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Gao X, Zeng R, Ho CT, Li B, Chen S, Xiao C, Hu H, Cai M, Chen Z, Xie Y, Wu Q. Preparation, chemical structure, and immunostimulatory activity of a water-soluble heteropolysaccharide from Suillus granulatus fruiting bodies. Food Chem X 2022; 13:100211. [PMID: 35498979 PMCID: PMC9039890 DOI: 10.1016/j.fochx.2022.100211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2021] [Revised: 01/10/2022] [Accepted: 01/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
A water-soluble heteropolysaccharide (SGP2-1) was purified from Suillus granulatus. SGP2-1with Mw of 150.75 kDa had the (1 → 4)-α-Glcp backbone structure. SGP2-1 could be recognized by toll-like receptor 2 in RAW 264.7 macrophages. SGP2-1 enhanced pinocytic capacity and promoted ROS, NO, and cytokine production. SGP2-1 exerted immunoregulatory activity through MAPKs, PI3K/Akt and NF-κB pathways.
A water-soluble heteropolysaccharide (SGP2-1) was purified from Suillus granulatus fruiting bodies by anion-exchange chromatography and gel permeation chromatography. The structural characteristics were analyzed by high-performance gel permeation chromatography, high-performance liquid chromatography, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, gas chromatography-mass spectrometry, and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. The immunostimulatory activity was investigated using RAW 264.7 macrophages. Results showed that SGP2-1 with weight average molecular weight of 150.75 kDa was composed of mannose, glucose, and xylose. The backbone of SGP2-1 was mainly composed of → 4)-α-Glcp-(1→, and the terminal group α-d-Glcp → was linked to the main chain by O-6 position. SGP2-1 could significantly enhance pinocytic capacity, reactive oxygen species production, and cytokines secretion. SGP2-1 exerted immunomodulatory effects through interacting with toll-like receptor 2, and activating mitogen-activated protein kinase, phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase/protein kinase B, and nuclear factor-kappa B signaling pathways. These findings indicated that SGP2-1 could be explored as a potential immunomodulatory agent for application in functional foods.
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Key Words
- 1H-1H COSY, 1H-1H correlation spectroscopy
- ANOVA, Analysis of variance
- Akt, Protein kinase B
- CCK-8, Cell counting kit-8
- D2O, Deuterium oxide
- DCFH-DA, 2′,7′-Dichlorofluorescein diacetate
- DEPT, Distortionless enhancement by polarization transfer
- DMEM, Dulbecco’s modified Eagle’s medium
- DPBS, Dulbecco’s phosphate-buffered saline
- ELISA, Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay
- ERK, Extracellular signal-regulated kinase
- FT-IR, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy
- GC-MS, Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry
- HMBC, Heteronuclear multiple bond correlation
- HPGPC, High-performance gel permeation chromatography
- HPLC, High performance liquid chromatography
- HSQC, Heteronuclear single quantum correlation
- Heteropolysaccharide
- IL-6, Interleukin-6
- Immunomodulatory activity
- IκBα, I kappa B alpha
- JNK, c-Jun N-terminal kinase
- LPS, Lipopolysaccharides
- MAPKs, Mitogen-activated protein kinase
- MCP-1, Monocyte chemoattractant protein-1
- Mw, Weight average molecular weight
- NF-κB, Nuclear factor-kappa B
- NMR, Nuclear magnetic resonance
- NO, Nitric oxide
- PI3K, Phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase
- PMP, 1-Phenyl-3-methyl-5-pyrazolone
- RIPA, Radioimmunoprecipitation assay
- ROS, Reactive oxygen species
- RT-PCR, Reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction
- Structural characterization
- Suillus granulatus
- TLR2, Toll-like receptor 2
- TLR4, Toll-like receptor 4
- TNF-α, Tumor necrosis factor-α
- iNOS, Inducible nitric oxide synthase
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiong Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Safety and Health, Institute of Microbiology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510070, China
| | - Ranhua Zeng
- College of Food Science, South China Agricultural University, 483 Wushan Street, Tianhe District, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Chi-Tang Ho
- Department of Food Science, Rutgers University, 65 Dudley Road, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, USA
| | - Bin Li
- College of Food Science, South China Agricultural University, 483 Wushan Street, Tianhe District, Guangzhou 510642, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Nutraceuticals and Functional Foods, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Shaodan Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Safety and Health, Institute of Microbiology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510070, China
| | - Chun Xiao
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Safety and Health, Institute of Microbiology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510070, China
| | - Huiping Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Safety and Health, Institute of Microbiology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510070, China
| | - Manjun Cai
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Safety and Health, Institute of Microbiology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510070, China
| | - Zhongzheng Chen
- College of Food Science, South China Agricultural University, 483 Wushan Street, Tianhe District, Guangzhou 510642, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Nutraceuticals and Functional Foods, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Yizhen Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Safety and Health, Institute of Microbiology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510070, China.,Guangdong Yuewei Biotechnology Co. Ltd., Zhaoqing 526000, China
| | - Qingping Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Safety and Health, Institute of Microbiology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510070, China
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Chiu HF, Venkatakrishnan K, Wang CK. The role of nutraceuticals as a complementary therapy against various neurodegenerative diseases: A mini-review. J Tradit Complement Med 2020; 10:434-439. [PMID: 32953558 PMCID: PMC7484964 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtcme.2020.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2020] [Revised: 03/30/2020] [Accepted: 03/30/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
In recent times, many scientists have given great attention to nutraceuticals (complementary medicine) as it widely used for promoting health status. In particular for the prevention and treatment of various neurological diseases or disorders without or less adverse effects. The current mini-review was intended to compile all popular (major) nutraceuticals against various neurodegenerative diseases (NDDs) including Parkinson's disease (PD), Alzheimer's disease (AD), Huntington's disease (HD) with special reference to clinical trials. Preliminary reviews indicated that nutraceuticals like curcumin, resveratrol, Epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG), Coenzyme Q10, ω-3 FA (DHA/EPA/ALA), showed better neuroprotective activity against various NDDs in human setting (clinical trial). Hence this contribution will focus only on those popular nutraceuticals with proposed brief mechanisms (antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, mitochondrial homeostasis, autophagy regulation, promote neurogenesis) and its recommendation. This mini-review would aid common people to choose better nutraceuticals to combat various NDDs along with standard neuroprotective agents and modified lifestyle pattern.
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Key Words
- AD, Alzheimer’s disease
- ATP, Adenosine triphosphate
- BBB, Blood-brain barrier
- Clinical trial
- HD, Huntington’s disease
- HO-1, Heme Oxygenase-1
- JNK, c-Jun N-terminal Kinase
- MAPK, Mitogen-activated protein kinase
- NDDs, neurodegenerative diseases
- NF-κB, Nuclear factor Kappa B
- Neurodegenerative diseases
- Neuroprotective agents
- Nrf2, Nuclear factor-E2-related factor
- Nutraceutical
- PD, Parkinson’s disease
- PI3K, Phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase
- SIRT1, Sirtuin 1
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui-Fang Chiu
- Department of Chinese Medicine, Taichung Hospital Ministry of Health and Well-being, Taichung, ROC, Taiwan
| | - Kamesh Venkatakrishnan
- School OfNutrition, Chung Shan Medical University, 110, Sec. 1, Jianguo North Road, Taichung City, ROC, Taiwan
| | - Chin-Kun Wang
- School OfNutrition, Chung Shan Medical University, 110, Sec. 1, Jianguo North Road, Taichung City, ROC, Taiwan
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