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Xiao L, Liu Q, Cao X, Chen M, Zhang L, Yao Z, Zhao S. Detection of Secreted Effector Proteins from Phelipanche aegyptiaca During Invasion of Melon Roots. Phytopathology 2023; 113:1548-1559. [PMID: 37454086 DOI: 10.1094/phyto-11-22-0441-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/18/2023]
Abstract
Parasites can interact with their host plants through the induction and delivery of secreted effector proteins that facilitate plant colonization by decomposing plant cell walls and inhibiting plant immune response to weaken the defense ability of the host. Yet effectors mediating parasitic plant-host interactions are poorly understood. Phelipanche aegyptiaca is an obligate root parasite plant causing severe yield and economic losses in agricultural fields worldwide. Host resistance against P. aegyptiaca occurred during the attachment period of parasitism. Comparative transcriptomics was used to assess resistant and susceptible interactions simultaneously between P. aegyptiaca and two contrasting melon cultivars. In total, 2,740 secreted proteins from P. aegyptiaca were identified here. Combined with transcriptome profiling, 209 candidate secreted effector proteins (CSEPs) were predicted, with functional annotations such as cell wall degrading enzymes, protease inhibitors, transferases, kinases, and elicitor proteins. A heterogeneous expression system in Nicotiana benthamiana was used to investigate the functions of 20 putatively effector genes among the CSEPs. Cluster 15140.0 can suppress BAX-triggered programmed cell death in N. benthamiana. These findings showed that the prediction of P. aegyptiaca effector proteins based on transcriptomic analysis and multiple bioinformatics software is effective and more accurate, providing insights into understanding the essential molecular nature of effectors and laying the foundation of revealing the parasite mechanism of P. aegyptiaca, which is helpful in understanding parasite-host plant interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lifeng Xiao
- Xinjiang Production and Construction Corps, Key Laboratory of Special Fruits and Vegetables Cultivation Physiology and Germplasm Resources Utilization, Shihezi University, Shihezi, Xinjiang 832003, China
- Key Laboratory of Oasis Agricultural Pest Management and Plant Protection Resources Utilization, Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, Shihezi University, Shihezi, Xinjiang 832003, China
| | - Qianqian Liu
- Key Laboratory of Oasis Agricultural Pest Management and Plant Protection Resources Utilization, Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, Shihezi University, Shihezi, Xinjiang 832003, China
| | - Xiaolei Cao
- Xinjiang Production and Construction Corps, Key Laboratory of Special Fruits and Vegetables Cultivation Physiology and Germplasm Resources Utilization, Shihezi University, Shihezi, Xinjiang 832003, China
| | - Meixiu Chen
- Key Laboratory of Oasis Agricultural Pest Management and Plant Protection Resources Utilization, Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, Shihezi University, Shihezi, Xinjiang 832003, China
| | - Lu Zhang
- Xinjiang Production and Construction Corps, Key Laboratory of Special Fruits and Vegetables Cultivation Physiology and Germplasm Resources Utilization, Shihezi University, Shihezi, Xinjiang 832003, China
| | - Zhaoqun Yao
- Key Laboratory of Oasis Agricultural Pest Management and Plant Protection Resources Utilization, Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, Shihezi University, Shihezi, Xinjiang 832003, China
| | - Sifeng Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Oasis Agricultural Pest Management and Plant Protection Resources Utilization, Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, Shihezi University, Shihezi, Xinjiang 832003, China
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Cao X, Xiao L, Zhang L, Chen M, Bian P, Ma Q, Chen S, He Q, Ma X, Yao Z, Zhao S. Phenotypic and histological analyses on the resistance of melon to Phelipanche aegyptiaca. Front Plant Sci 2023; 14:1070319. [PMID: 37035047 PMCID: PMC10079939 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1070319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2022] [Accepted: 02/14/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Melon (Cucumis melo L.) is an economically important crop in Xinjiang, China, but its production is constrained by the parasitic plant Phelipanche aegyptiaca that attaches to the roots of many crops and causes severe stunting and loss of yield. Rhizotron, pot, and field experiments were employed to evaluate the resistance of 27 melon cultivars to P. aegyptiaca. Then, the resistant and susceptible cultivars were inoculated with P. aegyptiaca from six populations to assess their resistance stability and broad spectrum. Further microscopic and histological analyses were used to clarify the resistance phenotypes and histological structure. The results showed that Huangpi 9818 and KR1326 were more resistant to P. aegyptiaca compared to other cultivars in the rhizotron, pot, and field experiments. In addition, compared to the susceptible cultivar K1076, Huangpi 9818 and KR1326 showed broad-spectrum resistance to six P. aegyptiaca populations. These two resistant