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Brennan FR, Andrews L, Arulanandam AR, Blumel J, Fikes J, Grimaldi C, Lansita J, Loberg LI, MacLachlan T, Milton M, Parker S, Tibbitts J, Wolf J, Allamneni KP. Current strategies in the non-clinical safety assessment of biologics: New targets, new molecules, new challenges. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2018; 98:98-107. [PMID: 30026135 DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2018.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2018] [Accepted: 07/14/2018] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Nonclinical safety testing of biopharmaceuticals can present significant challenges to human risk assessment with these innovative and often complex drugs. Emerging topics in this field were discussed recently at the 2016 Annual US BioSafe General Membership meeting. The presentations and subsequent discussions from the main sessions are summarized. The topics covered included: (i) specialty biologics (oncolytic virus, gene therapy, and gene editing-based technologies), (ii) the value of non-human primates (NHPs) for safety assessment, (iii) challenges in the safety assessment of immuno-oncology drugs (T cell-dependent bispecifics, checkpoint inhibitors, and costimulatory agonists), (iv) emerging therapeutic approaches and modalities focused on microbiome, oligonucleotide, messenger ribonucleic acid (mRNA) therapeutics, (v) first in human (FIH) dose selection and the minimum anticipated biological effect level (MABEL), (vi) an update on current regulatory guidelines, International Council for Harmonization (ICH) S1, S3a, S5, S9 and S11 and (vii) breakout sessions that focused on bioanalytical and PK/PD challenges with bispecific antibodies, cytokine release in nonclinical studies, determining adversity and NOAEL for biologics, the value of second species for toxicology assessment and what to do if there is no relevant toxicology species.
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Kim Y, Jaja-Chimedza A, Merrill D, Mendes O, Raskin I. A 14-day repeated-dose oral toxicological evaluation of an isothiocyanate-enriched hydro-alcoholic extract from Moringa oleifera Lam. seeds in rats. Toxicol Rep 2018; 5:418-426. [PMID: 29854612 PMCID: PMC5977371 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxrep.2018.02.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2017] [Revised: 02/22/2018] [Accepted: 02/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Short-term treatment of MSE exhibited mortality at a dose of 2571 mg/kg bw/d standardized to 1000 mg/kg bw/d MIC-1 in rats. No toxicity was observed with MSE at a level of ≤257 mg/kg bw/d standardized to 100 mg/kg bw/d MIC-1 in rats. A NOAEL of MSE is considered as 257 mg/kg bw/d providing 100 mg/kg bw/d MIC-1 in rats.
A 14-d short-term oral toxicity study in rats evaluated the safety of moringa isothiocyanate-1 (MIC-1)-enriched hydro-alcoholic moringa seeds extract (MSE). Rats (5 males/5 females per group) were gavaged daily for 14 d with the vehicle control or MSE, at 78 (low), 257 (mid-low), 772 (mid-high), or 2571 (high) mg/kg bw/d, standardized to MIC-1 (30, 100, 300, or 1000 mg/kg bw/d, respectively). Toxicological endpoints included body weight and weight gain, food consumption and feed efficiency, clinical observations, hematology, gross necropsy and histopathology, and relative organ weights. Mortality was only observed in the high dose group animals, both male and female, representing decreases in body weight/weight gain and food consumption/feed efficiency. Irregular respiratory patterns and piloerection were major clinical observations found primarily in the mid-high and high dose group animals. In the high dose group, gastrointestinal distention and stomach discoloration were observed in non-surviving males and females, and degeneration and necrosis of the testicular germinal cells and epididymal cells were also observed in a non-surviving male. Increased liver weights were found in females in the mid-high and high dose groups. Animals in the low and mid-low groups did not exhibit adverse effects of MSE (100 mg/kg bw/d MIC-1). A no observed adverse effect level (NOAEL) of the standardized MSE was determined as 257 mg/kg bw/d providing 100 mg/kg bw/d MIC-1.
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Key Words
- ANOVA, analysis of variance
- GLP, good laboratory practice
- ITC, isothiocyanate
- MIC-1, moringa isothiocyanate-1
- MICs, moringa isothiocyanates
- MSE, moringa seed extract
- Moringa isothiocyanates
- Moringa oleifera Lam.
