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Gao B, Yin J, Xu X, Fan J, Wang D, Zheng C, Lu W, Cheng P, Sun J, Wang D, Li L, Zhou BO, Yang L, Luo Z. Leptin receptor-expressing cells represent a distinct subpopulation of notochord-derived cells and are essential for disc homoeostasis. J Orthop Translat 2019; 21:91-99. [PMID: 32110508 PMCID: PMC7033302 DOI: 10.1016/j.jot.2019.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2019] [Revised: 11/07/2019] [Accepted: 11/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Background/objective Intervertebral disc degeneration (IDD) remains to be an intractable clinical challenge. Although IDD is characterised by loss of notochordal cells (NCs) and dysfunction of nucleus pulposus (NP) cells, little is known about the origin, heterogeneity, fate and maintenance of NCs and NP cells, which further stunts the therapeutic development. Thus, effective tools to spatially and temporally trace specific cell lineage and clarify cell functions in intervertebral disc (IVD) development and homoeostasis are urgently required. Methods In this study, NP specimens were obtained from 20 patients with degenerative disc disease or scoliosis. LepR-Cre mice was crossed with R26R-Tdtomato mice to generate LepR-Cre; R26R-Tdtomato mice, which enabled fate-mapping of NPs from embryo stage to late adult. LMNA G609G/G609G mice was used to determine the effect of premature-aging induced IDD on LepR NPs. X-ray imaging was used to measure lumber disc height of mice. Results Here, we provide the first evidence that the leptin receptor (LepR) is preferentially expressed in NCs at embryonic stages and notochord-derived cells in the postnatal IVD. By using R26R-Tdtomato fluorescent reporter mice, we systematically analysed the specificity of activity and targeting efficiency of leptin receptor-Cre (LepR-Cre) in IVD tissues from the embryonic stage E15.5 to 6-month-old LepR-Cre; Rosa26-Tdtomato (R26R-Tdtomato) mice. Specifically, LepR-Cre targets a distinct subpopulation of notochord-derived cells closely associated with disc homoeostasis. The percentage of LepR-expressing NP cells markedly decreases in the postnatal mouse IVD and, more importantly, in the human IVD with the progression of IDD. Moreover, both spine instability-induced and premature ageing-induced IDD mouse models display the phenotype of IDD with decreased percentage of LepR-expressing NP cells. These findings uncover a potential role of LepR-expressing notochord-derived cells in disc homoeostasis and open the gate for therapeutically targeting the NP cell subpopulation. Conclusion In conclusion, our data prove LepR-Cre mice useful for mapping the fate of specific subpopulations of IVD cells and uncovering the underlying mechanisms of IDD. The translational potential of this article The translation potential of article is that we first identified LepR as a candidate marker of subpopulation of nucleus pulposus (NP) cells and provided LepR as a potential target for the treatment of intervertebral disc degeneration (IDD), which have certain profound significance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Gao
- Institute of Orthopedic Surgery, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, China
| | - Jinhua Yin
- Key Laboratory for Space Biosciences and Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, 710032, China
| | - Xiaolong Xu
- Institute of Orthopedic Surgery, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, China
| | - Jing Fan
- Institute of Orthopedic Surgery, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, China
| | - Di Wang
- Institute of Orthopedic Surgery, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, China
| | - Chao Zheng
- Institute of Orthopedic Surgery, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, China
| | - Weiguang Lu
- Institute of Orthopedic Surgery, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, China
| | - Pengzhen Cheng
- Institute of Orthopedic Surgery, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, China
| | - Jicheng Sun
- Department of Aerospace Medical Equipment, School of Aerospace Medicine, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, China
| | - Dong Wang
- Institute of Orthopedic Surgery, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, China
| | - Lu Li
- Institute of Orthopedic Surgery, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, China
| | - Bo O Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 320 Yueyang Road, Shanghai, 200031, China
| | - Liu Yang
- Institute of Orthopedic Surgery, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, China.,Medical Research Institute, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, 710032, China
| | - Zhuojing Luo