cultivars had lower P. aegyptiaca biomass and fewer and smaller P. aegyptiaca attachments on their roots compared to susceptible cultivar K1076. KR1326 (resistant) and K1076 (susceptible) were selected to further study resistance phenotypes and mechanisms. Germination-inducing activity of root exudates and microscopic analysis showed that the resistance in KR1326 was not related to low induction of P. aegyptiaca germination. The tubercles of parasite on KR1326 were observed slightly brown at 14 days after inoculation (DAI), the necrosis and arrest of parasite development occurred at 23 DAI. Histological analysis of necrosis tubercles showed that the endophyte of parasite had reached host central cylinder, connected with host xylem, and accumulation of secretions and callose were detected in neighbouring cells. We concluded that KR1326 is an important melon cultivar for P. aegyptiaca resistance that could be used to expand the genetic basis of cultivated muskmelon for resistance to the parasite.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaolei Cao
- Key Laboratory of Oasis Agricultural Pest Management and Plant Protection Resources Utilization, Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, Shihezi University, Shihezi, Xinjiang, China
- Key Laboratory of Special Fruits and Vegetables Cultivation Physiology and Germplasm Resources Utilization of Xinjiang Production and Construction Corps, Shihezi University, Shihezi, Xinjiang, China
| | - Lifeng Xiao
- Key Laboratory of Oasis Agricultural Pest Management and Plant Protection Resources Utilization, Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, Shihezi University, Shihezi, Xinjiang, China
| | - Lu Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Oasis Agricultural Pest Management and Plant Protection Resources Utilization, Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, Shihezi University, Shihezi, Xinjiang, China
| | - Meixiu Chen
- Key Laboratory of Oasis Agricultural Pest Management and Plant Protection Resources Utilization, Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, Shihezi University, Shihezi, Xinjiang, China
| | - Pengxuan Bian
- Key Laboratory of Oasis Agricultural Pest Management and Plant Protection Resources Utilization, Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, Shihezi University, Shihezi, Xinjiang, China
| | - Qianqian Ma
- Key Laboratory of Oasis Agricultural Pest Management and Plant Protection Resources Utilization, Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, Shihezi University, Shihezi, Xinjiang, China
| | - Siyu Chen
- Key Laboratory of Oasis Agricultural Pest Management and Plant Protection Resources Utilization, Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, Shihezi University, Shihezi, Xinjiang, China
| | - Quanlong He
- Key Laboratory of Oasis Agricultural Pest Management and Plant Protection Resources Utilization, Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, Shihezi University, Shihezi, Xinjiang, China
| | - Xinli Ma
- Hami Melon Research Center, Xinjiang Academy of Agricultural Science, Urumqi, Xinjiang, China
| | - Zhaoqun Yao
- Key Laboratory of Oasis Agricultural Pest Management and Plant Protection Resources Utilization, Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, Shihezi University, Shihezi, Xinjiang, China
| | - Sifeng Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Oasis Agricultural Pest Management and Plant Protection Resources Utilization, Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, Shihezi University, Shihezi, Xinjiang, China
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Kumar K, Hacham Y, Amir R. The Effect of 10 Crop Plants That Served as Hosts on the Primary Metabolic Profile of the Parasitic Plant Phelipanche aegyptiaca. Metabolites 2022; 12. [PMID: 36557233 DOI: 10.3390/metabo12121195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2022] [Revised: 11/22/2022] [Accepted: 11/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Phelipanche aegyptiaca Pers. is a holoparasitic plant that parasitizes various types of host plants. Its penetration into host roots causes a massive reduction in the yield of many crop plants worldwide. The nature of the compounds taken by the parasite from its host is still under debate in the scientific literature. To gain more knowledge about the effect of the hosts on the parasite's primary metabolic profile, GC-MS analyses were conducted on the parasites that developed on 10 hosts from four plant families. There are three hosts from each family: Brassicaceae, Apiaceae and Solanaceae and one host from Fabaceae. The results showed significant differences in the metabolic profiles of P. aegyptiaca collected from the different hosts, indicating that the parasites rely strongly on the host's metabolites. Generally, we found that the parasites that developed on Brassicaceae and Fabaceae accumulated more amino acids than those developed on Apiaceae and Solanaceae that accumulated more sugars and organic acids. The contents of amino acids correlated positively with the total soluble proteins. However, the aromatic amino acid, tyrosine, correlated negatively with the accumulation of the total phenolic compounds. This study contributes to our knowledge of the metabolic relationship between host and parasite.
