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Abstract
Members of the Protein Tyrosine Phosphatase (PTPs) family are associated with growth regulation and cancer development. Acting as natural counterpart of tyrosine kinases (TKs), mainly involved in crucial signaling pathways such as regulation of cell cycle, proliferation, invasion and angiogenesis, they represent key parts of complex physiological homeostatic mechanisms. Protein tyrosine phosphatase gamma (PTPRG) is classified as a R5 of the receptor type (RPTPs) subfamily and is broadly expressed in various isoforms in different tissues. PTPRG is considered a tumor-suppressor gene (TSG) mapped on chromosome 3p14-21, a region frequently subject to loss of heterozygosity in various tumors. However, reported mechanisms of PTPRG downregulation include missense mutations, ncRNA gene regulation and epigenetic silencing by hypermethylation of CpG sites on promoter region causing loss of function of the gene product. Inactive forms or total loss of PTPRG protein have been described in sporadic and Lynch syndrome colorectal cancer, nasopharyngeal carcinoma, ovarian, breast, and lung cancers, gastric cancer or diseases affecting the hematopoietic compartment as Lymphoma and Leukemia. Noteworthy, in Central Nervous System (CNS) PTPRZ/PTPRG appears to be crucial in maintaining glioblastoma cell-related neuronal stemness, carving out a pathological functional role also in this tissue. In this review, we will summarize the current knowledge on the role of PTPRG in various human cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Boni
- Department of Medicine, General Pathology Division, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Claudio Sorio
- Department of Medicine, General Pathology Division, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
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Boni C, Laudanna C, Sorio C. A Comprehensive Review of Receptor-Type Tyrosine-Protein Phosphatase Gamma ( PTPRG) Role in Health and Non-Neoplastic Disease. Biomolecules 2022; 12:84. [PMID: 35053232 PMCID: PMC8773835 DOI: 10.3390/biom12010084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2021] [Revised: 12/30/2021] [Accepted: 12/30/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Protein tyrosine phosphatase receptor gamma (PTPRG) is known to interact with and regulate several tyrosine kinases, exerting a tumor suppressor role in several type of cancers. Its wide expression in human tissues compared to the other component of group 5 of receptor phosphatases, PTPRZ expressed as a chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan in the central nervous system, has raised interest in its role as a possible regulatory switch of cell signaling processes. Indeed, a carbonic anhydrase-like domain (CAH) and a fibronectin type III domain are present in the N-terminal portion and were found to be associated with its role as [HCO3-] sensor in vascular and renal tissues and a possible interaction domain for cell adhesion, respectively. Studies on PTPRG ligands revealed the contactins family (CNTN) as possible interactors. Furthermore, the correlation of PTPRG phosphatase with inflammatory processes in different normal tissues, including cancer, and the increasing amount of its soluble form (sPTPRG) in plasma, suggest a possible role as inflammatory marker. PTPRG has important roles in human diseases; for example, neuropsychiatric and behavioral disorders and various types of cancer such as colon, ovary, lung, breast, central nervous system, and inflammatory disorders. In this review, we sum up our knowledge regarding the latest discoveries in order to appreciate PTPRG function in the various tissues and diseases, along with an interactome map of its relationship with a group of validated molecular interactors.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Claudio Sorio
- Department of Medicine, General Pathology Division, University of Verona, 37134 Verona, Italy; (C.B.); (C.L.)
