiology for Aquaculture Group, Department of Cellular Biology and Histology, Faculty of Biology, Campus Regional de Excelencia Internacional "Campus Mare Nostrum", University of Murcia, 30100, Murcia, Spain
| | - M Ángeles Esteban
- Immunobiology for Aquaculture Group, Department of Cellular Biology and Histology, Faculty of Biology, Campus Regional de Excelencia Internacional "Campus Mare Nostrum", University of Murcia, 30100, Murcia, Spain
| | - Alberto Cuesta
- Immunobiology for Aquaculture Group, Department of Cellular Biology and Histology, Faculty of Biology, Campus Regional de Excelencia Internacional "Campus Mare Nostrum", University of Murcia, 30100, Murcia, Spain.
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Lai CF, Wang TY, Yeh MI, Chen TY. Characterization of orange-spotted grouper (Epinephelus coioides) interferon regulatory factor 4 regulated by heat shock factor 1 during heat stress in response to antiviral immunity. Fish Shellfish Immunol 2020; 106:755-767. [PMID: 32858187 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2020.08.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2020] [Revised: 08/09/2020] [Accepted: 08/20/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Interferon regulatory factor 4 (IRF4), in conjunction with thermogenic regulation, is a negative regulator of immune responses. Therefore, we examined whether temperature changes regulated the antiviral response of IRF4 in nervous necrosis virus (NNV)-infected orange-spotted groupers. We found that osgIRF4 mRNA expression was responsive to poly I:C stimulation and NNV infection. In vitro overexpression of osgIRF4 caused a marked decrease in the promoter activity of the antiviral protein Mx1, and magnified NNV replication. Notably, we showed that the IAD domain of osgIRF4 exerted a dominant inhibitory effect on the Mx1 promoter. Furthermore, on exposure to high temperatures, the action of osgIRF4 was dependent on heat shock factor 1 (HSF1) expression. Additionally, small interfering RNA knockdown of HSF1 abrogated high temperature-mediated osgIRF4 activity. These findings suggest that osgIRF4 is an essential negative regulator of innate antiviral immunity and enhances viral replication during heat stress in the orange-spotted grouper.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chai Foong Lai
- Laboratory of Molecular Genetics, Department of Biotechnology and Bioindustry Sciences, College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan; Institute of Biotechnology, College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan; Translational Center for Marine Biotechnology, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan; Agriculture Biotechnology Research Center, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Ting-Yu Wang
- Institute of Biotechnology, College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan; Translational Center for Marine Biotechnology, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan; Agriculture Biotechnology Research Center, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Min-I Yeh
- Laboratory of Molecular Genetics, Department of Biotechnology and Bioindustry Sciences, College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan; Translational Center for Marine Biotechnology, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan; Agriculture Biotechnology Research Center, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Tzong-Yueh Chen
- Laboratory of Molecular Genetics, Department of Biotechnology and Bioindustry Sciences, College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan; Institute of Biotechnology, College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan; Translational Center for Marine Biotechnology, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan; Agriculture Biotechnology Research Center, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan; University Center for Bioscience and Biotechnology, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan.
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Thwaite R, Berbel C, Aparicio M, Torrealba D, Pesarrodona M, Villaverde A, Borrego JJ, Manchado M, Roher N. Nanostructured recombinant protein particles raise specific antibodies against the nodavirus NNV coat protein in sole. Fish Shellfish Immunol 2020; 99:578-586. [PMID: 32105827 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2020.02.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2019] [Revised: 02/03/2020] [Accepted: 02/14/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Nervous necrosis virus (NNV) reassortant strains RGNNV/SJNNV have emerged as a potent threat to the Mediterranean marine aquaculture industry, causing viral encephalopathy and retinopathy (VER) in Senegalese sole (Solea senegalensis). In this study, a cheap and practical vaccine strategy using bacterial inclusion bodies made of the coat protein of a virulent reassortant strain of this betanodavirus was devised. The nanostructured recombinant protein nanoparticles, VNNV-CNP, were administered without adjuvant to two groups of juvenile sole, one by intraperitoneal injection and the other by oral intubation. Specific antibodies were raised in vivo against the NNV coat protein via both routes, with a substantial specific antibody expansion in the injected group 30 days post homologous prime boost. Expression levels of five adaptive immune-related genes, cd8a, cd4, igm, igt and arg2, were also quantified in intestine, spleen and head kidney. Results showed cd4 and igm were upregulated in the head kidney of injected fish, indicating activation of an adaptive systemic response, while intubated fish exhibited a mucosal response in the intestine. Neither route showed significant differential expression of cd8a. The specific antibody response elicited in vivo and the lack of any signs of toxicity over the 6-week study period in young fish (n = 100), evidences the potential of the nanoparticle as a vaccine candidate.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rosemary Thwaite
- Institute of Biotechnology and Biomedicine (IBB), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Cell Biology, Animal Physiology and Immunology, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Concepción Berbel
- Instituto de Investigación y Formación Agraria y Pesquera (IFAPA), Centro "El Toruño", Puerto de Santa Maria, Cádiz, Spain
| | - Manuel Aparicio
- Instituto de Investigación y Formación Agraria y Pesquera (IFAPA), Centro "El Toruño", Puerto de Santa Maria, Cádiz, Spain
| | - Debora Torrealba
- Institute of Biotechnology and Biomedicine (IBB), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Cell Biology, Animal Physiology and Immunology, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Mireia Pesarrodona
- Institute of Biotechnology and Biomedicine (IBB), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193, Barcelona, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red (CIBER) de Bioingeniería, Biomateriales y Nanomedicina, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Antonio Villaverde
- Institute of Biotechnology and Biomedicine (IBB), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193, Barcelona, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red (CIBER) de Bioingeniería, Biomateriales y Nanomedicina, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Juan José Borrego
- University of Málaga, Department of Microbiology, Campus Teatinos, 29071, Málaga, Spain
| | - Manuel Manchado
- Instituto de Investigación y Formación Agraria y Pesquera (IFAPA), Centro "El Toruño", Puerto de Santa Maria, Cádiz, Spain
| | - Nerea Roher
- Institute of Biotechnology and Biomedicine (IBB), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Cell Biology, Animal Physiology and Immunology, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193, Barcelona, Spain.
