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Yin T, Xu L, Gil B, Merali N, Sokolikova MS, Gaboriau DCA, Liu DSK, Muhammad Mustafa AN, Alodan S, Chen M, Txoperena O, Arrastua M, Gomez JM, Ontoso N, Elicegui M, Torres E, Li D, Mattevi C, Frampton AE, Jiao LR, Ramadan S, Klein N. Graphene Sensor Arrays for Rapid and Accurate Detection of Pancreatic Cancer Exosomes in Patients' Blood Plasma Samples. ACS Nano 2023; 17:14619-14631. [PMID: 37470391 PMCID: PMC10416564 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.3c01812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2023] [Accepted: 07/17/2023] [Indexed: 07/21/2023]
Abstract
Biosensors based on graphene field effect transistors (GFETs) have the potential to enable the development of point-of-care diagnostic tools for early stage disease detection. However, issues with reproducibility and manufacturing yields of graphene sensors, but also with Debye screening and unwanted detection of nonspecific species, have prevented the wider clinical use of graphene technology. Here, we demonstrate that our wafer-scalable GFETs array platform enables meaningful clinical results. As a case study of high clinical relevance, we demonstrate an accurate and robust portable GFET array biosensor platform for the detection of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) in patients' plasma through specific exosomes (GPC-1 expression) within 45 min. In order to facilitate reproducible detection in blood plasma, we optimized the analytical performance of GFET biosensors via the application of an internal control channel and the development of an optimized test protocol. Based on samples from 18 PDAC patients and 8 healthy controls, the GFET biosensor arrays could accurately discriminate between the two groups while being able to detect early cancer stages including stages 1 and 2. Furthermore, we confirmed the higher expression of GPC-1 and found that the concentration in PDAC plasma was on average more than 1 order of magnitude higher than in healthy samples. We found that these characteristics of GPC-1 cancerous exosomes are responsible for an increase in the number of target exosomes on the surface of graphene, leading to an improved signal response of the GFET biosensors. This GFET biosensor platform holds great promise for the development of an accurate tool for the rapid diagnosis of pancreatic cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianyi Yin
- Department
of Materials, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, U.K.
| | - Lizhou Xu
- Department
of Materials, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, U.K.
- ZJU-Hangzhou
Global Scientific and Technological Innovation Center, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 311200, China
| | - Bruno Gil
- Hamlyn
Centre, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, U.K.
| | - Nabeel Merali
- Oncology
Section, Surrey Cancer Research Institute, Department of Clinical
and Experimental Medicine, FHMS, University
of Surrey, The Leggett Building, Daphne Jackson Road, Guildford GU2 7WG, U.K.
- HPB
Surgical Unit, Royal Surrey NHS Foundation Trust, Guildford, Surrey GU2 7XX, U.K.
- Minimal Access
Therapy Training Unit (MATTU), University
of Surrey, The Leggett
Building, Daphne Jackson Road, Guildford GU2 7WG, U.K.
| | | | - David C. A. Gaboriau
- Facility
for Imaging By Light Microscopy, Imperial
College London, London SW7 2AZ, U.K.
| | - Daniel S. K. Liu
- Department
of Surgery & Cancer, Imperial College
London, Hammersmith Hospital
Campus, London W12 0NN, U.K.
- HPB
Surgical Unit, Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, Hammersmith
Hospital, London W12 0HS, U.K.
| | - Ahmad Nizamuddin Muhammad Mustafa
- Department
of Materials, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, U.K.
- FTKEE,
Universiti Teknikal Malaysia Melaka, 76100 Durian Tunggal, Melaka, Malaysia
| | - Sarah Alodan
- Department
of Materials, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, U.K.
| | - Michael Chen
- Department
of Materials, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, U.K.
| | - Oihana Txoperena
- Graphenea Semiconductor, Paseo Mikeletegi 83, San Sebastián ES 20009, Spain
| | - María Arrastua
- Graphenea Semiconductor, Paseo Mikeletegi 83, San Sebastián ES 20009, Spain
| | - Juan Manuel Gomez
- Graphenea Semiconductor, Paseo Mikeletegi 83, San Sebastián ES 20009, Spain
| | - Nerea Ontoso
- Graphenea Semiconductor, Paseo Mikeletegi 83, San Sebastián ES 20009, Spain
| | - Marta Elicegui
- Graphenea Semiconductor, Paseo Mikeletegi 83, San Sebastián ES 20009, Spain
| | - Elias Torres
- Graphenea Semiconductor, Paseo Mikeletegi 83, San Sebastián ES 20009, Spain
| | - Danyang Li
- Research
Center, The Seventh Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen 518107, China
| | - Cecilia Mattevi
- Department
of Materials, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, U.K.
| | - Adam E. Frampton
- Oncology
Section, Surrey Cancer Research Institute, Department of Clinical
and Experimental Medicine, FHMS, University
of Surrey, The Leggett Building, Daphne Jackson Road, Guildford GU2 7WG, U.K.
- HPB
Surgical Unit, Royal Surrey NHS Foundation Trust, Guildford, Surrey GU2 7XX, U.K.
- Minimal Access
Therapy Training Unit (MATTU), University
of Surrey, The Leggett
Building, Daphne Jackson Road, Guildford GU2 7WG, U.K.
- Department
of Surgery & Cancer, Imperial College
London, Hammersmith Hospital
Campus, London W12 0NN, U.K.
| | - Long R. Jiao
- Department
of Surgery & Cancer, Imperial College
London, Hammersmith Hospital
Campus, London W12 0NN, U.K.
| | - Sami Ramadan
- Department
of Materials, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, U.K.
| | - Norbert Klein
- Department
of Materials, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, U.K.
| |
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