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Cao X, Yao Z, Zhao S, Zhang L, Chen MX, Tian F. First Report of Phelipanche aegyptiaca on Plectranthus scutellarioides in Xinjiang, China. Plant Dis 2022; 107:589. [PMID: 35771114 DOI: 10.1094/pdis-04-22-0755-pdn] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Coleus (Plectranthus scutellarioides [L.] R.Br.[syn.: Solenostemon scutellarioides]) is a perennial plant in the Lamiaceae family. It produces variegated leaves of various colors. It is commonly cultivated as an ornamental plant or grown in commercial greenhouses (Garibaldi et al. 2019). Phelipanche aegyptiaca Pers. is a dicotyledonous holoparasitic flowering plant that parasitizes more than 30 food crops (e.g., tomato, sunflower, and chickpea), ornamental crops, and others in different parts of the world, causing heavy economic losses (Nosratti et al. 2020). In 2016 and 2017, broomrape was observed parasitizing coleus in the greenhouse (86° 3' 36" E, 44° 18' 36" N, 500 m elevation) in Shihezi, Xinjiang, China (Supplementary Figure 1A-D). A single coleus plant could be parasitized by average 6-10 broomrape plants, and 20% of coleus plants were infested. The infection was confirmed by verifying the attachment of the broomrape to the coleus root. The inflorescences of the broomrape were normal and healthy and produced germinable seeds (germination rate: 80-90%). The morphological characteristics of the coleus are shown in Supplementary Figures 6 and 7. The main botanical features of the broomrape are as follows: (i) stem 20.65±7.07 cm tall, erect, branched, frail, rather hairy, bulbous at the base with secondary roots; (ii) inflorescence usually many-flowered, lax and cylindrical; (iii) bracts 6.87±0.93 mm long, ovate to lanceolate; (iv) calyx 1.09±0.09 cm long, shortly campanulate; (v) corolla 3.38±0.19 cm long, erect to suberect, white at the base, blue-purple in the upper part, sparsely glandular-villous; (vi) stamens 4, filaments inserted 5-6 mm from the base of the corolla, 1.26±0.11 cm long, anthers with villous; (vii) pistil 2.9±0.15 cm long, ovary glabrous, style with short glandular hairs, stigma bilobed, white (Supplementary Figure 2) (Teimoury et al. 2012; Piwowarczyk et al. 2019). For molecular identification, total genomic DNA was extracted from the flowers of the broomrape (found parasitizing coleus plants), and the ribosomal protein S2 (rps2) and ribosomal DNA internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region were amplified by PCR using the primer pairs rps2F/rps2R, ITS1/ITS4 (Table 1) (Park et al. 2007; Anderson et al. 2004). Two sequences with 580 bp (ITS) and 443 bp (rps2) were obtained (GenBank accession No. MW811482 and MW883573). BLAST analysis showed that the ITS sequence was most similar (identity 100%) to P. aegyptiaca (KC811171) and the rps2 sequence (identity 99%) also matched that of P. aegyptiaca (KC814957). Phylogenetic analysis of the ITS regions and rps2 genes showed that broomrape was fallen into P. aegyptiaca groups (Supplementary Figure 3). Morphological and molecular findings strongly support the conclusion that the broomrape on coleus was P. aegyptiaca. In order to verify that coleus was a host of P. aegyptiaca, coleus seedlings were collected and moved to 1.5-L pots containing a mixture of compost-vermiculite-sand (1:1:1 v:v:v) and seeds of P. aegyptiaca harvested from the host coleus (50 mg of P. aegyptiaca seeds per 1 kg of the substrate). Another three coleus seedlings were transplanted into pots of the same size containing the same mixture as above without P. aegyptiaca seeds. These served as controls. After 90 days of inoculation, the leaves of the infected hosts were lighter in color than those of uninfected hosts (Supplementary Figures 4A, 6). The roots of coleus and P. aegyptiaca were carefully washed with water, and an average of 3-4 emerged broomrape shoots and 50-60 underground attachments were observed on coleus roots (Supplementary Figure 4B). P. aegyptiaca can develop normally in the root of the coleus plant, from germination through attachment to host roots and development of tubercles (Supplementary Figure 5 A-E). Longitudinal and transverse sections of the parasite and host roots at the tubercle stage revealed that the endophytic tissues of P. aegyptiaca had reached and connected to the host vascular bundle (Supplementary Figure 5F-I), confirming the normal biological development and function of P. aegyptiaca haustoria. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report of P. aegyptiaca parasitizing coleus in Xinjiang, China. Coleus is a very widely cultivated horticultural ornamental plant, and it grows in the same environments favored by P. aegyptiaca; so, the plant can aid the transmission of P. aegyptiaca to previously clear regions. It is necessary to improve the management of coleus in places where P. aegyptiaca is prevalent so as to reduce its spread. References: Garibaldi, A., et al. 2019. Plant Dis. 104:590. https://doi.org/10.1094/PDIS-07-19-1399-PDN Crossref, ISI, Google Scholar Nosratti, I., et al. 2020. Weed Sci. 68:555-564. https://doi.org/10.1017/wsc.2020.61 Crossref, ISI, Google Scholar Teimoury, M., et al. 2012. Plant Dis. 96:1232. https://doi.org/10.1094/PDIS-01-12-0068-PDN Crossref, ISI, Google Scholar Piwowarczyk, R., et al. 2019. Phytotaxa. 386:001-106. https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.386.1.1 Crossref, ISI, Google Scholar Park, J. M., et al. 2007. Mol. Phylogenet. Evol. 43: 974-985. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ympev.2006.10.011 Crossref, ISI, Google Scholar Anderson, I. C., et al. 2004. Environ. Microbiol. 6: 769-779. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1462-2920.2004.00675.x Crossref, ISI, Google Scholar.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaolei Cao