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Huang R, Zhou Q, Shi Y, Zhang J, He J, Xie J. Protein A from orange-spotted grouper nervous necrosis virus triggers type I interferon production in fish cell. Fish Shellfish Immunol 2018; 79:234-243. [PMID: 29733958 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2018.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2018] [Revised: 04/29/2018] [Accepted: 05/02/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Family Nodaviridae consists of two genera: Alphanodavirus and Betanodavirus, and the latter is classified into four genotypes, including red-spotted grouper nervous necrosis virus, tiger puffer nervous necrosis virus, striped jack nervous necrosis virus, and barfin flounder nervous necrosis virus. Type I interferons (IFNs) play a central role in the innate immune system and antiviral responses, and the interactions between IFN and NNV have been investigated in this study. We have found that the RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp) from orange-spotted nervous necrosis virus (OGNNV), named protein A, was capable of activating IFN promoter in fathead minnow (FHM) cells. Transient expression of protein A was found to induce IFN expression and secretion, endowing FHM cells with anti-tiger frog virus ability. Protein A from SJNNV can also induce IFN expression in FHM cells but that from Flock House virus (FHV), a well-studied representative species of genus Alphanodavirus, cannot. RdRp activity and mitochondrial localization were shown to be required for protein A to induce IFN expression by means of activating IRF3 but not NFκB. Furthermore, DsRNA synthesized in vitro transcription and poly I:C activated IFN promoter activity when transfected into FHM cells, and dsRNA were also detected in NNV-infected cells. We postulated that dsRNA, a PAMP, was produced by protein A, leading to activation of innate immune response. These results suggest that protein As from NNV are the agonists of innate immune response. This is the first work to demonstrate the interaction between NNV protein A and innate immune system, and may help to understand pathogenesis of NNV.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Runqing Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, Institute of Aquatic Economic Animals and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Improved Variety Reproduction in Aquatic Economic Animals, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qiong Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, Institute of Aquatic Economic Animals and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Improved Variety Reproduction in Aquatic Economic Animals, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yan Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, Institute of Aquatic Economic Animals and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Improved Variety Reproduction in Aquatic Economic Animals, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jing Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, Institute of Aquatic Economic Animals and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Improved Variety Reproduction in Aquatic Economic Animals, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jianguo He
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, Institute of Aquatic Economic Animals and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Improved Variety Reproduction in Aquatic Economic Animals, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China; School of Marine Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.
| | - Junfeng Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, Institute of Aquatic Economic Animals and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Improved Variety Reproduction in Aquatic Economic Animals, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Mao MG, Jiang JL, Jiang ZQ, Liu RT, Zhang QY, Gui JF. Molecular characterization of caspase members and expression response to Nervous Necrosis Virus outbreak in Pacific cod. Fish Shellfish Immunol 2018; 74:559-566. [PMID: 29317308 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2018.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2017] [Revised: 01/01/2018] [Accepted: 01/05/2018] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Multiple functions of caspases include normal cell turnover, proper development and function of the immune system, hormone-dependent atrophy, embryonic development and chemical-induced cell injury. During artificial propagation of Pacific cod, Gadus macrocephalus, high mortality occurred during early development stages. Here, we performed various analyses on the cDNA and protein sequences of six different G. macrocephalus caspases namely GmCasp3, 6, 7, 8, 9 and 10, and tried to investigate the contributions of caspase family to the development and Nervous Necrosis Virus (NNV) resistance. Sequence analysis of GmCaspase proteins showed that each caspase shared conserved domains like "HG", "QACXG (X for R, G or Q)" and "GSWF" except GmCasp10. Sequence alignment and phylogenetic tree showed that GmCasp8 and GmCasp10 were quite different from those of other fishes. 3-D models indicated that structure of GmCasp3 is very conservative, but GmCasp6, 7, 8, 9 and 10 are less conservative. Tissue distribution analysis showed that six Gmcaspases mRNA transcripts were detected in tissues of intestine, gill, thymus, head-kidney and spleen with different abundance, but Gmcasp7 were not detected in the brain. GmCasp3 transcript was kept at very low level in the early development stages, while the expression levels of GmCasp6, 7, 8, 10 were different at various development stages. GmCasp8 level seemed to be much higher than other caspases in the heads of 65dph and 75dph juveniles. To understand the role of caspases during NNV outbreak, modulation in expression of each Gmcaspases were investigated. The results showed that GmCasp3 transcript level increased significantly when NNV broke out, while GmCasp7, 8, 9 and 10 in cod heads decreased obviously at 69dph and 77dph. The results suggest that caspases in Pacific cod should be diverse in their structure and function, and their unique features and response to NNV outbreak add more evidences for the specificity of immune system in Pacific cod.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ming-Guang Mao
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, China; Key Laboratory of Mariculture and Stock Enhancement in North China's Sea, Ministry of Agriculture, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian 262306, China
| | - Jie-Lan Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Mariculture and Stock Enhancement in North China's Sea, Ministry of Agriculture, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian 262306, China
| | - Zhi-Qiang Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Mariculture and Stock Enhancement in North China's Sea, Ministry of Agriculture, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian 262306, China
| | - Rui-Ting Liu
- Key Laboratory of Mariculture and Stock Enhancement in North China's Sea, Ministry of Agriculture, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian 262306, China
| | - Qi-Ya Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, China; Key Laboratory of Mariculture and Stock Enhancement in North China's Sea, Ministry of Agriculture, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian 262306, China
| | - Jian-Fang Gui
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, China; Key Laboratory of Mariculture and Stock Enhancement in North China's Sea, Ministry of Agriculture, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian 262306, China.