- Institute of Orthopedic Surgery, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, China.,Medical Research Institute, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, 710032, China
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Liu Z, Zheng Z, Qi J, Wang J, Zhou Q, Hu F, Liang J, Li C, Zhang W, Zhang X. CD24 identifies nucleus pulposus progenitors/ notochordal cells for disc regeneration. J Biol Eng 2018; 12:35. [PMID: 30598696 PMCID: PMC6303933 DOI: 10.1186/s13036-018-0129-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2018] [Accepted: 12/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Cell-based therapy by transplantation of nucleus pulposus (NP) progenitor/notochordal cells has been proposed as a promising way to halt and reverse the progression of disc degeneration. Although some studies have provided a broad panel of potential markers associated with the phenotype of notochordal cells, suitability of these markers for isolation of notochordal cells for the treatment of disc degeneration is unclear. Results Here, we found that the number of CD24-positive NP cells significantly decreased with increasing severity of disc degeneration. In addition, CD24-positive NP cells were shown to maintain their multipotent differentiation and self-renewal potential in vitro and to abundantly express brachyury, SHH, and GLUT-1, suggesting that CD24-positive NP cells are the progenitor/notochordal cells in the NP. Moreover, our in vivo experiments revealed that transplantation of CD24-positive NP cells enables the recovery of degenerate discs, as evidenced by increased disc height, restored magnetic resonance imaging T2-weighted signal intensity, and NP structure. In terms of the mechanism, HIF-1α-Notch1 pathway activation was essential for the maintenance of CD24-positive NP cells. Conclusion Our studies identify that CD24-positive NP cells are the resident progenitor/notochordal cells in disc regeneration and elucidate a crucial role of HIF-1α-Notch1 pathway in the phenotypic maintenance of CD24-positive NP cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhuochao Liu
- 1Department of Orthopedics, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, 197 Ruijin Er Road, Shanghai, 200025 China.,2Shanghai Key Laboratory for Prevention and Treatment of Bone and Joint Diseases with Integrated Chinese-Western Medicine, Shanghai Institute of Traumatology and Orthopedics, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhiyong Zheng
- 3Department of Orthopedics, Affiliated Hospital of Shandong University of Traditional Medicine, Jinan, China
| | - Jin Qi
- 1Department of Orthopedics, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, 197 Ruijin Er Road, Shanghai, 200025 China.,2Shanghai Key Laboratory for Prevention and Treatment of Bone and Joint Diseases with Integrated Chinese-Western Medicine, Shanghai Institute of Traumatology and Orthopedics, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Jun Wang
- 1Department of Orthopedics, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, 197 Ruijin Er Road, Shanghai, 200025 China.,2Shanghai Key Laboratory for Prevention and Treatment of Bone and Joint Diseases with Integrated Chinese-Western Medicine, Shanghai Institute of Traumatology and Orthopedics, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Qi Zhou
- 1Department of Orthopedics, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, 197 Ruijin Er Road, Shanghai, 200025 China.,2Shanghai Key Laboratory for Prevention and Treatment of Bone and Joint Diseases with Integrated Chinese-Western Medicine, Shanghai Institute of Traumatology and Orthopedics, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Fangqiong Hu
- 1Department of Orthopedics, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, 197 Ruijin Er Road, Shanghai, 200025 China.,2Shanghai Key Laboratory for Prevention and Treatment of Bone and Joint Diseases with Integrated Chinese-Western Medicine, Shanghai Institute of Traumatology and Orthopedics, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Jing Liang
- 1Department of Orthopedics, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, 197 Ruijin Er Road, Shanghai, 200025 China.,2Shanghai Key Laboratory for Prevention and Treatment of Bone and Joint Diseases with Integrated Chinese-Western Medicine, Shanghai Institute of Traumatology and Orthopedics, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Changwei Li
- 1Department of Orthopedics, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, 197 Ruijin Er Road, Shanghai, 200025 China.,2Shanghai Key Laboratory for Prevention and Treatment of Bone and Joint Diseases with Integrated Chinese-Western Medicine, Shanghai Institute of Traumatology and Orthopedics, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Weibin Zhang