- Shihezi University College of Agriculture, 117455, Key Laboratory of Oasis Agricultural Pest Management and Plant Protection Resources Utilization, Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, Shihezi University, Shihezi, Xinjiang, China;
| | - Zhaoqun Yao
- Shihezi University College of Agriculture, 117455, Key Laboratory of Oasis Agricultural Pest Management and Plant Protection Resources Utilization, Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, Shihezi University, Shihezi, Xinjiang, China;
| | - Sifeng Zhao
- Shihezi University College of Agriculture, 117455, Key Laboratory of Oasis Agricultural Pest Management and Plant Protection Resources Utilization, Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, Shihezi University, Shihezi, Xinjiang, China;
| | - Lu Zhang
- Shihezi University College of Agriculture, 117455, Key Laboratory of Oasis Agricultural Pest Management and Plant Protection Resources Utilization, Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, Shihezi University, Shihezi, Xinjiang, China;
| | - Mei Xiu Chen
- Shihezi University College of Agriculture, 117455, Key Laboratory of Oasis Agricultural Pest Management and Plant Protection Resources Utilization, Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, Shihezi University, Shihezi, Xinjiang, China;
| | - Fang Tian
- Shihezi University College of Agriculture, 117455, Key Laboratory of Oasis Agricultural Pest Management and Plant Protection Resources Utilization, Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, Shihezi University, Shihezi, Xinjiang, China;
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Bai J, Wei Q, Shu J, Gan Z, Li B, Yan D, Huang Z, Guo Y, Wang X, Zhang L, Cui Y, Lu X, Lu J, Pan C, Hu J, Du Y, Liu L, Li J. Exploration of resistance to Phelipanche aegyptiaca in tomato. Pest Manag Sci 2020; 76:3806-3821. [PMID: 32483849 DOI: 10.1002/ps.5932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2020] [Revised: 05/23/2020] [Accepted: 06/01/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cultivated tomatoes are highly susceptible to the destructive parasite Phelipanche aegyptiaca. Wild relatives show the potential resistance for genetic improvement. However, their genetic and molecular mechanisms are still unknown. RESULTS Among 50 wild tomato accessions were evaluated for resistance to P. aegyptiaca, most of the wild relatives exhibited varying degrees of resistance compared to the cultivars. Solanum pennellii LA0716 performed the most promising and solid resistance with very low infection by the broomrape. The resistance involved in LA0716 was further confirmed by cytological analysis, and explored by employing a permanent introgression line (IL) population. Thirteen putative quantitative trait loci (QTLs) conferring the different resistance traits were identified. They are located on chromosomes 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 8 and 9. The most attractive QTLs are positioned in IL6-2 and overlap with IL6-3. Specially, IL6-2 showed the highest and most consistent resistance for multiple traits and explained the major phenotypic variation of LA0716. Analysis of candidate genes involved in these regions showed that Beta (Solyc06g074240) and P450 (Solyc06g073570, Solyc06g074180 and Solyc06g074420) genes are substantially related to the strigolactone (SL) pathway. Transcript analysis further demonstrated that both Solyc06g073570 and Solyc06g074180 might play an important role in the reduction of P. aegyptiaca infection. CONCLUSION Germplasms resistant to P. aegyptiaca were found in wild tomato species. QTLs conferring P. aegyptiaca tolerance in LA0716 were identified. IL6-2 is identified as a prospective line possessing the major QTLs. The candidate genes would provide the availability to assist the introgression of the resistance in future breeding programmes. © 2020 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinrui Bai
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops of the Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Qiang Wei
- COFCO Tunhe Seed, Co., Ltd, Xinjiang, 831100, China
| | - Jinshuai Shu
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops of the Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
| | | | - Beijin Li
- COFCO Tunhe Seed, Co., Ltd, Xinjiang, 831100, China
| | - Delin Yan
- COFCO Tunhe Seed, Co., Ltd, Xinjiang, 831100, China
| | - Zejun Huang
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops of the Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Yanmei Guo
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops of the Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Xiaoxuan Wang
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops of the Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Luxia Zhang
- COFCO Tunhe Seed, Co., Ltd, Xinjiang, 831100, China
| | - Yanan Cui
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops of the Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Xiaoxiao Lu
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops of the Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Jinghua Lu
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops of the Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Chunyang Pan
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops of the Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Junling Hu
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops of the Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Yongchen Du
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops of the Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Lei Liu