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3
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Ismail MA, Nasrallah GK, Monne M, AlSayab A, Yassin MA, Varadharaj G, Younes S, Sorio C, Cook R, Modjtahedi H, Al-Dewik NI. Description of PTPRG genetic variants identified in a cohort of Chronic Myeloid Leukemia patients and their ability to influence response to Tyrosine kinase Inhibitors. Gene 2021; 813:146101. [PMID: 34906644 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2021.146101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2021] [Revised: 10/07/2021] [Accepted: 11/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) have remarkably transformed Ph+ chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) management; however, TKI resistance remains a major clinical challenge. Mutations in BCR-ABL1 are well studied but fail to explain 20-40% of resistant cases, suggesting the activation of alternative, BCR-ABL1-independent pathways. Protein Tyrosine Phosphatase Receptor Gamma (PTPRG), a tumor suppressor, was found to be well expressed in CML patients responsive to TKIs and down-regulated in resistant patients. In this study, we aimed to identify genetic variants in PTPRG that could potentially modulate TKIs response in CML patients. DNA was extracted from peripheral blood samples collected from two CML cohorts (Qatar and Italy) and targeted exome sequencing was performed. Among 31 CML patients, six were TKI-responders and 25 were TKI-resistant. Sequencing identified ten variants, seven were annotated and three were novel SNPs (c.1602_1603insC, c.85+86delC, and c.2289-129delA). Among them, five variants were identified in 15 resistant cases. Of these, one novel exon variant (c.1602_1603insC), c.841-29C>T (rs199917960) and c.1378-224A>G (rs2063204) were found to be significantly different between the resistant cases compared to responders. Our findings suggest that PTPRG variants may act as an indirect resistance mechanism of BCR-ABL1 to affect TKI treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed A Ismail
- School of Life Science, Pharmacy and Chemistry, Faculty of science, engineering & computing-Kingston University London, United Kingdom; Interim Translational Research Institute (iTRI), Hamad Medical Corporation (HMC), Doha, Qatar
| | - Gheyath K Nasrallah
- Department of Biomedical Science, College of Health Sciences, Member of QU Health, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar
| | - Maria Monne
- Centro di Diagnostica Biomolecolare e Citogenetica Emato-Oncologica, "San Francesco" Hospital, Nuoro, Italy
| | - Ali AlSayab
- Interim Translational Research Institute (iTRI), Hamad Medical Corporation (HMC), Doha, Qatar
| | - Mohamed A Yassin
- Department of Medical Oncology, National Centre for Cancer Care and Research, Hamad Medical Corporation (HMC), Doha, Qatar
| | | | - Salma Younes
- Department of Research, Women's Wellness and Research Center, Hamad Medical Corporation, Qatar
| | - Claudio Sorio
- Department of Medicine, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Richard Cook
- School of Life Science, Pharmacy and Chemistry, Faculty of science, engineering & computing-Kingston University London, United Kingdom
| | - Helmout Modjtahedi
- School of Life Science, Pharmacy and Chemistry, Faculty of science, engineering & computing-Kingston University London, United Kingdom
| | - Nader I Al-Dewik
- Interim Translational Research Institute (iTRI), Hamad Medical Corporation (HMC), Doha, Qatar; Faculty of Health and Social Care Sciences, Kingston University, St. George's University of London, UK; Clinical and Metabolic Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, Hamad General Hospital, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar; College of Health and Life Science (CHLS), Hamad Bin Khalifa University (HBKU), Doha, Qatar.
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Ismail MA, Samara M, Al Sayab A, Alsharshani M, Yassin MA, Varadharaj G, Vezzalini M, Tomasello L, Monne M, Morsi H, Qoronfleh MW, Zayed H, Cook R, Sorio C, Modjtahedi H, Al-Dewik NI. Aberrant DNA methylation of PTPRG as one possible mechanism of its under-expression in CML patients in the State of Qatar. Mol Genet Genomic Med 2020; 8:e1319. [PMID: 32700424 PMCID: PMC7549574 DOI: 10.1002/mgg3.1319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2020] [Revised: 04/24/2020] [Accepted: 04/27/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Several studies showed that aberrant DNA methylation is involved in leukemia and cancer pathogenesis. Protein tyrosine phosphatase receptor gamma (PTPRG) expression is a natural inhibitory mechanism that is downregulated in chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) disease. The mechanism behind its downregulation has not been fully elucidated yet. Aim This study aimed to investigate the CpG methylation status at the PTPRG locus in CML patients. Methods Peripheral blood samples from CML patients at time of diagnosis [no tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs)] (n = 13), failure to (TKIs) treatment (n = 13) and healthy controls (n = 6) were collected. DNA was extracted and treated with bisulfite treatment, followed by PCR, sequencing of 25 CpG sites in the promoter region and 26 CpG sites in intron‐1 region of PTPRG. The bisulfite sequencing technique was employed as a high‐resolution method. Results CML groups (new diagnosed and failed treatment) showed significantly higher methylation levels in the promoter and intron‐1 regions of PTPRG compared to the healthy group. There were also significant differences in methylation levels of CpG sites in the promoter and intron‐1 regions amongst the groups. Conclusion Aberrant methylation of PTPRG is potentially one of the possible mechanisms of PTPRG downregulation detected in CML.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed A Ismail