- 1Department of Orthopedics, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, 197 Ruijin Er Road, Shanghai, 200025 China.,2Shanghai Key Laboratory for Prevention and Treatment of Bone and Joint Diseases with Integrated Chinese-Western Medicine, Shanghai Institute of Traumatology and Orthopedics, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Xingkai Zhang
- 1Department of Orthopedics, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, 197 Ruijin Er Road, Shanghai, 200025 China.,2Shanghai Key Laboratory for Prevention and Treatment of Bone and Joint Diseases with Integrated Chinese-Western Medicine, Shanghai Institute of Traumatology and Orthopedics, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
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Park JB, Chang DG, Oh SY, Park EY. Effect of RNA Interference-Mediated Suppression of p75 on the Viability of Rat Notochordal Cells. Asian Spine J 2016; 10:985-92. [PMID: 27994772 DOI: 10.4184/asj.2016.10.6.985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2016] [Revised: 08/11/2016] [Accepted: 08/13/2016] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Study Design In vitro cell culture model. Purpose To investigate the effects of RNA interference (RNAi) on p75 expression and viability of rat notochordal cells treated with serum deprivation. Overview of Literature RNAi enables the inhibition of specific genes by sequence-specific gene silencing using a double-stranded RNA. Methods Notochordal cells were isolated, cultured, and placed in 10% (control) or 0% (apoptosis-promoting) fetal bovine serum (FBS) for 48 hours. The expression of p75, apoptosis, and cell proliferation were determined. To suppress p75 expression, a small interfering RNA (siRNA) was synthesized against p75 (p75 siRNA) and transfected into cells. The suppression of p75 mRNA expression was investigated using the reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction. The degree of p75 suppression was semiquantitatively analyzed using densitometry. The effect of p75 siRNA on apoptosis and proliferation of cells was determined. Solutions of an unrelated siRNA and transfection agent alone served as controls. Results Serum deprivation significantly increased apoptosis by 40.3%, decreased proliferation of notochordal cells by 45.3% (both, p<0.001), and upregulated p75 expression. The p75 siRNA suppressed p75 expression in cells cultured in 0% FBS. The rate of suppression by p75 siRNA of p75 mRNA was 72.9% (p<0.001). Suppression of p75 expression by p75 siRNA inhibited apoptosis by 7% and increased proliferation by 14% in cells cultured in 0% FBS (both, p<0.05). Conclusions siRNA-mediated suppression of p75 inhibited apoptosis and increased proliferation of notochordal cells under conditions of serum deprivation, suggesting that RNAi might serve as a novel therapeutic approach for disc degeneration caused by insufficient viability of disc cells through the suppression of the expression of harmful genes.
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Jiang LB, Cao L, Yin XF, Yasen M, Yishake M, Dong J, Li XL. Activation of autophagy via Ca(2+)-dependent AMPK/mTOR pathway in rat notochordal cells is a cellular adaptation under hyperosmotic stress. Cell Cycle 2015; 14:867-79. [PMID: 25590373 DOI: 10.1080/15384101.2015.1004946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Nucleus pulposus (NP) cells experience hyperosmotic stress in spinal discs; however, how these cells can survive in the hostile microenvironment remains unclear. Autophagy has been suggested to maintain cellular homeostasis under different stresses by degrading the cytoplasmic proteins and organelles. Here, we explored whether autophagy is a cellular adaptation in rat notochordal cells under hyperosmotic stress. Hyperosmotic stress was found to activate autophagy in a dose- and time-dependent manner. SQSTM1/P62 expression was decreased as the autophagy level increased. Transient Ca(2+) influx from intracellular stores and extracellular space was stimulated by hyperosmotic stress. Activation of AMPK and inhibition of p70S6K were observed under hyperosmotic conditions. However, intercellular Ca(2+) chelation inhibited the increase of LC3-II and partly reversed the decrease of p70S6K. Hyperosmotic stress decreased cell viability and promoted apoptosis. Inhibition of autophagy led to SQSTM1/P62 accumulation, reduced cell viability, and accelerated apoptosis in notochordal cells under this condition. These evidences suggest that autophagy induction via the Ca(2+)-dependent AMPK/mTOR pathway might occur as an adaptation mechanism for notochordal cells under hyperosmotic stress. Thus, activating autophagy might be a promising approach to improve viability of notochordal cells in intervertebral discs.