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops of the Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Junming Li
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops of the Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
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Clarke CR, Park SY, Tuosto R, Jia X, Yoder A, Van Mullekom J, Westwood J. Multiple immunity-related genes control susceptibility of Arabidopsis thaliana to the parasitic weed Phelipanche aegyptiaca. PeerJ 2020; 8:e9268. [PMID: 32551199 PMCID: PMC7289146 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.9268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2020] [Accepted: 05/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Parasitic weeds represent a major threat to agricultural production across the world. Little is known about which host genetic pathways determine compatibility for any host–parasitic plant interaction. We developed a quantitative assay to characterize the growth of the parasitic weed Phelipanche aegyptiaca on 46 mutant lines of the host plant Arabidopsis thaliana to identify host genes that are essential for susceptibility to the parasite. A. thaliana host plants with mutations in genes involved in jasmonic acid biosynthesis/signaling or the negative regulation of plant immunity were less susceptible to P. aegyptiaca parasitization. In contrast, A. thaliana plants with a mutant allele of the putative immunity hub gene Pfd6 were more susceptible to parasitization. Additionally, quantitative PCR revealed that P. aegyptiaca parasitization leads to transcriptional reprograming of several hormone signaling pathways. While most tested A. thaliana lines were fully susceptible to P. aegyptiaca parasitization, this work revealed several host genes essential for full susceptibility or resistance to parasitism. Altering these pathways may be a viable approach for limiting host plant susceptibility to parasitism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher R Clarke
- Genetic Improvement of Fruits and Vegetables Laboratory, United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Beltsville, MD, USA
| | - So-Yon Park
- School of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, USA
| | - Robert Tuosto
- School of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, USA
| | - Xiaoyan Jia
- School of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, USA
| | - Amanda Yoder
- Department of Statistics, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, USA
| | | | - James Westwood
- School of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, USA
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Oliva M, Guy A, Galili G, Dor E, Schweitzer R, Amir R, Hacham Y. Enhanced Production of Aromatic Amino Acids in Tobacco Plants Leads to Increased Phenylpropanoid Metabolites and Tolerance to Stresses. Front Plant Sci 2020; 11:604349. [PMID: 33510749 PMCID: PMC7835393 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2020.604349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2020] [Accepted: 12/03/2020] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Aromatic amino acids (AAAs) synthesized in plants via the shikimate pathway can serve as precursors for a wide range of secondary metabolites that are important for plant defense. The goals of the current study were to test the effect of increased AAAs on primary and secondary metabolic profiles and to reveal whether these plants are more tolerant to abiotic stresses (oxidative, drought and salt) and to Phelipanche egyptiaca (Egyptian broomrape), an obligate parasitic plant. To this end, tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum) plants were transformed with a bacterial gene (AroG) encode to feedback-insensitive 3-deoxy-D-arabino-heptulosonate 7-phosphate synthase, the first enzyme of the shikimate pathway. Two sets of transgenic plants were obtained: the first had low expression of the AroG protein, a normal phenotype and minor metabolic changes; the second had high accumulation of the AroG protein with normal, or deleterious morphological changes having a dramatic shift in plant metabolism. Metabolic profiling analysis revealed that the leaves of the transgenic plants had increased levels of phenylalanine (up to 43-fold), tyrosine (up to 24-fold) and tryptophan (up to 10-fold) compared to control plants having an empty vector (EV) and wild type (WT) plants. The significant increase in phenylalanine was accompanied by higher levels of metabolites that belong to the phenylpropanoid pathway. AroG plants showed improved tolerance to salt stress but not to oxidative or drought stress. The most significant improved tolerance was to P. aegyptiaca. Unlike WT/EV plants that were heavily infected by the parasite, the transgenic AroG plants strongly inhibited P. aegyptiaca development, and only a few stems of the parasite appeared above the soil. This delayed development of P. aegyptiaca could be the result of higher accumulation of several phenylpropanoids in the transgenic AroG plants and in P. aegyptiaca, that apparently affected its growth. These findings indicate that high levels of AAAs and their related metabolites have the potential of controlling the development of parasitic plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moran Oliva
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Aviv Guy
- Laboratory of Plant Science, MIGAL – Galilee Research Institute, Kiryat Shmona, Israel
- Tel-Hai College, Upper Galilee, Israel
| | - Gad Galili
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Evgenia Dor
- Department of Weed Research, Agriculture Research Organization, Newe Ya’ar Research Center, The Volcani Center, Ramat Yishay, Israel