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Liu XF, Wu YH, Wei SN, Wang N, Li YZ, Zhang NW, Li PF, Qin QW, Chen SL. Establishment and characterization of a brain-cell line from kelp grouper Epinephelus moara. J Fish Biol 2018; 92:298-307. [PMID: 29333652 DOI: 10.1111/jfb.13471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2017] [Accepted: 08/22/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
A new brain-cell line, EMB, was developed from kelp grouper Epinephelus moara, a cultured marine fish. The EMB cells were subcultured for more than 60 passages. The cells were cultured in Leibovitz's L-15 medium (L15) supplemented with antibiotics, foetal bovine serum (FBS), 2-mercaptoethanol (2-ME) and basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF). The cells could grow at 18-30° C, with the maximum growth between 24 and 30° C. The optimum FBS concentration for the cells growth ranged between 15 and 20%. Chromosome analysis indicated that the modal chromosome number was 48 in the cells at passage 45. After being transfected with pEGFP-N3 plasmid, the cells could successfully express green fluorescence protein (GFP), implying that this cell line can be used for transgenic studies. A significant cytopathic effect (CPE) was observed in the cells after infection with Singapore grouper iridovirus (SGIV) or red spotted grouper nervous necrosis virus (RGNNV) and the viral replication was confirmed by quantitative real-time PCR (qrt-PCR) assay, which suggested EMB's application potential for studies of SGIV and RGNNV.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- X F Liu
- Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, CAFS, Key Laboratory for Sustainable Development of Marine Fisheries, Ministry of Agriculture, Qingdao 266071, China
- Laboratory for Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production Processes, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266235, China
- College of Marine Life, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China
| | - Y H Wu
- Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, CAFS, Key Laboratory for Sustainable Development of Marine Fisheries, Ministry of Agriculture, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - S N Wei
- Key Laboratory of Marine Bio-resources Sustainable Utilization, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 164 West Xingang Road, Guangzhou 510301, China
| | - N Wang
- Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, CAFS, Key Laboratory for Sustainable Development of Marine Fisheries, Ministry of Agriculture, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Y Z Li
- Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, CAFS, Key Laboratory for Sustainable Development of Marine Fisheries, Ministry of Agriculture, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - N W Zhang
- Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, CAFS, Key Laboratory for Sustainable Development of Marine Fisheries, Ministry of Agriculture, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - P F Li
- Key Laboratory of Marine Bio-resources Sustainable Utilization, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 164 West Xingang Road, Guangzhou 510301, China
| | - Q W Qin
- Key Laboratory of Marine Bio-resources Sustainable Utilization, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 164 West Xingang Road, Guangzhou 510301, China
| | - S L Chen
- Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, CAFS, Key Laboratory for Sustainable Development of Marine Fisheries, Ministry of Agriculture, Qingdao 266071, China
- Laboratory for Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production Processes, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266235, China
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Liu XF, Wu YH, Wei SN, Wang N, Li PF, Li YZ, Zhang NW, Qin QW, Chen SL. Establishment and characterization of a kidney cell line from kelp grouper Epinephelus moara. Fish Physiol Biochem 2018; 44:87-93. [PMID: 29214431 DOI: 10.1007/s10695-017-0415-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2017] [Accepted: 08/02/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
A novel cell line, Epinephelus moara kidney cell line (EMK), was established from kidneys of kelp grouper E. moara. Cells were cultured at 24 °C in Leibovitz's L-15 medium (L15) supplemented with antibiotics, basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF), foetal bovine serum (FBS) and 2-mercaptoethanol (2-ME). EMK cells, fibroblastic in morphology, proliferated to 100% confluency in 3-4 days and were subcultured for over 50 passages. The cells could grow from 18 to 30 °C, with optimal growth at 24 °C. Chromosome analysis indicated that the modal chromosome number was 48 in the cells at passage 42. Green fluorescent signals could be observed in EMK cells when the cells were transfected with pEGFP-N3 plasmid. Moreover, a significant cytopathic effect (CPE) was observed in the cells after infection with Singapore grouper iridovirus (SGIV) or nervous necrosis virus (NNV), and viral replication was confirmed by quantitative real-time PCR (qPCR). These results suggested the potential of the EMK cell line for studies of transgene and pathogenesis of SGIV and NNV.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Feng Liu
- Key Laboratory for Sustainable Development of Marine Fisheries, Ministry of Agriculture, Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, CAFS, Qingdao, 266071, China
- Laboratory for Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production Processes, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266235, China
- College of Marine Life, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266003, China
| | - Ya-Hong Wu
- Key Laboratory for Sustainable Development of Marine Fisheries, Ministry of Agriculture, Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, CAFS, Qingdao, 266071, China
| | - Shi-Na Wei
- Key Laboratory of Marine Bio-resources Sustainable Utilization, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 164 West Xingang Road, Guangzhou, 510301, China
| | - Na Wang
- Key Laboratory for Sustainable Development of Marine Fisheries, Ministry of Agriculture, Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, CAFS, Qingdao, 266071, China
| | - Peng-Fei Li
- Key Laboratory of Marine Bio-resources Sustainable Utilization, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 164 West Xingang Road, Guangzhou, 510301, China
| | - Yang-Zhen Li
- Key Laboratory for Sustainable Development of Marine Fisheries, Ministry of Agriculture, Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, CAFS, Qingdao, 266071, China
| | - Nian-Wei Zhang
- Key Laboratory for Sustainable Development of Marine Fisheries, Ministry of Agriculture, Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, CAFS, Qingdao, 266071, China
| | - Qi-Wei Qin
- Key Laboratory of Marine Bio-resources Sustainable Utilization, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 164 West Xingang Road, Guangzhou, 510301, China
| | - Song-Lin Chen
- Key Laboratory for Sustainable Development of Marine Fisheries, Ministry of Agriculture, Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, CAFS, Qingdao, 266071, China.
