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Abusharha A, Pearce EI, Alsaqar A, Fagehi R, Afsar T, Razak S. Efficacy of hydroxypropyl-guar drops in improving tear film index and ocular surface dynamics using two treatment methods under a controlled desiccating environment. Int Ophthalmol 2024; 44:175. [PMID: 38615085 DOI: 10.1007/s10792-024-03122-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2023] [Accepted: 03/25/2024] [Indexed: 04/15/2024]
Abstract
AIM This study aimed to assess the efficacy of hp-guar eye drops on tear film index and ocular surface dynamics under desiccating conditions using protection and relief treatment modalities. METHODOLOGY The 12 normal, non-dry eye participants were subjected to adverse environmental conditions using a Controlled Environment Chamber (CEC) where the relative humidity (RH) was 5% and the ambient temperature was 21 °C. The participants were screened for ocular symptoms, tear osmolarity, ocular surface temperature (OST), tear production using the Ocular Surface Disease Index questionnaire (OSDI), OcuSense TearLab Osmometer, FLIR System ThermaCAM P620, and Schirmer strips. Tear production was calculated by the Tear Function Index test (TFI). RESULTS The mean tear film osmolarity decreased significantly from 296 mOsm/L at 40% RH to 285 mOsm/L at 5% RH (p = 0.01). Conflicting responses were seen for osmolarity in protection and relief. Mean tear osmolarity was significantly higher in the protection method in comparison to the relief method (p = 0.005). The mean TFI increased from 557 at 40% to 854 at 5% (p = 0.02). A significant increase in TFI was observed in the relief method in comparison with both 40% (p = 0.001) and 5% (p = 0.04). In the relief method, the mean TFI score went up to 1139 when hp-guar was installed. A significant improvement in ocular comfort was experienced in both the protection (p = 0.041) and relief (p = 0.010) methods at 5% RH. The instillation of hp-guar drops in the relief method resulted in a significant reduction in OST. The mean OST dropped to 33.01 ºC, significantly lower than the recorded OST for both normal (p = 0.040) and dry (p = 0.014) environmental conditions. CONCLUSION Hp-guar drops significantly improve tear film parameters under a desiccating environment, however, tear film parameters respond differently to the management modalities. In the protection method, tear film osmolarity was protected against a dry environment, while in the relief mode, an improvement in tear production and a decrease in ocular surface temperature were seen. Hp-guar performance could be maximized for the management of exposure to adverse environments by using a treatment protocol that targets the most affected parameters in each group of patients. Using CEC has the potential to provide researchers with a readily available method to evaluate the efficiency of tear supplementation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Abusharha
- Department of Optometry, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Saud University, 12372, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - E Ian Pearce
- Department of Vision Science, School of Health and Life Sciences, Glasgow Caledonian University, 70 Cowcaddence Road, Glasgow, G4 0BA, UK
| | - Ali Alsaqar
- Department of Optometry, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Saud University, 12372, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Raied Fagehi
- Department of Optometry, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Saud University, 12372, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Tayyaba Afsar
- Department of Community Health Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Saud University, 12372, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Suhail Razak
- Department of Community Health Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Saud University, 12372, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.