| | | | - Rachel Amir
- Laboratory of Plant Science, MIGAL – Galilee Research Institute, Kiryat Shmona, Israel
- Tel-Hai College, Upper Galilee, Israel
- *Correspondence: Rachel Amir,
| | - Yael Hacham
- Laboratory of Plant Science, MIGAL – Galilee Research Institute, Kiryat Shmona, Israel
- Tel-Hai College, Upper Galilee, Israel
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Clermont K, Wang Y, Liu S, Yang Z, dePamphilis CW, Yoder JI, Collakova E, Westwood JH. Comparative Metabolomics of Early Development of the Parasitic Plants Phelipanche aegyptiaca and Triphysaria versicolor. Metabolites 2019; 9:E114. [PMID: 31200467 PMCID: PMC6630630 DOI: 10.3390/metabo9060114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2019] [Revised: 06/04/2019] [Accepted: 06/10/2019] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Parasitic weeds of the family Orobanchaceae attach to the roots of host plants via haustoria capable of drawing nutrients from host vascular tissue. The connection of the haustorium to the host marks a shift in parasite metabolism from autotrophy to at least partial heterotrophy, depending on the level of parasite dependence. Species within the family Orobanchaceae span the spectrum of host nutrient dependency, yet the diversity of parasitic plant metabolism remains poorly understood, particularly during the key metabolic shift surrounding haustorial attachment. Comparative profiling of major metabolites in the obligate holoparasite Phelipanche aegyptiaca and the facultative hemiparasite Triphysaria versicolor before and after attachment to the hosts revealed several metabolic shifts implicating remodeling of energy and amino acid metabolism. After attachment, both parasites showed metabolite profiles that were different from their respective hosts. In P. aegyptiaca, prominent changes in metabolite profiles were also associated with transitioning between different tissue types before and after attachment, with aspartate levels increasing significantly after the attachment. Based on the results from 15N labeling experiments, asparagine and/or aspartate-rich proteins were enriched in host-derived nitrogen in T. versicolor. These results point to the importance of aspartate and/or asparagine in the early stages of attachment in these plant parasites and provide a rationale for targeting aspartate-family amino acid biosynthesis for disrupting the growth of parasitic weeds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristen Clermont
- School of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA.
| | - Yaxin Wang
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA.
| | - Siming Liu
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA.
| | - Zhenzhen Yang
- Department of Biology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA.
| | - Claude W dePamphilis
- Department of Biology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA.
| | - John I Yoder
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA.
| | - Eva Collakova
- School of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA.
| | - James H Westwood
- School of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA.
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Hasegawa S, Tsutsumi T, Fukushima S, Okabe Y, Saito J, Katayama M, Shindo M, Yamada Y, Shimomura K, Yoneyama K, Akiyama K, Aoki K, Ariizumi T, Ezura H, Yamaguchi S, Umehara M. Low Infection of Phelipanche aegyptiaca in Micro-Tom Mutants Deficient in CAROTENOIDCLEAVAGE DIOXYGENASE 8. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:E2645. [PMID: 30200620 PMCID: PMC6163878 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19092645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2018] [Revised: 09/01/2018] [Accepted: 09/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Strigolactones (SLs), a group of plant hormones, induce germination of root-parasitic plants and inhibit shoot branching in many plants. Shoot branching is an important trait that affects the number and quality of flowers and fruits. Root-parasitic plants, such as Phelipanche spp., infect tomato roots and cause economic damage in Europe and North Africa-hence why resistant tomato cultivars are needed. In this study, we found carotenoid cleavage dioxygenase 8-defective mutants of Micro-Tom tomato (slccd8) by the "targeting induced local lesions in genomes" (TILLING) method. The mutants showed excess branching, which was suppressed by exogenously applied SL. Grafting shoot scions of the slccd8 mutants onto wild-type (WT) rootstocks restored normal branching in the scions. The levels of endogenous orobanchol and solanacol in WT were enough detectable, whereas that in the slccd8 mutants were below the detection limit of quantification analysis. Accordingly, root exudates of the slccd8 mutants hardly stimulated seed germination of root parasitic plants. In addition, SL deficiency did not critically affect the fruit traits of Micro-Tom. Using a rhizotron system, we also found that Phelipanche aegyptiaca infection was lower in the slccd8 mutants than in wild-type Micro-Tom because of the low germination. We propose that the slccd8 mutants might be useful as new tomato lines resistant to P. aegyptiaca.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shoko Hasegawa
- Graduate School of Life Sciences, Toyo University, Itakura-machi, Ora-gun, Gunma 374-0193, Japan.
| | - Takuya Tsutsumi
- Department of Applied Biosciences, Toyo University, Itakura-machi, Ora-gun, Gunma 374-0193, Japan.
| | - Shunsuke Fukushima
- Department of Applied Biosciences, Toyo University, Itakura-machi, Ora-gun, Gunma 374-0193, Japan.
| | - Yoshihiro Okabe
- Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8572, Japan.