- Laboratory for Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production Processes, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266235, China.
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Korsnes K, Karlsbakk E, Skår CK, Sælemyr L, Nylund A, Kvamme BO, Mortensen S. High nervous necrosis virus ( NNV) diversity in wild wrasse (Labridae) in Norway and Sweden. Dis Aquat Organ 2017; 126:43-50. [PMID: 28930084 DOI: 10.3354/dao03159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Wild goldsinny wrasse Ctenolabrus rupestris, corkwing wrasse Symphodus melops and ballan wrasse Labrus bergylta were collected at 8 sampling sites in Sweden and Norway during summer 2014. Brain tissue from 466 wrasses were analyzed for nervous necrosis virus (NNV) infections by real-time RT-PCR, and positive samples were subjected to sequencing and phylogenetic analysis of partial segments of the RNA2 and RNA1 genes. This study shows that NNV is present in wild ballan, corkwing and goldsinny wrasse along the coastline of Sweden and Norway. The overall prevalence in the sampled labrids was 6.7%. Prevalence was 6.4% in goldsinny, 6.3% in corkwing and 18% in ballan wrasse. The wrasse RNA2 NNV sequences revealed high genetic variability and were divided into 3 clusters within the cold water barfin flounder NNV (BFNNV) and warm water cluster red-spotted grouper NNV (RGNNV) genogroups. Within the BFNNV genogroup, wrasse NNVs clustered in 2 sub-genogroups, with grey mullet NNV (GMNNV) and with Atlantic halibut NNV (AHNNV). These groups were previously dominated by virus originating from Atlantic cod Gadus morhua and Atlantic halibut Hippoglossus hippoglossus from the northeast Atlantic. The presence of NNV in wild wrasse and the surprising high genetic variability observed in this study should be considered before moving wild-caught wrasse between geographically distant sites. The results show that use of wild-caught wrasse as brood fish in wrasse farming represents a risk of introducing NNV into aquaculture.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kjetil Korsnes
- Faculty of Biosciences and Aquaculture, Nord University, 8049 Bodø, Norway
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
17
|
Álvarez-Torres D, Podadera AM, Alonso MC, Bandín I, Béjar J, García-Rosado E. Molecular characterization and expression analyses of the Solea senegalensis interferon-stimulated gene 15 (isg15) following NNV infections. Fish Shellfish Immunol 2017; 66:423-432. [PMID: 28527896 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2017.05.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2017] [Revised: 05/11/2017] [Accepted: 05/15/2017] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Interferons are essential in fish resistance to viral infections. They induce interferon-stimulated genes, such as isg15. In this study, the Senegalese sole isg15 gene (ssisg15) has been characterized. As other isg15, ssisg15 contains a 402-bp intron sited in the 5'-UTR, and the full length cDNA is 1492-bp, including a 480-bp ORF. The expression analyses revealed basal levels of isg15 transcripts, and a clear induction after poly I:C injection, that reached maximum values in brain, head kidney and gills. The ssisg15 induction patterns were similar in RGNNV- and SJNNV-inoculated fish, whereas the reassortant (RG/SJ) isolate, which has higher replication fitness, triggered delayed but higher transcript levels. Furthermore, RG/SJ infection after poly I:C treatment reduced the induction of ssisg15 transcripts, suggesting an antagonistic mechanism against interferon type I system, that might allow an efficient viral replication at the initial steps of the infective process.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Álvarez-Torres
- Universidad de Málaga, Departamento de Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias, Campus de Teatinos s/n, 29071 Málaga, Spain; Universidad de Málaga, Departamento de Genética, Facultad de Ciencias, Campus de Teatinos s/n, 29071 Málaga, Spain
| | - Ana María Podadera
- Universidad de Málaga, Departamento de Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias, Campus de Teatinos s/n, 29071 Málaga, Spain
| | - M Carmen Alonso
- Universidad de Málaga, Departamento de Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias, Campus de Teatinos s/n, 29071 Málaga, Spain
| | - Isabel Bandín
- Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, Departamento de Microbiología, Instituto de Acuicultura, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Julia Béjar
- Universidad de Málaga, Departamento de Genética, Facultad de Ciencias, Campus de Teatinos s/n, 29071 Málaga, Spain
| | - Esther García-Rosado
- Universidad de Málaga, Departamento de Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias, Campus de Teatinos s/n, 29071 Málaga, Spain.