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Itokawa T, Okajima Y, Iwashita H, Koji K, Tashiro S, Suzuki T, Hori Y. Association between dryness sensation and ocular surface temperature and conjunctival blood flow in soft contact lens wearers. Cont Lens Anterior Eye 2024:102166. [PMID: 38604915 DOI: 10.1016/j.clae.2024.102166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2023] [Revised: 04/02/2024] [Accepted: 04/04/2024] [Indexed: 04/13/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE To investigate the association between dryness, ocular surface temperature (OST), and conjunctival blood flow (CBF) in soft contact lens (SCL) wearers after airflow stimulation. METHODS After recruiting 21 SCL wearers (mean age, 25.3 ± 4.2 years), subjects used two different daily disposable silicone hydrogel SCLs (narafilcon A and delefilcon A lenses). On three of four measurement days, excluding the first, OST, CBF, tear meniscus height (TMH), and non-invasive tear break-up time (NIBUT) were measured after airflow stimulation at a rate of 3 m/s for 10 min. The measurements were conducted without SCLs on the first and second days, and with different SCLs on the third and fourth days. Dryness was evaluated using the visual analogue scale (VAS). These parameters were compared between the two types of SCLs, and their association with the dryness sensation was then investigated. RESULTS Dryness was significantly weakly correlated with OST (r = -0.375, p < 0.05) and CBF (r = 0.339, p < 0.05). TMH, NIBUT, and VAS scores for dryness with the delefilcon A lens (0.15 ± 0.05 mm, 3.7 ± 01.7 s and 29.4 ± 16.9) were significantly higher, longer, and lower, respectively, than those with the narafilcon A lens (0.12 ± 0.05 mm, 2.3 ± 1.7 s and 35.9 ± 17.0; p < 0.05, p < 0.01 and p < 0.01). The changes in the OST and CBF between with and without the delefilcon A lens (-0.36 ± 0.35 °C and 0.99 ± 0.19) were significantly small compared to the narafilcon A lens (-0.60 ± 0.42 °C and 1.11 ± 0.21; p < 0.01 for both comparisons). CONCLUSION Dryness was correlated with OST and CBF, which indicates that when dryness was high, OST was low and CBF was high. These results suggest that OST and CBF assessments are effective for evaluating dryness sensation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Itokawa
- Department of Ophthalmology, Toho University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan.
| | - Yukinobu Okajima
- Department of Ophthalmology, Toho University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan; Tsunashima Eye Clinic, Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Hiroko Iwashita
- Department of Ophthalmology, Toho University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kakisu Koji
- Department of Ophthalmology, Toho University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shigeki Tashiro
- Clinical Research Center, Nagasaki University Hospital, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Takashi Suzuki
- Department of Ophthalmology, Toho University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan; Ishizuchi Eye Clinic, Niihama, Ehime, Japan
| | - Yuichi Hori
- Department of Ophthalmology, Toho University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
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Abusharha A, Pearce EI, Afsar T, Razak S. Evaluation of therapeutic efficacy of Emustil drops for ocular discomfort and tear film osmolarity using different treatment management modes under dry environmental conditions. BMC Ophthalmol 2024; 24:129. [PMID: 38523298 PMCID: PMC10962139 DOI: 10.1186/s12886-024-03390-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2023] [Accepted: 03/11/2024] [Indexed: 03/26/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND We aimed to check the efficacy of Emustil (oil in water emulsion) drops on tear film index and ocular surface dynamics in dry environments through protection and relief treatment modalities. METHODS The subjects were exposed to a dry environment using a Controlled Environment Chamber (CEC) where the relative humidity (RH) was 5% and the temperature was 21 °C and screened for ocular symptoms, tear osmolarity, ocular surface temperature (OST) and tear production using ocular Surface Disease Index questionnaire (OSDI), OcuSense TearLab Osmometer, FLIR System ThermaCAM P620 and Schirmer strips/phenol red test respectively. Tear production was calculated by the Tear Function Index test (TFI). RESULTS The mean tear film osmolarity decreased significantly from 296.8 mOsm/l at 40% RH to 291 mOsm/l at 5%. (p = 0.01). Instillation of Emustil resulted in a significant increase in tear osmolarity in the relief method compared with osmolarity seen at 5% RH when no drop was used. The mean PRT value decreased from 26 ± 9 in normal conditions (40% RH) to 22 ± 4 mm in dry conditions (5% RH). Emustil drops did not induce any significant change in tear production in the PRT test. No significant change was found in OST following exposure to 5% RH. OST did not show a statistically significant change with the emulsion when used for relief (p > 0.05). The mean score of ocular discomfort observed was 70 at 5% RH. Still, the instillation of the oil-in-water emulsion (Emustil) resulted in a noticeable decrease in visual discomfort to 37 (p = 0.00) in protection and 59 in relief (p = 0.05). Emustil drops substantially improved tear film parameters under a desiccating environment, however, tear film parameters respond differently to the management modalities. In the protection method, tear film osmolarity was protected against a dry environment, while in the relief mode, tear production was improved. CONCLUSION CEC allows for a thorough evaluation of tear film parameters and dry eye treatment protocols in labs, providing greater confidence when applying them to patients. In addition, our study showed that Emustil not only provides protection and relief for dry eyes but also helps to maintain ocular homeostasis in desiccating environments. This indicates a promising potential for improving dry eye treatment protocols.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Abusharha
- Department of Optometry, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - E Ian Pearce
- Glasgow Caledonian University, 70 Cowcaddence Road, G4 0BA, Glasgow, UK
| | - Tayyaba Afsar
- Department of Community Health Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Suhail Razak
- Department of Community Health Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.