- School of Life Science, Pharmacy and Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Engineering & ComputingFaculty of Science, Engineering & Computing, Kingston University London, Kingston-Upon-Thames, UK.,Interim Translational Research Institute (iTRI), Hamad Medical Corporation (HMC), Doha, Qatar
| | - Muthanna Samara
- Department of Psychology, Kingston University London, Kingston upon Thames, London, UK
| | - Ali Al Sayab
- Interim Translational Research Institute (iTRI), Hamad Medical Corporation (HMC), Doha, Qatar
| | - Mohamed Alsharshani
- Diagnostic Genetics Division (DGD), Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology (DLMP), Hamad Medical Corporation (HMC), Doha, Qatar
| | - Mohamed A Yassin
- Department of Medical Oncology, National Centre for Cancer Care and Research, Hamad Medical Corporation (HMC), Doha, Qatar
| | | | - Marzia Vezzalini
- General Pathology Division, Department of Medicine, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Luisa Tomasello
- Wexner Medical Center, Biomedical Research Tower, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Maria Monne
- Centro di Diagnostica Biomolecolare e Citogenetica Emato-Oncologica, San Francesco" Hospital, Nuoro, Italy
| | - Hisham Morsi
- Quality of Life unit, National Center for Cancer Care and Research, (NCCCR), Hamad Medical Corporation (HMC), Doha, Qatar
| | - M Walid Qoronfleh
- World Innovation Summit for Healthcare (WISH), Qatar Foundation, Doha, Qatar
| | - Hatem Zayed
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Biomedical Research Center, College of Health Sciences, QU Health, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar
| | - Richard Cook
- School of Life Science, Pharmacy and Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Engineering & ComputingFaculty of Science, Engineering & Computing, Kingston University London, Kingston-Upon-Thames, UK
| | - Claudio Sorio
- General Pathology Division, Department of Medicine, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Helmout Modjtahedi
- School of Life Science, Pharmacy and Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Engineering & ComputingFaculty of Science, Engineering & Computing, Kingston University London, Kingston-Upon-Thames, UK
| | - Nader I Al-Dewik
- School of Life Science, Pharmacy and Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Engineering & ComputingFaculty of Science, Engineering & Computing, Kingston University London, Kingston-Upon-Thames, UK.,Qatar Medical Genetic Center (QMGC), Hamad General Hospital (HGH), and Interim Translational Research Institute (iTRI), Hamad Medical Corporation (HMC), Doha, Qatar.,College of Health and Life Science (CHLS), Hamad Bin Khalifa University (HBKU), Doha, Qatar.,Department of Pediatrics, Women's Wellness and Research Center (WWRC), HMC, Doha, Qatar
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5
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Tomasello L, Vezzalini M, Boni C, Bonifacio M, Scaffidi L, Yassin M, Al-Dewik N, Takam Kamga P, Krampera M, Sorio C. Regulative Loop between β-catenin and Protein Tyrosine Receptor Type γ in Chronic Myeloid Leukemia. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E2298. [PMID: 32225105 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21072298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2020] [Revised: 03/24/2020] [Accepted: 03/25/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Protein tyrosine phosphatase receptor type γ (PTPRG) is a tumor suppressor gene, down-regulated in Chronic Myeloid Leukemia (CML) cells by the hypermethylation of its promoter region. β-catenin (CTNNB1) is a critical regulator of Leukemic Stem Cells (LSC) maintenance and CML proliferation. This study aims to demonstrate the antagonistic regulation between β-catenin and PTPRG in CML cells. The specific inhibition of PTPRG increases the activation state of BCR-ABL1 and modulates the expression of the BCR-ABL1- downstream gene β-Catenin. PTPRG was found to be capable of dephosphorylating β-catenin, eventually causing its cytosolic destabilization and degradation in cells expressing PTPRG. Furthermore, we demonstrated that the increased expression of β-catenin in PTPRG-negative CML cell lines correlates with DNA (cytosine-5)-methyl transferase 1 (DNMT1) over-expression, which is responsible for PTPRG promoter hypermethylation, while its inhibition or down-regulation correlates with PTPRG re-expression. We finally confirmed the role of PTPRG in regulating BCR-ABL1 and β-catenin phosphorylation in primary human CML samples. We describe here, for the first time, the existence of a regulative loop occurring between PTPRG and β-catenin, whose reciprocal imbalance affects the proliferation kinetics of CML cells.