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Weidemann F, Remschmidt C, Buda S, Buchholz U, Ultsch B, Wichmann O. Is the impact of childhood influenza vaccination less than expected: a transmission modelling study. BMC Infect Dis 2017; 17:258. [PMID: 28399801 PMCID: PMC5387286 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-017-2344-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2016] [Accepted: 03/25/2017] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND To reduce the burden of severe influenza, most industrialized countries target specific risk-groups with influenza vaccines, e.g. the elderly or individuals with comorbidities. Since children are the main spreaders, some countries have recently implemented childhood vaccination programs to reduce overall virus transmission and thereby influenza disease in the whole population. The introduction of childhood vaccination programs was often supported by modelling studies that predicted substantial incidence reductions. We developed a mathematical transmission model to examine the potential impact of childhood influenza vaccination in Germany, while also challenging established modelling assumptions. METHODS We developed an age-stratified SEIR-type transmission model to reproduce the epidemic influenza seasons between 2003/04 and 2013/14. The model was built upon German population counts, contact patterns, and vaccination history and was fitted to seasonal data on influenza-attributable medically attended acute respiratory infections (I-MAARI) and strain distribution using Bayesian methods. As novelties we (i) implemented a stratified model structure enabling seasonal variability and (ii) deviated from the commonly assumed mass-action-principle by employing a phenomenological transmission rate. RESULTS According to the model, by vaccinating primarily the elderly over ten seasons 4 million (95% prediction interval: 3.84 - 4.19) I-MAARI were prevented which corresponds to an 8.6% (8.3% - 8.9%) reduction compared to a no-vaccination scenario and a number-needed-to-vaccinate (NNV) to prevent one I-MAARI of 37.1 (35.5 - 38.7). Additional vaccination of 2-10 year-old children at 40% coverage would have led to an overall I-MAARI reduction of 17.8% (17.1 - 18.7%) mostly due to indirect effects with a NNV of 20.7 (19.6 - 21.6). When employing the traditional mass-action-principle, the model predicted a more than 3-fold higher I-MAARI reduction (55.6%) due to childhood vaccination. CONCLUSION In Germany, the introduction of routine childhood influenza vaccination could considerably reduce I-MAARI among all age-groups and improve the NNV. However, the predicted impact is much lower compared to previous studies, which is primarily caused by our phenomenological approach to modelling influenza virus transmission.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Felix Weidemann
- Immunization Unit, Robert Koch-Institute, Seestr. 10, 13359, Berlin, Germany
| | | | - Silke Buda
- Respiratory Disease Unit, Robert Koch-Institute, Seestr. 10, 13359, Berlin, Germany
| | - Udo Buchholz
- Respiratory Disease Unit, Robert Koch-Institute, Seestr. 10, 13359, Berlin, Germany
| | - Bernhard Ultsch
- Immunization Unit, Robert Koch-Institute, Seestr. 10, 13359, Berlin, Germany
| | - Ole Wichmann
- Immunization Unit, Robert Koch-Institute, Seestr. 10, 13359, Berlin, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Jaramillo D, Hick P, Dyrting K, Anderson I, Whittington RJ. Surveillance for nervous necrosis virus-specific antibodies in barramundi Lates calcarifer in Australian hatcheries. Dis Aquat Organ 2017; 124:1-10. [PMID: 28357981 DOI: 10.3354/dao03104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
We conducted single point-in-time and repeated cross-sectional studies of the prevalence of antibodies against nervous necrosis virus (NNV) in populations of adult barramundi Lates calcarifer in Australia. Serum samples collected between 2002 and 2012 were analyzed with indirect ELISA (n = 468). Most of the samples were sourced from broodstock with unknown exposure history, and these were compared with reference populations with confirmed history of exposure to NNV. Non-lethally collected gonad fluid samples from economically valuable barramundi broodstock (n = 164) were tested for the presence of NNV using RT-quantitative PCR at the time of blood sampling to compare infectivity with serostatus, but no virus was detected. NNV-specific immunoreactivity in broodstock was significantly lower than that for immunized and persistently infected populations. Seroprevalence increased over time in broodstock sampled longitudinally, probably reflecting repeated exposure to NNV in a region where the virus was endemic. The seroprevalence for the broodstock was 23.8% over the entire sample period while a cross-sectional survey conducted in 2012 found a seroprevalence of 34.5% with no significant difference between populations based on the geographic region or the history of occurrence of viral nervous necrosis (VNN) disease in the progeny in the respective hatcheries. Although serological surveillance was useful for studying the history of exposure of barramundi to NNV, the lack of association between serostatus in broodstock and the subsequent occurrence of VNN disease in their progeny indicates that ELISA tests for anti-NNV antibodies are not suitable for the purpose of preventing vertical transmission of NNV in barramundi.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Diana Jaramillo
- Faculty of Veterinary Science, The University of Sydney, Camden, NSW, Australia
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
20
|
Maekawa S, Aoki T, Wang HC. Constitutive overexpressed type I interferon induced downregulation of antiviral activity in medaka fish (Oryzias latipes). Dev Comp Immunol 2017; 68:12-20. [PMID: 27825821 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2016.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2016] [Revised: 11/03/2016] [Accepted: 11/03/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
In fish, as well as vertebrates, type I interferons (IFNs) are important cytokines that help to provide innate, antiviral immunity. Although low amounts of IFN are constitutively secreted under normal physiological conditions, long-term and excessive IFN stimulation leads to reduced sensitivity to the IFN signal. This provides a negative feedback mechanism that prevents inappropriate responses and autoimmunity. At present, however, neither IFN desensitization nor the normal physiological role of constitutive IFN are well characterized in fish. The objective here was therefore to produce and characterize a transgenic medaka fish (Oryzias latipes), designated IFNd-Tg, that constitutively overexpressed the IFNd gene. A dual promoter expression vector was constructed for overexpression of IFNd under an EF1α promoter and a DsRed reporter gene under control of a γF-crystaline promoter. The phenotype of the IFNd-Tg fish had a lower response to poly(I:C) and increased susceptibility to nervous necrosis virus (NNV) infection compared to wild-type (WT). Furthermore, transduction of IFN signals for STAT1b, STAT2 and IRF9 were down-regulated in the IFNd-Tg fish, and expression levels of RLR signal molecules (MDA5, MITA, IRF1 and IRF3) were lower than in WT. The constitutive overexpression of IFNd resulted in desensitization of IFN-stimulation, apparently due to downregulation of IFN signal transduction, and this caused increased susceptibility to NNV.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shun Maekawa
- Institute of Biotechnology, College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 701, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Takashi Aoki
- Institute of Biotechnology, College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 701, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Han-Ching Wang
- Institute of Biotechnology, College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 701, Taiwan, ROC; Department of Biotechnology and Bioindustry Sciences, College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 701, Taiwan, ROC.