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Ozaki R, Inoue S, Yorozui Y, Ichikawa R, Yamada N, Higashi S, Matsuyama S, Tsukamura H, Ohkura S, Uenoyama Y, Morita Y. Capturing temperature changes on the ocular surface along with estrus and ovulation using infrared thermography in Japanese Black cows. J Reprod Dev 2024; 70:49-54. [PMID: 38008463 PMCID: PMC10902635 DOI: 10.1262/jrd.2022-116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2022] [Accepted: 10/23/2023] [Indexed: 11/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Pre-ovulatory follicles are cooler than the neighboring reproductive organs in cows. Thus, measuring the temperature of reproductive organs could be a useful method for predicting estrus and ovulation in cows, and the establishment of a non-invasive technique is required. In this study, we used infrared thermography (IRT) to measure ocular surface temperature as a potential surrogate for reproductive organ temperature. Five Japanese Black cows with synchronized estrus were subjected to temperature measurements in five regions of the ocular surface, including the nasal conjunctiva, nasal limbus, center cornea, temporal limbus, and temporal conjunctiva, twice a day (0800 h and 1600 h) during the experimental period. The temperatures in the five regions significantly declined in cows from estrus to ovulation. To the best of our knowledge, this study is the first to use IRT to show a temperature decrease in the ocular surface along with estrus to ovulation in Japanese Black cows.
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Affiliation(s)
- Riho Ozaki
- Department of Animal Sciences, Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan
| | - Seiji Inoue
- Department of Animal Sciences, Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan
| | - Yuki Yorozui
- Department of Animal Sciences, Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan
| | - Rei Ichikawa
- Department of Animal Sciences, Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan
| | - Naoki Yamada
- Department of Animal Sciences, Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan
| | - Seiya Higashi
- Department of Animal Sciences, Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan
| | - Shuichi Matsuyama
- Department of Animal Sciences, Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan
| | - Hiroko Tsukamura
- Department of Animal Sciences, Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan
| | - Satoshi Ohkura
- Department of Animal Sciences, Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan
| | - Yoshihisa Uenoyama
- Department of Animal Sciences, Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan
| | - Yasuhiro Morita
- Department of Clinical Veterinary Science, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido 080-8555, Japan
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Gu Z, Cao G, Wu C, Huang Y, Xu B, Zhuang S, Li B. Comparing the ocular surface temperature and dry eye condition of keratoconus with normal eyes using infrared thermal imaging. Int Ophthalmol 2023; 43:4781-4789. [PMID: 37695496 DOI: 10.1007/s10792-023-02878-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2023] [Accepted: 08/26/2023] [Indexed: 09/12/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE This study was conducted to compare the ocular surface temperature in keratoconus eyes with that in normal eyes. METHODS A total of 27 participants were enrolled, with 10 and 17 participants in the keratoconus and control groups, respectively. Participants in the control group underwent an ophthalmic slit lamp examination and ocular thermography, while an additional corneal tomography was performed for those in the keratoconus group. RESULTS For patients with keratoconus, the mean upper eyelid temperature (UET) was 