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Yu C, Tian F, Liu J, Su M, Wu M, Zhu X, Qian W. Circular RNA cMras inhibits lung adenocarcinoma progression via modulating miR-567/ PTPRG regulatory pathway. Cell Prolif 2019; 52:e12610. [PMID: 31012177 PMCID: PMC6536402 DOI: 10.1111/cpr.12610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2018] [Revised: 02/08/2019] [Accepted: 02/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives Circular RNA, a type of RNA formed by a covalently closed loop, possesses sophisticated abilities of gene regulation in tumorigenesis and metastasis. However, the role of circRNAs on lung adenocarcinoma (LUAD) remains largely unknown. Materials and methods The role of cMras was examined both in vitro and in vivo. cMras expression in LUAD tissues was determined by quantitative real‐time PCR (qRT‐PCR). Downstream targets of cMras were predicted by bioinformatics tools and confirmed by RNA immunoprecipitation assay and luciferase assay. qRT‐PCR and western blot assay were used to detect the expression of specific targets. Results Thirty‐six paired LUAD and healthy tissues were collected and cMras resulted significantly downregulated in cancerous tissues. Its expression was negatively associated with tumour stages. cMras overexpression suppressed LUAD growth and metastasis, while endogenous cMras silencing resulted in the opposite effects. Bioinformatics analysis and experimental evidence confirmed that cMras was a sponge of miRNA‐567 and released its direct target, PTPRG. cMras overexpression decreased miR‐567 expression and subsequently increased PTPRG expression, while increased miRNA‐567 expression blocked the effects induced by cMras. Moreover, PTPRG was downregulated in LUAD and patients with low PTPRG expression exhibited significantly poor prognosis. These results suggested that cMras/miR‐567/PTPRG regulatory pathway might be associated to LUAD tumorigenesis and development. Conclusions A novel circular RNA cMras and its functions were identified, discovering a cMras/miR‐567/PTPRG regulatory pathway in LUAD tumorigenesis and development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chengtao Yu
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Jiangsu Province Hospital of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China.,School of Biomedical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Fang Tian
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Jiangsu Province Hospital of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Jun Liu
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Shanghai Chest Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Minhui Su
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Jiangsu Province Hospital of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Min Wu
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Jiangsu Province Hospital of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Xuejun Zhu
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Jiangsu Province Hospital of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Wang Qian
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Jiangsu Province Hospital of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
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Antony J, Zanini E, Kelly Z, Tan TZ, Karali E, Alomary M, Jung Y, Nixon K, Cunnea P, Fotopoulou C, Paterson A, Roy-Nawathe S, Mills GB, Huang RYJ, Thiery JP, Gabra H, Recchi C. The tumour suppressor OPCML promotes AXL inactivation by the phosphatase PTPRG in ovarian cancer. EMBO Rep 2018; 19:embr.201745670. [PMID: 29907679 DOI: 10.15252/embr.201745670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2017] [Revised: 05/14/2018] [Accepted: 05/23/2018] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
In ovarian cancer, the prometastatic RTK AXL promotes motility, invasion and poor prognosis. Here, we show that reduced survival caused by AXL overexpression can be mitigated by the expression of the GPI-anchored tumour suppressor OPCML Further, we demonstrate that AXL directly interacts with OPCML, preferentially so when AXL is activated by its ligand Gas6. As a consequence, AXL accumulates in cholesterol-rich lipid domains, where OPCML resides. Here, phospho-AXL is brought in proximity to the lipid domain-restricted phosphatase PTPRG, which de-phosphorylates the RTK/ligand complex. This prevents AXL-mediated transactivation of other RTKs (cMET and EGFR), thereby inhibiting sustained phospho-ERK signalling, induction of the EMT transcription factor Slug, cell migration and invasion. From a translational perspective, we show that OPCML enhances the effect of the phase II AXL inhibitor R428 in vitro and in vivo We therefore identify a novel mechanism by which two spatially restricted tumour suppressors, OPCML and PTPRG, coordinate to repress AXL-dependent oncogenic signalling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jane Antony
- Department of Surgery and Cancer, Ovarian Cancer Action Research Centre, Imperial College London, London, UK.,Cancer Science Institute of Singapore, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore.,NUS Graduate School for Integrative Sciences and Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Elisa Zanini
- Department of Surgery and Cancer, Ovarian Cancer Action Research Centre, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Zoe Kelly
- Department of Surgery and Cancer, Ovarian Cancer Action Research Centre, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Tuan Zea Tan
- Cancer Science Institute of Singapore, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Evdoxia Karali
- Department of Surgery and Cancer, Ovarian Cancer Action Research Centre, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Mohammad Alomary
- Department of Surgery and Cancer, Ovarian Cancer Action Research Centre, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Youngrock Jung