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Liu P, Wang L, Ye BQ, Huang S, Wong SM, Yue GH. Characterization of a novel disease resistance gene rtp3 and its association with VNN disease resistance in Asian seabass. Fish Shellfish Immunol 2017; 61:61-67. [PMID: 27989862 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2016.12.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2016] [Revised: 12/09/2016] [Accepted: 12/15/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Asian seabass, an important food fish in Southeast Asia, has suffered from nervous necrosis virus (NNV) infection, resulting in massive mortality of Asian seabass larvae and enormous economic losses. Identification and characterization of disease resistance genes is important. Previous transcriptome analysis of Asians seabass epithelial cells after NNV infection revealed a highly inducible gene, receptor-transporting protein 3 (rtp3), indicating it could play an important role in Asian seabass - NNV interaction. To characterize this gene, we determined its expression pattern and subcellular localization. The rtp3 was highly induced in most examined tissues and organs of Asian seabass after NNV infection, and protein Rtp3 was localized in cytoplasm. Further association study in multiple families revealed that a microsatellite marker, (GT)ntt(GT)n, in the 3' UTR of rtp3 was significantly associated with VNN disease resistance in Asian seabass. Our results imply that rtp3 may be a novel disease resistance gene in Asian seabass. This data could improve our understanding of molecular interaction between Asian seabass and NNV, and has the potential to be applied in marker-assisted selection for disease resistance breeding in Asian seabass.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Peng Liu
- Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, 14 Science Drive, 117543 Singapore; Temasek Life Sciences Laboratory, National University of Singapore, 1 Research Link, 117604 Singapore
| | - Le Wang
- Temasek Life Sciences Laboratory, National University of Singapore, 1 Research Link, 117604 Singapore
| | - Bao Qing Ye
- Temasek Life Sciences Laboratory, National University of Singapore, 1 Research Link, 117604 Singapore
| | - Shuqing Huang
- Temasek Life Sciences Laboratory, National University of Singapore, 1 Research Link, 117604 Singapore
| | - Sek-Man Wong
- Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, 14 Science Drive, 117543 Singapore; Temasek Life Sciences Laboratory, National University of Singapore, 1 Research Link, 117604 Singapore; National University of Singapore Suzhou Research Institute, Suzhou, Jiangsu, 215123 China.
| | - Gen Hua Yue
- Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, 14 Science Drive, 117543 Singapore; Temasek Life Sciences Laboratory, National University of Singapore, 1 Research Link, 117604 Singapore; School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, 6 Nanyang Drive, 637551 Singapore.
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Liu P, Wang L, Kwang J, Yue GH, Wong SM. Transcriptome analysis of genes responding to NNV infection in Asian seabass epithelial cells. Fish Shellfish Immunol 2016; 54:342-52. [PMID: 27109582 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2016.04.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2015] [Revised: 04/20/2016] [Accepted: 04/20/2016] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Asian seabass is an important food fish in Southeast Asia. Viral nervous necrosis (VNN) disease, triggered by nervous necrosis virus (NNV) infection, has caused mass mortality of Asian seabass larvae, resulting in enormous economic losses in the Asian seabass industry. In order to better understand the complex molecular interaction between Asian seabass and NNV, we investigated the transcriptome profiles of Asian seabass epithelial cells, which play an essential role in immune regulation, after NNV infection. Using the next generation sequencing (NGS) technology, we sequenced mRNA from eight samples (6, 12, 24, 48 h post-inoculation) of mock and NNV-infected Asian seabass epithelial cell line, respectively. Clean reads were de novo assembled into a transcriptome consisting of 89026 transcripts with a N50 of 2617 bp. Furthermore, 251 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in response to NNV infection were identified. Top DEGs include protein asteroid homolog 1-like (ASTE1), receptor-transporting protein 3 (RTP3), heat shock proteins 30 (HSP30) and 70 (HSP70), Viperin, interferon regulatory factor 3 (IRF3) and other genes related to innate immunity. Our data suggest that abundant and diverse genes corresponding to NNV infection. The results of this study could also offer vital information not only for identification of novel genes involved in Asian seabass-NNV interaction, but also for our understanding of the molecular mechanism of Asian seabass' response to viral infection. In addition, 24807 simple sequence repeats (SSRs) were detected in the assembled transcriptome, providing valuable resources for studying genetic variations and accelerating quantitative trait loci (QTL) mapping for disease resistance in Asian seabass in the future.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Peng Liu
- Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, 14 Science Drive, 117543, Singapore; Temasek Life Sciences Laboratory, National University of Singapore, 1 Research Link, 117604, Singapore
| | - Le Wang
- Temasek Life Sciences Laboratory, National University of Singapore, 1 Research Link, 117604, Singapore
| | - Jimmy Kwang
- Temasek Life Sciences Laboratory, National University of Singapore, 1 Research Link, 117604, Singapore
| | - Gen Hua Yue
- Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, 14 Science Drive, 117543, Singapore; Temasek Life Sciences Laboratory, National University of Singapore, 1 Research Link, 117604, Singapore; School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, 6 Nanyang Drive, 637551, Singapore.
| | - Sek-Man Wong
- Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, 14 Science Drive, 117543, Singapore; Temasek Life Sciences Laboratory, National University of Singapore, 1 Research Link, 117604, Singapore; National University of Singapore Suzhou Research Institute, Suzhou, Jiangsu, 215123, China.