32.36 ± 1.02 °C, inner canthus temperature (ICT) was 34.25 ± 0.83 °C, outer canthus temperature (OCT) was 33.62 ± 0.96 °C, initial central corneal temperature (initial CCT) was 33.04 ± 1.03 °C, sixth-second CCT (6 s-CCT) was 32.67 ± 1.19 °C, and the mean change in CCT measured within 6 s (change in CCT within 6 s) was 0.36 ± 0.26 °C. For controls, the values for UET, ICT, OCT, initial CCT, 6 s-CCT, and change in CCT within 6 s were 32.35 ± 1.13 °C, 34.14 ± 0.91 °C, 33.51 ± 1.02 °C, 33.22 ± 1.01 °C, 32.99 ± 1.01 °C, and 0.22 ± 0.17 °C, respectively. Except for the change in CCT within 6 s (p = 0.022), no significant differences were observed in UET (p = 0.973), ICT (p = 0.659), OCT (p = 0.697), initial CCT (p = 0.556) or 6 s-CCT (p = 0.310) between the two groups. CONCLUSION The keratoconus eyes showed faster changes in CCT and evaporation of tear film after opening the eyes. Therefore, the keratoconus eyes had a higher incidence of dry eye conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhensheng Gu
- Department of Ophthalmology, School of Medicine, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Guofan Cao
- Affiliated Eye Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Chunbo Wu
- School of Optical Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai, China
| | - Yuanshen Huang
- School of Optical Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai, China
| | - Banglian Xu
- School of Optical Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai, China
| | - Songlin Zhuang
- School of Optical Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai, China
| | - Baicheng Li
- School of Optical Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai, China.
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Su TY, Chang SW. Normalized ocular surface temperature models for tear film characteristics and dry eye disease evaluation. Ocul Surf 2021; 19:74-82. [PMID: 32298795 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtos.2020.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2019] [Revised: 02/25/2020] [Accepted: 04/04/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To construct normalized ocular surface temperature (NOST) models for different tear film characteristics and evaluate its potential in dry-eyes screening. METHODS We included 227 right eyes of 227 patients. Tear film characteristics were categorized into 4 types according to fluorescein tear film breakup time (FTBUT) and Schirmer test results, namely type 1: FTBUT >5 s and Schirmer >5 mm; type 2: FTBUT ≤5 s and Schirmer >5 mm; type 3: FTBUT ≤5 s and Schirmer ≤5 mm; and type4: FTBUT >5 s and Schirmer ≤5 mm. Ocular surface temperature was measured by a video-thermographer. Mean temperatures of the central cornea were calculated from the videos of each frame during the 4-s blink interval. We first constructed individual NOST model for every tear characteristic. Participants were included for further analysis when their OSDI was ≥23, FTBUT ≤5 s, and Schirmer >5 mm. They were subdivided into short-BUT and short BUT with SPK subgroups according to the absence or presence of corneal fluorescein-stain. The NOST models of the normal, short-BUT and short BUT with SPK groups were separately constructed and the potential of screening analyzed via ROC curves. RESULTS Each tear film type had a different NOST model. At 3 s after blinking, the order of NOST was type 4 >type 1 >type 3 >type 2. In dry-eye screening, the NOST was normal > short-BUT > short BUT with SPK. The NOST displayed a sensitivity 0.87, specificity 0.80, and AUC 0.88 for diagnosing short BUT with SPK. CONCLUSION NOST models are useful in differentiating tear film characteristics and screening dry-eyes. It alleviates the discomfort and inconvenience encountered during conventional dry-eye diagnosis.