- Tsukuba Plant Innovation Research Center, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8572, Japan.
| | - Junna Saito
- Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Osaka Prefecture University, Naka-ku, Sakai, Osaka 599-8531, Japan.
| | - Mina Katayama
- College of Life, Environment, and Advanced Sciences, Osaka Prefecture University, Naka-ku, Sakai, Osaka 599-8531, Japan.
| | - Masato Shindo
- Graduate School of Life Sciences, Toyo University, Itakura-machi, Ora-gun, Gunma 374-0193, Japan.
| | - Yusuke Yamada
- Graduate School of Life Sciences, Toyo University, Itakura-machi, Ora-gun, Gunma 374-0193, Japan.
| | - Koichiro Shimomura
- Graduate School of Life Sciences, Toyo University, Itakura-machi, Ora-gun, Gunma 374-0193, Japan.
| | - Kaori Yoneyama
- Graduate School of Agriculture, Ehime University, Matsuyama, Ehime 790-8566, Japan.
- Precursory Research for Embryonic Science and Technology (PRESTO), Japan Science and Technology Agency, Kawaguchi, Saitama 332-0012, Japan.
| | - Kohki Akiyama
- Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Osaka Prefecture University, Naka-ku, Sakai, Osaka 599-8531, Japan.
| | - Koh Aoki
- Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Osaka Prefecture University, Naka-ku, Sakai, Osaka 599-8531, Japan.
| | - Tohru Ariizumi
- Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8572, Japan.
- Tsukuba Plant Innovation Research Center, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8572, Japan.
| | - Hiroshi Ezura
- Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8572, Japan.
- Tsukuba Plant Innovation Research Center, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8572, Japan.
| | - Shinjiro Yamaguchi
- Graduate School of Life Sciences, Tohoku University, Katahira, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8577, Japan.
| | - Mikihisa Umehara
- Graduate School of Life Sciences, Toyo University, Itakura-machi, Ora-gun, Gunma 374-0193, Japan.
- Department of Applied Biosciences, Toyo University, Itakura-machi, Ora-gun, Gunma 374-0193, Japan.
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Ekawa M, Aoki K. Phloem-Conducting Cells in Haustoria of the Root-Parasitic Plant Phelipanche aegyptiaca Retain Nuclei and Are Not Mature Sieve Elements. Plants (Basel) 2017; 6:E60. [PMID: 29206147 DOI: 10.3390/plants6040060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2017] [Revised: 11/29/2017] [Accepted: 12/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Phelipanche aegyptiaca parasitizes a wide range of plants, including important crops, and causes serious damage to their production. P. aegyptiaca develops a specialized intrusive organ called a haustorium that establishes connections to the host’s xylem and phloem. In parallel with the development of xylem vessels, the differentiation of phloem-conducting cells has been demonstrated by the translocation of symplasmic tracers from the host to the parasite. However, it is unclear yet whether haustorial phloem-conducting cells are sieve elements. In this study, we identified phloem-conducting cells in haustoria by the host-to-parasite translocation of green fluorescent protein (GFP) from AtSUC2pro::GFP tomato sieve tubes. Haustorial GFP-conducting cells contained nuclei but not callose-rich sieve plates, indicating that phloem-conducting cells in haustoria differ from conventional sieve elements. To ascertain why the nuclei were not degenerated, expression of the P. aegyptiaca homologs NAC-domain containing transcription factor (NAC45), NAC45/86-dependent exonuclease-domain protein 1 (NEN1), and NEN4 was examined. However, these genes were more highly expressed in the haustorium than in tubercle protrusion, implying that nuclear degradation in haustoria may not be exclusively controlled by the NAC45/86-NEN regulatory pathway. Our results also suggest that the formation of plasmodesmata with large size exclusion limits is independent of nuclear degradation and callose deposition.
