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Ni L, Wu H, Du C, Li X, Li Y, Xu C, Wang P, Li S, Zhang J, Chen X. Effects of allelochemical artemisinin in Artemisia annua on Microcystis aeruginosa: growth, death mode, and microcystin-LR changes. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int 2021; 28:45253-45265. [PMID: 33861424 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-021-13793-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2020] [Accepted: 03/31/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
To investigate the effects of an allelochemical artemisinin extracted from Artemisia annua (A. annua) on cell growth, death mode, and microcystin-LR (MC-LR) changes of Microcystis aeruginosa (M. aeruginosa), a series of morphological and biochemical characteristics were studied. The results showed that artemisinin could inhibit the growth of M. aeruginosa and reduce the content of phycobiliprotein. Under the allelopathy of artemisinin, algae cells deformed due to swelling, which caused cell membranes to rupture and cell contents to leak. FDA/PI double-staining results showed that 15.10-94.90% of algae cells experienced the death mode of necrosis-like. Moreover, there were 8.35-14.50% of algae cells undergoing programmed cell death, but their caspase-3-like protease activity remained unchanged, which may mean that algae cells were not experiencing caspase-dependent apoptosis under artemisinin stress. Attacked by artemisinin directly, both intracellular and extracellular MC-LR increased sharply with the upregulation of mcyB, mcyD, and mcyH. The upregulation multiple of mcyH suggested that M. aeruginosa could accelerate transportation of algal toxin under adverse conditions of artemisinin. Artemisinin not only can inhibit the growth of M. aeruginosa but it also causes the accelerated release and increase of microcystin-LR. These imply that the application of artemisinin should be reconsidered in practical water bodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lixiao Ni
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Regulation and Resource Development on Shallow Lakes, MOE, School of Environment, Hohai University, Nanjing, 210098, China
| | - Hanqi Wu
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Regulation and Resource Development on Shallow Lakes, MOE, School of Environment, Hohai University, Nanjing, 210098, China
| | - Cunhao Du
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Regulation and Resource Development on Shallow Lakes, MOE, School of Environment, Hohai University, Nanjing, 210098, China
| | - Xianglan Li
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Regulation and Resource Development on Shallow Lakes, MOE, School of Environment, Hohai University, Nanjing, 210098, China
| | - Yan Li
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Regulation and Resource Development on Shallow Lakes, MOE, School of Environment, Hohai University, Nanjing, 210098, China
| | - Chu Xu
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Regulation and Resource Development on Shallow Lakes, MOE, School of Environment, Hohai University, Nanjing, 210098, China
| | - Peifang Wang
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Regulation and Resource Development on Shallow Lakes, MOE, School of Environment, Hohai University, Nanjing, 210098, China
| | - Shiyin Li
- School of Environment, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, 210097, China.
| | - Jianhua Zhang
- Jiangsu Provincial Water Conservancy Department, Nanjing, 210029, China
| | - Xuqing Chen
- Cyanobacteria Management Office, Wuxi, 214071, China
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Müller GJ, Hasseldam H, Rasmussen RS, Johansen FF. Dexamethasone enhances necrosis-like neuronal death in ischemic rat hippocampus involving μ-calpain activation. Exp Neurol 2014; 261:711-9. [PMID: 25135859 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2014.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2014] [Revised: 08/07/2014] [Accepted: 08/12/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Transient forebrain ischemia (TFI) leads to hippocampal CA1 pyramidal cell death which is aggravated by glucocorticoids (GC). It is unknown how GC affect apoptosis and necrosis in cerebral ischemia. We therefore investigated the co-localization of activated caspase-3 (casp-3) with apoptosis- and necrosis-like cell death morphologies in CA1 of rats treated with dexamethasone prior to TFI (DPTI). In addition, apoptosis- (casp-9, casp-3, casp-3-cleaved PARP and cleaved α-spectrin 145/150 and 120kDa) and necrosis-related (calpain-specific casp-9 cleavage, μ-calpain upregulation and cleaved α-spectrin 145/150kDa) cell death mechanisms were investigated by Western blot analysis. DPTI expedited CA1 neuronal death from day 4 to day 1 and increased the magnitude of CA1 neuronal death from 66.2% to 91.3% at day 7. Furthermore, DPTI decreased the overall (days 1-7) percentage of dying neurons displaying apoptosis-like morphology from 4.7% to 0.3% and, conversely, increased the percentage of neurons with necrosis-like morphology from 95.3% to 99.7%. In animals subjected to TFI without dexamethasone (ischemia-only), 7.4% of all dying CA1 neurons were casp-3-immunoreactive (IR), of which 3.1% co-localized with apoptosis-like and 4.3% with necrosis-like changes. By contrast, DPTI decreased the percentage of dying neurons with casp-3 IR to 1.4%, of which 0.3% co-localized with apoptosis-like changes and 1.1% with necrosis-like changes. Western blot analysis from DPTI animals showed a significant elevation of μ-calpain, a calpain-produced necrosis-related casp-9 fragment (25kDa) and cleavage of α-spectrin into 145/150kDa fragments at day 4, whereas in ischemia-only animals a significant increase of casp-3-cleaved PARP, cleavage of α-spectrin into 145/150 and 120kDa fragments was detected at day 7. We conclude that DPTI, in addition to augmenting and expediting CA1 neuronal death, causes a shift from apoptosis-like cell death to necrosis involving μ-calpain activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georg Johannes Müller
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Ole Maaloesvej 5, Copenhagen 2200, Denmark; Department of Neurology, Donauspital, Langobardenstrasse 122, A-1220 Vienna, Austria.
| | - Henrik Hasseldam
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Ole Maaloesvej 5, Copenhagen 2200, Denmark
| | - Rune Skovgaard Rasmussen
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Ole Maaloesvej 5, Copenhagen 2200, Denmark
| | - Flemming Fryd Johansen
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Ole Maaloesvej 5, Copenhagen 2200, Denmark
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