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Key Words
- AMPK, AMP activated Protein Kinase
- Adaptation
- Apoptosis
- Autophagy
- BAPTA-AM, bis-(o-aminophenoxy)ethane-N,N,N′,N′-tetraacetic acid, tetra(acetoxymethyl) ester
- DAPI, 4′, 6-diamidino-2-phenylindole
- ECM, extracellular matrix
- EGTA, ethyleneglycol-bis (2-aminoethylether)-N,N,N′, N-tetraacetic acid
- FITC, fluorescein isothiocyanate
- Hyperosmotic stress
- IDD, Intervertebral disc degeneration
- JC-1, 5,5′,6,6′-tetrachloro-1,1′,3,3′-tetraethylbenzimidazolyl-carbocyanine iodide
- MAPK, mitogen-activated protein kinase
- MDC, Monodansylcadaverine
- MMP, mitochondrial membrane potential
- MPT, mitochondrial permeability transition
- NP, nucleus pulposus
- Notochordal cells
- OD, optical density
- PI, propidium iodide
- PLC, phospholipase C
- SQSTM1, Sequestosome-1
- TRPV4, Transient receptor potential vanilloid 4
- fluo3-AM, fluo3 acetoximethylester
- mTOR, mammalian target of rapamycin
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Bo Jiang
- a Department of Orthopedic Surgery; Zhongshan Hospital ; Fudan University ; Shanghai , China
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Park JB, Byun CH, Park EY. Rat Notochordal Cells Undergo Premature Stress-Induced Senescence by High Glucose. Asian Spine J 2015; 9:495-502. [PMID: 26240705 DOI: 10.4184/asj.2015.9.4.495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2014] [Revised: 01/09/2015] [Accepted: 01/12/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Study Design In vitro cell culture. Purpose The purpose of the study was to investigate the effect of high glucose on premature stress-induced senescence of rat notochordal cells. Overview of Literature Glucose-mediated increase of oxidative stress is a major causative factor for the development of diseases associated with diabetes mellitus such as senescence. However, no information is available for the effect of high glucose on premature stress-induced senescence of rat notochordal cells. Methods Notochordal cells were isolated from 4-week-old rats, cultured and placed in either 10% fetal bovine serum (FBS, normal control) or 10% FBS plus two high glucose concentrations (0.1 M and 0.2 M, experimental conditions) for 1 and 3 days. We identified and quantified the mitochondrial damage (mitochondrial transmembrane potential), reactive oxygen species (ROS) and antioxidants, such as manganese superoxide dismutase (MnSOD) and catalase, for each condition. We also identified and quantified senescence and telomerase activity. Finally, we determined the expression of proteins related to replicative senescence (p53-p21-pRB) and stress-induced senescence (p16-pRB) pathways. Results Two high glucose concentrations enhanced the disruption of mitochondrial transmembrane potential and excessive generation of ROS in notochordal cells for 1 and 3 days, respectively. The expressions of MnSOD and catalase were increased in notochordal cells treated with both high glucose concentrations at 1 and 3 days. The telomerase activity declined at 1 and 3 days. Two high glucose concentrations increased the occurrence of stress-induced senescence of notochordal cells by p16-pRB pathways at 1 and 3 days. Conclusions Despite compensatory expression of antioxidants, high glucose-induced oxidative stress accelerates stress-induced senescence in rat notochordal cells. This may result in dysfunction of notochordal cells, leading to accelerated premature disc degeneration. The prevention of excessive generation of oxidative stress by strict blood glucose control is important to prevent or to delay premature disc degeneration in young patients with diabetes mellitus.