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De Ortueta D, Arba-Mosquera S, Magnago T. High-speed recording of thermal load during laser trans-epithelial corneal refractive surgery using a 750Hz ablation system. J Optom 2019; 12:84-91. [PMID: 30037645 PMCID: PMC6449765 DOI: 10.1016/j.optom.2018.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2017] [Revised: 04/24/2018] [Accepted: 05/26/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE To evaluate the temperature rise of human cornea during trans-epithelial photorefractive keratectomy (trans-PRK) with a 750Hz excimer laser employing Intelligent Thermal Effect Control (ITEC) software. METHODS In this observational case series, trans-PRK ablation was performed on 5 eyes of 3 patients using an aspheric profile of a 750Hz excimer laser system. A high-resolution infrared camera with a frame-rate of 350 images per second was used to determine the corneal surface temperature. Images were taken sequentially, starting a few seconds prior to and ending a few seconds after the ablation. The maximum temperature of any pixel of a given image were recorded and graphed against time. RESULTS The baseline ocular surface temperature, immediately prior to the beginning of excimer laser, ranged from 32 to 34.9°C. The maximum ocular surface temperature until the epithelium was ablated ranged from 35.2 to 39.7°C. The maximum ocular surface temperature during stromal ablation with high and low fluence laser ranged from 32.9 to 36.5 and from 34.4 to 37.7°C respectively. CONCLUSION The ITEC software is effective in controlling the maximum temperature rise during laser ablation in the extremely challenging situation of trans-PRK involving high ablation volumes of almost 6000nl, potentially improving the outcomes. The ITEC system limited the maximum temperature to 39.7°C in the epithelium, and 37.7°C in the stroma. The epithelial temperature was always higher than stromal temperature (regardless of high or low fluence irradiation). Safety limit of 40°C found in the literature was never reached.
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Akhter S, Anwar M, Siddiqui MA, Ahmad I, Ahmad J, Ahmad MZ, Bhatnagar A, Ahmad FJ. Improving the topical ocular pharmacokinetics of an immunosuppressant agent with mucoadhesive nanoemulsions: Formulation development, in-vitro and in-vivo studies. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2016; 148:19-29. [PMID: 27591567 DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2016.08.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2016] [Revised: 08/11/2016] [Accepted: 08/26/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Topical ocular conditions such as cornea transplant rejection and keratoconjunctivitis sicca (so called dry eye disease) require therapeutic concentration of immunosuppressant onto the ocular surface for prolonged period. Based on this rational, we optimized cyclosporine A (Cy-A) loaded polymeric mucoadhesive nanoemulsion (Cy-A-mN) with higher Cy-A payload, improved ocular retention, corneal and conjunctival bioavailability. The concentrations of oil, surfactant and co-surfactant needed for the stable nanoemulsion were screened followed by phase behavior study of the formulations components by the construction of pseudo-ternary phase diagrams. The concentration of chitosan was optimized according to the blinking force of eyelids. The size distribution, surface charge, mucoadhesiveness and Cy-A release were studied for Cy-A-mN along with other formulations. The corneal retention of Cy-A-mN was evaluated by gamma scintigraphy, revealing that the clearance was slowest in the case of Cy-A-mN. Biodistribution performed in rabbits showed that Cy-A-mN was able to maintain the therapeutic concentrations (≥50-300ng/g) of Cy-A in the cornea and conjunctiva over the period of 24h. The safety of formulation was confirmed by Draize's test and by measuring the ocular surface temperature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sohail Akhter
- Nucleic Acids Transfer by Non Viral Methods, Centre de BiophysiqueMoléculaire, CNRS UPR4301, Rue Charles Sadron, 45071 Orléans Cedex 2, France; LE STUDIUM(®) Loire Valley Institute for Advanced Studies, Centre-Val de Loire Region, France; Nanomedicine Research Lab, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jamia Hamdard, 110062 New Delhi, India.
| | - Mohammed Anwar
- Nanomedicine Research Lab, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jamia Hamdard, 110062 New Delhi, India
| | | | - Iqbal Ahmad
- Nanomedicine Research Lab, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jamia Hamdard, 110062 New Delhi, India
| | - Javed Ahmad
- Department of Pharmaceutics, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Raebareli 229010, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Mohammad Zaki Ahmad
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, Najran University, Saudi Arabia
| | - Aseem Bhatnagar
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Institute of Nuclear Medicine and Allied Sciences, Defence R&D Organisation, Brig. SK Mazumdar Road, Delhi 110054, India
| | - Farhan Jalees Ahmad
- Nanomedicine Research Lab, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jamia Hamdard, 110062 New Delhi, India
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