- Department of Surgery and Cancer, Ovarian Cancer Action Research Centre, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Katherine Nixon
- Department of Surgery and Cancer, Ovarian Cancer Action Research Centre, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Paula Cunnea
- Department of Surgery and Cancer, Ovarian Cancer Action Research Centre, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Christina Fotopoulou
- Department of Surgery and Cancer, Ovarian Cancer Action Research Centre, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Andrew Paterson
- Department of Surgery and Cancer, Ovarian Cancer Action Research Centre, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Sushmita Roy-Nawathe
- Department of Surgery and Cancer, Ovarian Cancer Action Research Centre, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Gordon B Mills
- Division of Basic Science Research, Department of Systems Biology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Ruby Yun-Ju Huang
- Cancer Science Institute of Singapore, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore.,Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, National University Health System, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Jean Paul Thiery
- Cancer Science Institute of Singapore, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore.,Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, A*STAR (Agency for Science, Technology and Research), Singapore, Singapore.,Department of Biochemistry, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Hani Gabra
- Department of Surgery and Cancer, Ovarian Cancer Action Research Centre, Imperial College London, London, UK .,Early Clinical Development, IMED Biotech Unit, AstraZeneca, Cambridge, UK
| | - Chiara Recchi
- Department of Surgery and Cancer, Ovarian Cancer Action Research Centre, Imperial College London, London, UK
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Liu A, Sun Y, Yu B. MicroRNA-208a Correlates Apoptosis and Oxidative Stress Induced by H 2O 2 through Protein Tyrosine Kinase/Phosphatase Balance in Cardiomyocytes. Int Heart J 2018; 59:829-836. [PMID: 29877301 DOI: 10.1536/ihj.17-276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
MicroRNAs, a class of small and non-encoding RNAs that transcriptionally or post-transcriptionally modulate the expression of their target genes, have been implicated as critical regulatory molecules in ischemia-/reperfusion-induced cardiac injury. In the present study, we report on the role of miR-208a in myocardial I/R injury and the underlying cardio-protective mechanism. The gain-of-function and loss-of-function were used to explore the effects of miR-208a on cardiac injury induced by H2O2 in cardiomyocytes. As predicted, knockdown of endogenous miR-208a significantly decreased the level of cellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) and reduced cardiomyocyte apoptosis. In addition, miR-208a overexpression increased the ROS level and attenuated cell apoptosis in cardiomyocytes. Furthermore, protein tyrosine phosphatase receptor type G (PTPRG) and protein tyrosine phosphatase, non-receptor type 4 (PTPN4), which participate in regulating the level of cellular protein tyrosine phosphorylation balance, were predicted and verified as potential miR-208a targets using bioinformatics and luciferase assay. In summary, this study demonstrated that miR-208a plays a critical protective role in ROS-induced cardiac apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aijun Liu
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University.,Department of Cardiology, Benxi Central Hospital
| | - Yiping Sun
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, Fuwai Hospital and National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College
| | - Bo Yu
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University
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Drube J, Ernst T, Pfirrmann M, Albert BV, Drube S, Reich D, Kresinsky A, Halfter K, Sorio C, Fabisch C, Hochhaus A, Böhmer FD. PTPRG and PTPRC modulate nilotinib response in chronic myeloid leukemia cells. Oncotarget 2018; 9:9442-55. [PMID: 29507701 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.24253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2017] [Accepted: 12/08/2017] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The introduction of second-generation tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) targeting the protein-tyrosine kinase (PTK) BCR-ABL1 has improved treatment response in chronic myeloid leukemia (CML). However, in some patients response still remains suboptimal. Protein-tyrosine phosphatases (PTPs) are natural counter-actors of PTK activity and can affect TKI sensitivity, but the impact of PTPs on treatment response to second-generation TKIs is unknown. We assessed the mRNA expression level of 38 PTPs in 66 newly diagnosed CML patients and analyzed the potential relation with treatment outcome after 9 months of nilotinib medication. A significantly positive association with response was observed for higher PTPN13, PTPRA, PTPRC (also known as CD45), PTPRG, and PTPRM expression. Selected PTPs were then subjected to a functional analysis in CML cell line models using PTP gene knockout by CRISPR/Cas9 technology or PTP overexpression. These analyses revealed PTPRG positively and PTPRC negatively modulating nilotinib response. Consistently, PTPRG negatively and PTPRC positively affected BCR-ABL1 dependent transformation. We identified BCR-ABL1 signaling events, which were affected by modulating PTP levels or nilotinib treatment in the same direction. In conclusion, the PTP status of CML cells is important for the response to second generation TKIs and may help in optimizing therapeutic strategies.