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Purmessur D, Cornejo MC, Cho SK, Roughley PJ, Linhardt RJ, Hecht AC, Iatridis JC. Intact glycosaminoglycans from intervertebral disc-derived notochordal cell-conditioned media inhibit neurite growth while maintaining neuronal cell viability. Spine J 2015; 15:1060-9. [PMID: 25661435 PMCID: PMC4416992 DOI: 10.1016/j.spinee.2015.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2014] [Revised: 12/08/2014] [Accepted: 02/01/2015] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND CONTEXT Painful human intervertebral discs (IVDs) exhibit nerve growth deep into the IVD. Current treatments for discogenic back pain do not address the underlying mechanisms propagating pain and are often highly invasive or only offer temporary symptom relief. The notochord produces factors during development that pattern the spine and inhibit the growth of dorsal root ganglion (DRG) axons into the IVD. We hypothesize that notochordal cell (NC)-conditioned medium (NCCM) includes soluble factors capable of inhibiting neurite growth and may represent a future therapeutic target. PURPOSE To test if NCCM can inhibit neurite growth and determine if NC-derived glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) are necessary candidates for this inhibition. STUDY DESIGN Human neuroblastoma (SH-SY5Y) cells and rat DRG cells were treated with NCCM in two-dimensional culture in vitro, and digestion and mechanistic studies determined if specific GAGs were responsible for inhibitory effects. METHODS Notochordal cell-conditioned medium was generated from porcine nucleus pulposus tissue that was cultured in Dulbecco's modified eagle's medium for 4 days. A dose study was performed using SH-SY5Y cells that were seeded in basal medium for 24 hours and neurite outgrowth and cell viability were assessed after treatment with basal media or NCCM (10% and 100%) for 48 hours. Glycosaminoglycans from NCCM were characterized using multiple digestions and liquid chromatography mass spectroscopy (LC-MS). Neurite growth was assessed on both SH-SY5Y and DRG cells after treatment with NCCM with and without GAG digestion. RESULTS Notochordal cell-conditioned medium significantly inhibited the neurite outgrowth from SH-SY5Y cells compared with basal controls without dose or cytotoxic effects; % of neurite expressing cells were 39.0±2.9%, 27.3±3.6%, and 30.2±2.7% and mean neurite length was 60.3±3.5, 50.8±2.4, 53.2±3.7 μm for basal, 10% NCCM, and 100% NCCM, respectively. Digestions and LC-MS determined that chondroitin-6-sulfate was the major GAG chain in NCCM. Neurite growth from SH-SY5Y and DRG cells was not inhibited when cells were treated with NCCM with digested chondroitin sulfate (CS). CONCLUSIONS Soluble factors derived from NCCM were capable of inhibiting neurite outgrowth in multiple neural cell types without any negative effects on cell viability. Cleavage of GAGs via digestion was necessary to reverse the neurite inhibition capacity of NCCM. We conclude that intact GAGs such as CS secreted from NCs are potential candidates that could be useful to reduce neurite growth in painful IVDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Devina Purmessur
- Leni & Peter W. May Department of Orthopedics, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029
| | - Marisa C Cornejo
- Leni & Peter W. May Department of Orthopedics, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029
| | - Samuel K Cho
- Leni & Peter W. May Department of Orthopedics, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029
| | | | - Robert J Linhardt
- Biocatalysis & Metabolic Engineering, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY, 12180
| | - Andrew C Hecht
- Leni & Peter W. May Department of Orthopedics, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029
| | - James C Iatridis
- Leni & Peter W. May Department of Orthopedics, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave L.levy place, box 1188 New York, NY 10029, USA.
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Cornejo M, Cho S, Giannarelli C, Iatridis J, Purmessur D. Soluble factors from the notochordal-rich intervertebral disc inhibit endothelial cell invasion and vessel formation in the presence and absence of pro-inflammatory cytokines. Osteoarthritis Cartilage 2015; 23:487-96. [PMID: 25534363 PMCID: PMC4411226 DOI: 10.1016/j.joca.2014.12.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2014] [Revised: 11/11/2014] [Accepted: 12/12/2014] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chronic low back pain can be associated with the pathological ingrowth of blood vessels and nerves into intervertebral discs (IVDs). The notochord patterns the IVD during development and is a source of anti-angiogenic soluble factors such as Noggin and Chondroitin sulfate (CS). These factors may form the basis for a new minimally invasive strategy to target angiogenesis in the IVD. OBJECTIVE To examine the anti-angiogenic potential of soluble factors from notochordal cells (NCs) and candidates Noggin and CS under healthy culture conditions and in the presence of pro-inflammatory mediators. DESIGN NC conditioned media (NCCM) was generated from porcine NC-rich nucleus pulposus tissue. To assess the effects of NCCM, CS and Noggin on angiogenesis, cell invasion and tubular formation assays were performed using human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) ± tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFα [10 ng/ml]). vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)-A, MMP-7, interleukin-6 (IL-6) and IL-8 mRNA levels were assessed using qRT-PCR. RESULTS NCCM (10 & 100%), CS (10 and 100 μg) and Noggin (10 and 100 ng) significantly decreased cell invasion of HUVECs with and without TNFα. NCCM 10% and Noggin 10 ng inhibited tubular formation with and without TNFα and CS 100 μg inhibited tubules in Basal conditions whereas CS 10 μg inhibited tubules with TNFα. NCCM significantly decreased VEGF-A, MMP-7 and IL-6 mRNA levels in HUVECs with and without TNFα. CS and Noggin had no effects on gene expression. CONCLUSIONS We provide the first evidence that soluble factors from NCs can inhibit angiogenesis by suppressing VEGF signaling. Notochordal-derived ligands are a promising minimally invasive strategy targeting neurovascular ingrowth and pain in the degenerated IVD.