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Tu J, Chen W, Fu X, Lin Q, Chang O, Zhao L, Lan J, Li N, Lin L. Susceptibility of Chinese Perch Brain (CPB) Cell and Mandarin Fish to Red-Spotted Grouper Nervous Necrosis Virus (RG NNV) Infection. Int J Mol Sci 2016; 17:E740. [PMID: 27213348 DOI: 10.3390/ijms17050740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2016] [Revised: 04/10/2016] [Accepted: 05/10/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Nervous necrosis virus (NNV) is the causative agent of viral encephalopathy and retinopathy (VER), a neurological disease responsible for high mortality of fish species worldwide. Taking advantage of our established Chinese perch brain (CPB) cell line derived from brain tissues of Mandarin fish (Siniperca chuatsi), the susceptibility of CPB cell to Red-Spotted Grouper nervous necrosis virus (RGNNV) was evaluated. The results showed that RGNNV replicated well in CPB cells, resulting in cellular apoptosis. Moreover, the susceptibility of Mandarin fish to RGNNV was also evaluated. Abnormal swimming was observed in RGNNV-infected Mandarin fish. In addition, the cellular vacuolation and viral particles were also observed in brain tissues of RGNNV-infected Mandarin fish by Hematoxylin-eosin staining or electronic microscopy. The established RGNNV susceptible brain cell line from freshwater fish will pave a new way for the study of the pathogenicity and replication of NNV in the future.
Collapse
|
24
|
Maekawa S, Chiang YA, Hikima JI, Sakai M, Lo CF, Wang HC, Aoki T. Expression and biological activity of two types of interferon genes in medaka (Oryzias latipes). Fish Shellfish Immunol 2016; 48:20-29. [PMID: 26655956 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2015.11.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2015] [Revised: 11/20/2015] [Accepted: 11/25/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Type I interferon (IFN) is one of most important cytokines for antiviral responses in fish innate immunity, after the induction pathway following pattern recognition. In this study, 2 types of type I IFN mRNA from a medaka (Japanese rice fish; Oryzias latipes) were identified and classified (phylogenetic analysis) into subgroup-a and -d by (designated olIFNa and olIFNd, respectively). Both olIFNa and olIFNd (encoding 197 and 187 amino acid residues, respectively) contained 2 cysteines. Gene expression pattern of olIFNa, olIFNd and IFN-stimulated genes (ISGs) was assessed (quantitative real-time reverse transcriptase PCR, qRT-PCR) in various organs (i.e., whole kidney, liver and spleen) of medaka stimulated by polyI:C or infected with nervous necrosis virus (NNV). Expression of olIFNa, olIFNd and ISGs, especially the ISG15 gene, were significantly upregulated after NNV-infection. Furthermore, olIFNa, olIFNd and ISGs mRNAs were sufficiently induced in DIT cells (i.e., medaka hepatoma cell line) transfected with polyI:C or infected with NNV. In addition, in vitro biological activities of recombinant olIFNa and olIFNd (rolIFNa and rolIFNd) produced by mammalian cell line HEK293T were also characterized. Expression of GIG1a and ISG15 genes in kidney cells of adult medaka were induced by rolIFNa or rolIFNd. The olIFNs-overexpressing DIT cells had reduced viral titers following NNV infection. Therefore, we inferred that 2 type I IFNs were involved in innate immunity (antiviral response) in medaka fish.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shun Maekawa
- Institute of Biotechnology, College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 701, Taiwan
| | - Yi-An Chiang
- Institute of Biotechnology, College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 701, Taiwan
| | - Jun-ichi Hikima
- Department of Biochemistry and Applied Biosciences, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Miyazaki, 1-1 Gakuen Kibanadai-nishi, Miyazaki 889-2192, Japan
| | - Masahiro Sakai
- Department of Biochemistry and Applied Biosciences, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Miyazaki, 1-1 Gakuen Kibanadai-nishi, Miyazaki 889-2192, Japan
| | - Chu-Fang Lo
- Institute of Bioinformatics and Biosignal Transduction, College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 701, Taiwan
| | - Han-Ching Wang
- Institute of Biotechnology, College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 701, Taiwan.
| | - Takashi Aoki
- Institute of Biotechnology, College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 701, Taiwan.
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Jaramillo D, Dürr S, Hick P, Whittington R. Bayesian estimation of diagnostic sensitivity and specificity of a nervous necrosis virus antibody ELISA. Prev Vet Med 2015; 123:138-142. [PMID: 26702588 DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2015.11.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2015] [Revised: 11/23/2015] [Accepted: 11/30/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Diagnosis of nervous necrosis virus (NNV) infection in susceptible fish species is mostly performed post-mortem due to the neurotropism of the causative agent and the only validated diagnostic assays require samples from brain and retinal tissue. However, a non-lethal alternative to test for exposure of fish to NNV is needed. An indirect ELISA for the detection of anti-NNV antibodies in was recently developed and evaluated to detect responses in the sera from immunized fish. For this study, we assessed the accuracy of the assay at detecting specific antibodies from naturally exposed fish using field samples from populations with differing infection status. We applied a Bayesian model, using RTqPCR as a second test. Median estimates of the diagnostic sensitivity and specificity of the VNN ELISA were 81.8% and 86.7%, respectively. We concluded that the assay was fit for the purpose of identifying animals in naturally exposed populations. With further evaluation in larger populations the test might be used to inform implementation of control measures, and for estimating infection prevalence to facilitate risk analysis. To our knowledge this is the first report on the diagnostic accuracy of an antibody ELISA for an infectious disease in finfish.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Diana Jaramillo
- Faculty of Veterinary Science, The University of Sydney, Camden, NSW, Australia()
| | - Salome Dürr
- Faculty of Veterinary Science, The University of Sydney, Camden, NSW, Australia()
| | - Paul Hick
- Faculty of Veterinary Science, The University of Sydney, Camden, NSW, Australia()
| | - Richard Whittington
- Faculty of Veterinary Science, The University of Sydney, Camden, NSW, Australia().