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Liu M, Yang R, Urrehman U, Ye C, Yan X, Cui S, Hong Y, Gu Y, Liu Y, Zhao C, Yan L, Zhang CY, Liang H, Chen X. MiR-19b suppresses PTPRG to promote breast tumorigenesis. Oncotarget 2016; 7:64100-64108. [PMID: 27602768 PMCID: PMC5325428 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.11799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2016] [Accepted: 08/22/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Protein tyrosine phosphatase receptor type G (PTPRG) is an important tumor suppressor gene in multiple human cancers. In this study, we found that PTPRG protein levels were downregulated in breast cancer tissues while the mRNA levels varied irregularly, implying a post-transcriptional mechanism was involved. Because microRNAs are powerful post-transcriptional regulators of gene expression, we used bioinformatics analysis to search for microRNAs that potentially targets PTPRG in the setting of breast cancer. We identified two specific binding sites for miR-19b in the 3′-untranslated region of PTPRG. We further identified an inverse correlation between miR-19b and PTPRG protein levels, but not mRNA levels, in human breast cancer tissues. By overexpressing or knocking down miR-19b in MCF-7 cells and MDA-231 cells, we experimentally confirmed that miR-19b directly suppresses PTPRG expression. Furthermore, we determined that the inhibition of PTPRG by miR-19b leads to increased proliferation, stimulated cell migration and reduced apoptosis. Taken together, our findings provide the first evidence that miR-19b inhibits PTPRG expression to promote tumorigenesis in human breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minghui Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Jiangsu Engineering Research Center for MicroRNA Biology and Biotechnology, NJU Advanced Institute for Life Sciences (NAILS), School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210046, China
| | - Rong Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Jiangsu Engineering Research Center for MicroRNA Biology and Biotechnology, NJU Advanced Institute for Life Sciences (NAILS), School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210046, China.,Department of Urology, The Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210008, China
| | - Uzair Urrehman
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Jiangsu Engineering Research Center for MicroRNA Biology and Biotechnology, NJU Advanced Institute for Life Sciences (NAILS), School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210046, China
| | - Chao Ye
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Jiangsu Engineering Research Center for MicroRNA Biology and Biotechnology, NJU Advanced Institute for Life Sciences (NAILS), School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210046, China
| | - Xin Yan
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, The Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210008, China
| | - Shufang Cui
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Jiangsu Engineering Research Center for MicroRNA Biology and Biotechnology, NJU Advanced Institute for Life Sciences (NAILS), School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210046, China
| | - Yeting Hong
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Jiangsu Engineering Research Center for MicroRNA Biology and Biotechnology, NJU Advanced Institute for Life Sciences (NAILS), School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210046, China
| | - Yuanyuan Gu
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Jiangsu Engineering Research Center for MicroRNA Biology and Biotechnology, NJU Advanced Institute for Life Sciences (NAILS), School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210046, China
| | - Yanqing Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Jiangsu Engineering Research Center for MicroRNA Biology and Biotechnology, NJU Advanced Institute for Life Sciences (NAILS), School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210046, China
| | - Chihao Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Jiangsu Engineering Research Center for MicroRNA Biology and Biotechnology, NJU Advanced Institute for Life Sciences (NAILS), School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210046, China
| | - Liang Yan
- Provincial Key Laboratory of Biological Macro-Molecules Research, Wannan Medical College, Wuhu, Anhui 241002, China
| | - Chen-Yu Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Jiangsu Engineering Research Center for MicroRNA Biology and Biotechnology, NJU Advanced Institute for Life Sciences (NAILS), School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210046, China
| | - Hongwei Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Jiangsu Engineering Research Center for MicroRNA Biology and Biotechnology, NJU Advanced Institute for Life Sciences (NAILS), School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210046, China
| | - Xi Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Jiangsu Engineering Research Center for MicroRNA Biology and Biotechnology, NJU Advanced Institute for Life Sciences (NAILS), School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210046, China
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11