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Affiliation(s)
- M.C. Cornejo
- Leni and Peter W. May Department of Orthopedics, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - S.K. Cho
- Leni and Peter W. May Department of Orthopedics, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - C. Giannarelli
- Cardiovascular Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - J.C. Iatridis
- Leni and Peter W. May Department of Orthopedics, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - D. Purmessur
- Leni and Peter W. May Department of Orthopedics, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA,Address correspondence and reprint requests to: D. Purmessur, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave L. Levy Place, Box 1188, New York, NY 10029, USA. Tel: 1-212-241-1531
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Kuelling FA, Foley KT, Liu JJ, Liebenberg E, Sin AH, Matsukawa A, Lotz JC. The anabolic effect of plasma-mediated ablation on the intervertebral disc: stimulation of proteoglycan and interleukin-8 production. Spine J 2014; 14:2479-87. [PMID: 24747799 DOI: 10.1016/j.spinee.2014.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2009] [Revised: 08/05/2013] [Accepted: 04/10/2014] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND CONTEXT Plasma-mediated radiofrequency-based ablation (coblation) is an electrosurgical technique currently used for tissue removal in a wide range of surgical applications, including lumbar microdiscectomy. In vitro and in vivo studies have shown the technique to alter the expression of inflammatory cytokines in the disc, increasing the levels of interleukin-8 (IL-8), which may promote maturation and remodeling of the disc matrix. PURPOSE To better understand the effect of coblation treatment, this study characterizes the temporal and spatial pattern of healing after stab injury to the rabbit intervertebral disc, with and without plasma-mediated radiofrequency treatment. PATIENT SAMPLE A total of 23 New Zealand white rabbits. STUDY DESIGN Annular and nuclear stab injuries. OUTCOME MEASURES Sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay evaluated the concentrations of cytokines tumor necrosis factor-α, IL-1β, and IL-8. Histopathologic evaluations were performed on whole discs and end plates. Tissue sections were stained with Safranin-O to evaluate nucleus pulposus and annulus fibrosus proteoglycan content and with Alcian blue for extracellular proteoglycan content. Intradiscal leakage pressure was evaluated by injecting methylene blue dye into the nucleus. METHODS Animals underwent annular and nuclear stab injuries on three consecutive lumbar discs (L2-L3 to L4-L5). The three levels were randomly assigned into one of the three groups for treatment with a plasma-mediated radiofrequency ablation device (TOPAZ; ArthroCare Corp., Austin, TX, USA): active treatment of the nucleus only (SN); active treatment of both nucleus and annulus (SNA); sham treatment. Unstabbed/untreated discs from L5-L6 (n=5) served as normal controls. Animals were euthanized at 4, 8, and 28 days postsurgery. RESULTS Tumor necrosis factor-α was detected in sham discs at 4 and 8 days, but not in coblation groups (SN or SNA); IL-1β was below detection in all three treatment groups. Interleukin-8 levels increased in all treatment groups at 4 and 8 days compared with normal control, peaking at 4th day for sham and SN groups and 8th day (p>.3) for the SNA group (a 2.5-fold increase). Pressure measurements revealed higher leakage in the SN group, but no statistically significant differences. Histopathology showed higher proteoglycan production by 28 days in the SNA and SN groups compared with sham. All three treatment groups showed ruptured annular fibers from the stab injury, but maintained the overall architecture. Remnants of notochordal tissue within the nucleus were evident in all treatment groups at 4 and 8 days, but were only found in sham group by 28 days. At this time, unlike the normal or sham controls, the nucleus of SN and SNA discs had fibrocartilaginous tissue with chondrocyte-like cells. Significant differences in the disc architecture grade were only noted when comparing normal controls with other groups by 28 days (p<.001). CONCLUSIONS Plasma-mediated radiofrequency ablation appears to have an anabolic effect on disc cells, stimulating proteoglycan and IL-8 production and maintaining annulus architecture. Coblation treatment appears to reduce cellular response to proinflammatory stimuli and restore overall disc architecture that may prove beneficial in a number of degenerative disc paradigms. Further studies are encouraged to investigate the therapeutic effect of the technique.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabrice A Kuelling