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Chen HY, Liu W, Wu SY, Chiou PP, Li YH, Chen YC, Lin GH, Lu MW, Wu JL. RIG-I specifically mediates group II type I IFN activation in nervous necrosis virus infected zebrafish cells. Fish Shellfish Immunol 2015; 43:427-435. [PMID: 25634257 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2015.01.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2014] [Revised: 01/13/2015] [Accepted: 01/19/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The type I interferon (IFN) response has been shown to be crucial for the survival of zebrafish larvae infected with nervous necrosis virus (NNV). Teleost type I IFNs can be divided into two groups, based on their cysteine content. While teleost group I IFNs have been extensively studied in terms of their regulation and anti-viral properties, the characteristics of teleost group II IFNs have been relatively unexplored. In this study, we describe the mechanism by which group II IFNs are activated in response to NNV infection in a zebrafish cell line, by focusing on the relationship between type I IFNs and pattern recognition receptors. Expression profile analysis of infected cells by microarray and qPCR revealed signaling activation of two pattern recognition receptors (PRRs): RIG-I like receptors (RLRs) and MyD88-dependent Toll-like receptors (TLRs). Knockdown of retinoic acid-inducible gene I (RIG-I) specifically repressed induction of group II IFNs (IFNϕ2, IFNϕ3) by NNV infection. Furthermore, Ingenuity Pathway Analysis (IPA) was used to demonstrate that RIG-I knockdown results in down-regulation of the inflammatory response in NNV-infected cells. Taken together, our results indicate that RIG-I plays an essential role in zebrafish group II type I IFN induction and the inflammatory response to NNV infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hsu-Yu Chen
- Institute of Cellular and Organismic Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei 115, Taiwan
| | - Wangta Liu
- Department of Biotechnology, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan
| | - Sung-Yu Wu
- Institute of Cellular and Organismic Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei 115, Taiwan
| | - Pinwen Peter Chiou
- Institute of Cellular and Organismic Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei 115, Taiwan
| | - Yen-Hsing Li
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Yen-Chun Chen
- Department of Biotechnology, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan
| | - Gen-Hwa Lin
- Institute of Cellular and Organismic Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei 115, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Wei Lu
- Department of Aquaculture, The College of Life and Resource Science, National Taiwan Ocean University, Keelung 202, Taiwan.
| | - Jen-Leih Wu
- Institute of Cellular and Organismic Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei 115, Taiwan.
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Langevin C, Aleksejeva E, Passoni G, Palha N, Levraud JP, Boudinot P. The antiviral innate immune response in fish: evolution and conservation of the IFN system. J Mol Biol 2013; 425:4904-20. [PMID: 24075867 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2013.09.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 200] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2013] [Revised: 09/23/2013] [Accepted: 09/24/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Innate immunity constitutes the first line of the host defense after pathogen invasion. Viruses trigger the expression of interferons (IFNs). These master antiviral cytokines induce in turn a large number of interferon-stimulated genes, which possess diverse effector and regulatory functions. The IFN system is conserved in all tetrapods as well as in fishes, but not in tunicates or in the lancelet, suggesting that it originated in early vertebrates. Viral diseases are an important concern of fish aquaculture, which is why fish viruses and antiviral responses have been studied mostly in species of commercial value, such as salmonids. More recently, there has been an interest in the use of more tractable model fish species, notably the zebrafish. Progress in genomics now makes it possible to get a relatively complete image of the genes involved in innate antiviral responses in fish. In this review, by comparing the IFN system between teleosts and mammals, we will focus on its evolution in vertebrates.
Collapse
|
28
|
Lin K, Ge H, Lin Q, Wu J, He L, Fang Q, Zhou C, Sun M, Huang Z. Molecular characterization and functional analysis of Toll-like receptor 3 gene in orange-spotted grouper (Epinephelus coioides). Gene 2013; 527:174-82. [PMID: 23792060 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2013.06.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2012] [Revised: 05/16/2013] [Accepted: 06/07/2013] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Toll-like receptor 3 (TLR3) plays an important role in activating innate immune responses during viral infection. In this report, TLR3 (EcTLR3) was characterized and analyzed for the first time in Epinephelus coioides. The full-length EcTLR3 cDNA is predicted to encode a 909 amino acid polypeptide that contains a signal peptide sequence, 18 leucine-rich repeat (LRR) motifs, a transmembrane region and a Toll/interleukin-1 receptor (TIR) domain. Quantitative real-time PCR revealed that the EcTLR3 mRNA was much more abundant in the liver than in other immune organs, and that the expression levels were very low in hemocyte and muscle. During development of the grouper, the levels of EcTLR3 transcripts increased with age, with very low expression levels at the early stages of development. EcTLR3 mRNA levels were examined in the liver at different times after treatment with polyriboinosinic polyribocytidylic acid (Poly I:C), and in nervous necrosis virus (NNV)-infected larval groupers. The results suggested that EcTLR3 plays an important role in a fish's defense against viral infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kebing Lin
- Fisheries Research Institute of Fujian, Xiamen 361012, China
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|