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Cheung AKL, Ip JCY, Chu ACH, Cheng Y, Leong MML, Ko JMY, Shuen WH, Lung HL, Lung ML. PTPRG suppresses tumor growth and invasion via inhibition of Akt signaling in nasopharyngeal carcinoma. Oncotarget 2016; 6:13434-47. [PMID: 25970784 PMCID: PMC4537025 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.3876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2015] [Accepted: 04/03/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Protein Tyrosine Phosphatase, Receptor Type G (PTPRG) was identified as a candidate tumor suppressor gene in nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC). PTPRG induces significant in vivo tumor suppression in NPC. We identified EGFR as a PTPRG potential interacting partner and examined this interaction. Dephosphorylation of EGFR at EGFR-Y1068 and -Y1086 sites inactivated the PI3K/Akt signaling cascade and subsequent down-regulation of downstream pro-angiogenic and -invasive proteins (VEGF, IL6, and IL8) and suppressed tumor cell proliferation, angiogenesis, and invasion. The effect of Akt inhibition in NPC cells was further validated by Akt knockdown experiments in the PTPRG-down-regulated NPC cell lines. Our results suggested that inhibition of Akt in NPC cells induces tumor suppression at both the in vitro and in vivo levels, and also importantly, in vivo metastasis. In conclusion, we confirmed the vital role of PTPRG in inhibiting Akt signaling with the resultant suppression of in vivo tumorigenesis and metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arthur Kwok Leung Cheung
- Department of Clinical Oncology, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong (SAR), People's Republic of China.,Centre for Cancer Research, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong (SAR), People's Republic of China
| | - Joseph Chok Yan Ip
- Department of Clinical Oncology, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong (SAR), People's Republic of China
| | - Adrian Chi Hang Chu
- Department of Clinical Oncology, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong (SAR), People's Republic of China
| | - Yue Cheng
- Department of Clinical Oncology, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong (SAR), People's Republic of China.,Centre for Cancer Research, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong (SAR), People's Republic of China
| | - Merrin Man Long Leong
- Department of Clinical Oncology, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong (SAR), People's Republic of China
| | - Josephine Mun Yee Ko
- Department of Clinical Oncology, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong (SAR), People's Republic of China
| | - Wai Ho Shuen
- Department of Clinical Oncology, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong (SAR), People's Republic of China.,Division of Medical Oncology, National Cancer Centre, Singapore
| | - Hong Lok Lung
- Department of Clinical Oncology, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong (SAR), People's Republic of China.,Centre for Cancer Research, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong (SAR), People's Republic of China
| | - Maria Li Lung
- Department of Clinical Oncology, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong (SAR), People's Republic of China.,Centre for Cancer Research, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong (SAR), People's Republic of China.,Centre for Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Research, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong (SAR), People's Republic of China
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12
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Merico D, Zarrei M, Costain G, Ogura L, Alipanahi B, Gazzellone MJ, Butcher NJ, Thiruvahindrapuram B, Nalpathamkalam T, Chow EW, Andrade DM, Frey BJ, Marshall CR, Scherer SW, Bassett AS. Whole-Genome Sequencing Suggests Schizophrenia Risk Mechanisms in Humans with 22q11.2 Deletion Syndrome. G3 (Bethesda) 2015; 5:2453-61. [PMID: 26384369 DOI: 10.1534/g3.115.021345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Chromosome 22q11.2 microdeletions impart a high but incomplete risk for schizophrenia. Possible mechanisms include genome-wide effects of DGCR8 haploinsufficiency. In a proof-of-principle study to assess the power of this model, we used high-quality, whole-genome sequencing of nine individuals with 22q11.2 deletions and extreme phenotypes (schizophrenia, or no psychotic disorder at age >50 years). The schizophrenia group had a greater burden of rare, damaging variants impacting protein-coding neurofunctional genes, including genes involved in neuron projection (nominal P = 0.02, joint burden of three variant types). Variants in the intact 22q11.2 region were not major contributors. Restricting to genes affected by a DGCR8 mechanism tended to amplify between-group differences. Damaging variants in highly conserved long intergenic noncoding RNA genes also were enriched in the schizophrenia group (nominal P = 0.04). The findings support the 22q11.2 deletion model as a threshold-lowering first hit for schizophrenia risk. If applied to a larger and thus better-powered cohort, this appears to be a promising approach to identify genome-wide rare variants in coding and noncoding sequence that perturb gene networks relevant to idiopathic schizophrenia. Similarly designed studies exploiting genetic models may prove useful to help delineate the genetic architecture of other complex phenotypes.