- Orthopaedic Bioengineering Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, 513 Parnassus Ave, Box 0514, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Kevin T Foley
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Tennessee, 427 Johnson Building, Memphis, TN 38119, USA
| | - Jane J Liu
- Orthopaedic Bioengineering Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, 513 Parnassus Ave, Box 0514, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Ellen Liebenberg
- Orthopaedic Bioengineering Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, 513 Parnassus Ave, Box 0514, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Anthony H Sin
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Tennessee, 427 Johnson Building, Memphis, TN 38119, USA
| | - Akihiro Matsukawa
- Department of Pathology and Experimental Medicine, Okayama University School of Medicine, 2-5-1, Shikata, Okayama 700-8558, Japan
| | - Jeffrey C Lotz
- Orthopaedic Bioengineering Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, 513 Parnassus Ave, Box 0514, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA.
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Kim JH, Park JH, Moon HJ, Kwon TH, Park YK. Matrix Degradative Enzymes and Their Inhibitors during Annular Inflammation: Initial Step of Symptomatic Intervertebral Disc Degeneration. J Korean Neurosurg Soc 2014; 55:237-43. [PMID: 25132928 PMCID: PMC4130947 DOI: 10.3340/jkns.2014.55.5.237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2013] [Revised: 02/14/2014] [Accepted: 05/15/2014] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective Symptomatic disc degeneration develops from inflammatory reactions in the annulus fibrosus (AF). Although inflammatory mediators during annular inflammation have been studied, the roles of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) and their inhibitors have not been fully elucidated. In this study, we evaluated the production of MMPs and tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinase (TIMPs) during annular inflammation using an in vitro co-culture system. We also examined the effect of notochordal cells on annular inflammation. Methods Human AF (hAF) pellet was co-cultured for 48 hours with phorbol myristate acetate-stimulated macrophage-like THP-1 cells. hAF pellet and conditioned media (CM) from co-cultured cells were assayed for MMPs, TIMPs, and insulin-like growth factor (IGF)-1 levels using real-time reverse-transcriptase polymerase chain reaction and enzyem-linked immunosorbent assay. To evaluate whether notochordal cells affected MMPs or TIMPs production on annular inflammation, hAF co-cultured with notochordal cells from adult New Zealand White rabbits, were assayed. Results MMP-1, -3, -9; and TIMP-1 levels were significantly increased in CM of hAF co-cultured with macrophage-like cells compared with hAF alone, whereas TIMP-2 and IGF-1 levels were significantly decreased (p<0.05). After macrophage exposure, hAF produced significantly more MMP-1 and -3 and less TIMP-1 and -2. Interleukin-1β stimulation enhanced MMP-1 and -3 levels, and significantly diminished TIMP-2 levels. Co-culturing with rabbit notochordal cells did not significantly influence MMPs and TIMPs production or COL1A2 gene expression. Conclusion Our results indicate that macrophage-like cells evoke annular degeneration through the regulation of major degradative enzymes and their inhibitors, produced by hAF, suggesting that the selective regulation of these enzymes provides future targets for symptomatic disc degeneration therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joo Han Kim
- Department of Neurosurgery, Guro Hospital, College of Medicine, Korea University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jin Hyun Park
- Department of Neurosurgery, Guro Hospital, College of Medicine, Korea University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hong Joo Moon
- Department of Neurosurgery, Guro Hospital, College of Medicine, Korea University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Taek Hyun Kwon
- Department of Neurosurgery, Guro Hospital, College of Medicine, Korea University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Youn Kwan Park
- Department of Neurosurgery, Guro Hospital, College of Medicine, Korea University, Seoul, Korea
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