- Moringa seeds
- NF-κB, nuclear factor kappa B
- NO, nitric oxide
- NOAEL, no observed adverse effect level
- No observed adverse effect level (NOAEL)
- Nrf2, nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2
- PEITC, phenethyl isothiocyanate
- SD, standard deviation
- Toxicity
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Affiliation(s)
- Youjin Kim
- Nutrasorb, LLC., NJ, USA
- Department of Plant Biology, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, NJ, USA
- Corresponding author at: Department of Plant Biology, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, 59 Dudley Rd., New Brunswick, NJ, 08901-8520, USA.
| | - Asha Jaja-Chimedza
- Department of Plant Biology, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, NJ, USA
| | | | | | - Ilya Raskin
- Department of Plant Biology, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, NJ, USA
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Arfat Y, Mahmood N, Tahir MU, Rashid M, Anjum S, Zhao F, Li DJ, Sun YL, Hu L, Zhihao C, Yin C, Shang P, Qian AR. Effect of imidacloprid on hepatotoxicity and nephrotoxicity in male albino mice. Toxicol Rep 2014; 1:554-561. [PMID: 28962268 PMCID: PMC5598541 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxrep.2014.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2014] [Revised: 08/02/2014] [Accepted: 08/08/2014] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
Imidacloprid (IC) is a systemic insecticide related to the tobacco toxin nicotine. IC is a toxic substance frequently used into combat insects, rodents and plants pests and other creatures that can pose problems for agriculture. We, therefore, planned this study to assess risk factors, biochemical and histological alterations associated with hepatotoxicity and nephrotoxicity. Forty-eight adult male albino mice were divided into four groups of 12 animals each. All the animals were given standard synthetic pellet diet. One group served as control, and the other three were served as experimental groups. Decrease in the body weight of the high dose group was observed at 15 mg/kg/day, and no mortality occurred during the treatment period. High dose of imidacloprid caused a significant elevation of serum clinical chemistry parameters, serum glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase (SGOT), serum glutamic pyruvate kinase (SGPT), alkaline phosphatase (ALP) and total bilirubin (TBIL). Histology of liver and kidney indicates hepatotoxicity and nephrotoxicity at a high dose of imidacloprid. Based on the morphological, biochemical and histopathological analysis, it is evident that imidacloprid induced toxicological effects at 15 mg/kg/day to mice. The results of the present study demonstrate that IC had significant effects on body weight, liver functions and kidney (p < 0.05) at a dose of 15 mg/kg body weight. IC treatment 5 and 10 mg/kg/day may be considered as no observed adverse effect level (NOAEL) for mice. It was concluded that IC can cause hepatotoxicity and nephrotoxicity at a dose much lower than the LD50 (131 mg/kg body weight) in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasir Arfat
- Key Laboratory for Space Biosciences & Biotechnology, Institute of Special Environmental Biophysics, School of Life Sciences, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an 710072, China
| | - Nasir Mahmood
- School of Management, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an 710072, China
| | | | - Maryam Rashid
- Department of Pharmacology, Akhtar Saeed Medical College, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Sameer Anjum
- Department of Pathology, University of Health Sciences, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Fan Zhao
- Key Laboratory for Space Biosciences & Biotechnology, Institute of Special Environmental Biophysics, School of Life Sciences, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an 710072, China
| | - Di-Jie Li
- Key Laboratory for Space Biosciences & Biotechnology, Institute of Special Environmental Biophysics, School of Life Sciences, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an 710072, China
| | - Yu-Long Sun
- Key Laboratory for Space Biosciences & Biotechnology, Institute of Special Environmental Biophysics, School of Life Sciences, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an 710072, China
| | - Lifang Hu
- Key Laboratory for Space Biosciences & Biotechnology, Institute of Special Environmental Biophysics, School of Life Sciences, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an 710072, China
| | - Chen Zhihao
- Key Laboratory for Space Biosciences & Biotechnology, Institute of Special Environmental Biophysics, School of Life Sciences, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an 710072, China
| | - Chong Yin
- Key Laboratory for Space Biosciences & Biotechnology, Institute of Special Environmental Biophysics, School of Life Sciences, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an 710072, China
| | - Peng Shang
- Key Laboratory for Space Biosciences & Biotechnology, Institute of Special Environmental Biophysics, School of Life Sciences, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an 710072, China
| | - Ai-Rong Qian
- Key Laboratory for Space Biosciences & Biotechnology, Institute of Special Environmental Biophysics, School of Life Sciences, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an 710072, China
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