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Galvan A, Colombo F, Frullanti E, Dassano A, Noci S, Wang Y, Eisen T, Matakidou A, Tomasello L, Vezzalini M, Sorio C, Dugo M, Ambrogi F, Iacobucci I, Martinelli G, Incarbone M, Alloisio M, Nosotti M, Tosi D, Santambrogio L, Pelosi G, Pastorino U, Houlston RS, Dragani TA. Germline polymorphisms and survival of lung adenocarcinoma patients: a genome-wide study in two European patient series. Int J Cancer 2015; 136:E262-71. [PMID: 25196286 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.29195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2014] [Revised: 08/04/2014] [Accepted: 08/05/2014] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
In lung cancer, the survival of patients with the same clinical stage varies widely for unknown reasons. In this two-phase study, we examined the hypothesis that germline variations influence the survival of patients with lung adenocarcinoma. First, we analyzed existing genotype and clinical data from 289 UK-resident patients with lung adenocarcinoma, identifying 86 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) that associated with survival (p < 0.01). We then genotyped these candidate SNPs in a validation series of 748 patients from Italy that resulted genetically compatible with the UK series based on principal component analysis. In a Cox proportional hazard model adjusted for age, sex and clinical stage, four SNPs were confirmed on the basis of their having a hazard ratio (HR) indicating the same direction of effect in the two series and p < 0.05. The strongest association was provided by rs2107561, an intronic SNP of PTPRG, protein tyrosine phosphatase, receptor type, G; the C allele was associated with poorer survival in both patient series (pooled analysis loge HR = 0.31; 95% CI: 0.15-0.46, p = 8.5 × 10(-5) ). PTPRG mRNA levels in 43 samples of lung adenocarcinoma were 40% of those observed in noninvolved lung tissue from the same patients. PTPRG overexpression significantly inhibited the clonogenicity of A549 lung carcinoma cells and the anchorage-independent growth of the NCI-H460 large cell lung cancer line. These four germline variants represent promising candidates that, with further study, may help predict clinical outcome. In addition, the PTPRG locus may have a role in tumor progression.
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14
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Xiao J, Lee ST, Xiao Y, Ma X, Houseman EA, Hsu LI, Roy R, Wrensch M, de Smith AJ, Chokkalingam A, Buffler P, Wiencke JK, Wiemels JL. PTPRG inhibition by DNA methylation and cooperation with RAS gene activation in childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Int J Cancer 2014; 135:1101-9. [PMID: 24496747 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.28759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2013] [Accepted: 01/24/2014] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
While the cytogenetic and genetic characteristics of childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemias (ALL) are well studied, less clearly understood are the contributing epigenetic mechanisms that influence the leukemia phenotype. Our previous studies and others identified gene mutation (RAS) and DNA methylation (FHIT) to be associated with the most common cytogenetic subgroup of childhood ALL, high hyperdiploidy (having five more chromosomes). We screened DNA methylation profiles, using a genome-wide high-dimension platform of 166 childhood ALLs and 6 normal pre-B cell samples and observed a strong association of DNA methylation status at the PTPRG locus in human samples with levels of PTPRG gene expression as well as with RAS gene mutation status. In the 293 cell line, we found that PTPRG expression induces dephosphorylation of ERK, a downstream RAS target that may be critical for mutant RAS-induced cell growth. In addition, PTPRG expression is upregulated by RAS activation under DNA hypomethylating conditions. An element within the PTPRG promoter is bound by the RAS-responsive transcription factor RREB1, also under hypomethylating conditions. In conclusion, we provide evidence that DNA methylation of the PTPRG gene is a complementary event in oncogenesis induced by RAS mutations. Evidence for additional roles for PTPR family member genes is also suggested. This provides a potential therapeutic target for RAS-related leukemias as well as insight into childhood ALL etiology and pathophysiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianqiao Xiao
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
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