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Venezian A, Dor E, Achdari G, Plakhine D, Smirnov E, Hershenhorn J. The Influence of the Plant Growth Regulator Maleic Hydrazide on Egyptian Broomrape Early Developmental Stages and Its Control Efficacy in Tomato under Greenhouse and Field Conditions. Front Plant Sci 2017; 8:691. [PMID: 28559897 PMCID: PMC5432559 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2017.00691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2016] [Accepted: 04/13/2017] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Broomrapes (Phelipanche spp. and Orobanche spp.) are holoparasitic plants that cause tremendous losses of agricultural crops worldwide. Broomrape control is extremely difficult and only amino acid biosynthesis-inhibiting herbicides present an acceptable control level. It is expected that broomrape resistance to these herbicides is not long in coming. Our objective was to develop a broomrape control system in tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) based on the plant growth regulator maleic hydrazide (MH). Petri-dish and polyethylene-bag system experiments revealed that MH has a slight inhibitory effect on Phelipanche aegyptiaca seed germination but is a potent inhibitor of the first stages of parasitism, namely attachment and the tubercle stage. MH phytotoxicity toward tomato and its P. aegyptiaca-control efficacy were tested in greenhouse experiments. MH was applied at 25, 50, 75, 150, 300, and 600 g a.i. ha-1 to tomato foliage grown in P. aegyptiaca-infested soil at 200 growing degree days (GDD) and again at 400 GDD. The treatments had no influence on tomato foliage or root dry weight. The total number of P. aegyptiaca attachments counted on the roots of the treated plants was significantly lower at 75 g a.i. ha-1 and also at higher MH rates. Phelipanche aegyptiaca biomass was close to zero at rates of 150, 300, and 600 g a.i. ha-1 MH. Field experiments were conducted to optimize the rate, timing and number of MH applications. Two application sequences gave superior results, both with five split applications applied at 100, 200, 400, 700, and 1000 GDD: (a) constant rate of 400 g a.i. ha-1; (b) first two applications at 270 g a.i. ha-1 and the next three applications at 540 g a.i. ha-1. Based on the results of this study, MH was registered for use in Israel in 2013 with the specified protocol and today, it is widely used by most Israeli tomato growers.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Evgenia Dor
- Department of Plant Phytopathology and Weed Research, Newe Ya’ar Research Center, Agricultural Research OrganizationRamat Yishai, Israel
| | - Guy Achdari
- Department of Plant Phytopathology and Weed Research, Newe Ya’ar Research Center, Agricultural Research OrganizationRamat Yishai, Israel
| | - Dina Plakhine
- Department of Plant Phytopathology and Weed Research, Newe Ya’ar Research Center, Agricultural Research OrganizationRamat Yishai, Israel
| | - Evgeny Smirnov
- Department of Plant Phytopathology and Weed Research, Newe Ya’ar Research Center, Agricultural Research OrganizationRamat Yishai, Israel
| | - Joseph Hershenhorn
- Department of Plant Phytopathology and Weed Research, Newe Ya’ar Research Center, Agricultural Research OrganizationRamat Yishai, Israel
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12
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Nativ N, Hacham Y, Hershenhorn J, Dor E, Amir R. Metabolic Investigation of Phelipanche aegyptiaca Reveals Significant Changes during Developmental Stages and in Its Different Organs. Front Plant Sci 2017; 8:491. [PMID: 28439279 PMCID: PMC5383700 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2017.00491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2016] [Accepted: 03/21/2017] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Phelipanche aegyptiaca Pers. is a root holoparasitic plant considered to be among the most destructive agricultural weeds worldwide. In order to gain more knowledge about the metabolic profile of the parasite during its developmental stages, we carried out primary metabolic and lipid profiling using GC-MS analysis. In addition, the levels of amino acids that incorporate into proteins, total protein in the albumin fraction, nitrogen, reduced sugars, and phenols were determined. For the assays, the whole plants from the four developmental stages-tubercle, pre-emergent shoot, post-emergent shoot, and mature flowering plants-were taken. Thirty-five metabolites out of 66 differed significantly between the various developmental stages. The results have shown that the first three developmental stages were distinguished in their profiles, but the latter two did not differ from the mature stage. Yet, 46% of the metabolites detected did not change significantly during the developmental stages. This is unlike other studies of non-parasitic plants showing that their metabolic levels tend to alter significantly during development. This implies that the parasite can control the levels of these metabolites. We further studied the metabolic nature of five organs (adventitious roots, lower and upper shoot, floral buds, and flowers) in mature plants. Similar to non-parasitic plants, the parasite exhibited significant differences between the vegetative and reproductive organs. Compared to other organs, floral buds had higher levels of free amino acids and total nitrogen, whereas flowers accumulated higher levels of simple sugars such as sucrose, and the putative precursors for nectar synthesis, color, and volatiles. This suggests that the reproductive organs have the ability to accumulate metabolites that are required for the production of seeds and as a source of energy for the reproductive processes. The data contribute to our knowledge about the metabolic behavior of parasites that rely on their host for its basic nutrients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noam Nativ
- Migal Galilee Technology CenterKiryat Shmona, Israel
- Biotechnology Department, Tel-Hai CollegeUpper Galilee, Israel
| | - Yael Hacham
- Migal Galilee Technology CenterKiryat Shmona, Israel
- Biotechnology Department, Tel-Hai CollegeUpper Galilee, Israel
| | - Joseph Hershenhorn
- Weed Research Department, Newe Ya'ar Research CenterRamat-Yishay, Israel
| | - Evgenia Dor
- Weed Research Department, Newe Ya'ar Research CenterRamat-Yishay, Israel
| | - Rachel Amir
- Migal Galilee Technology CenterKiryat Shmona, Israel
- Biotechnology Department, Tel-Hai CollegeUpper Galilee, Israel
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13
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Hacham Y, Hershenhorn J, Dor E, Amir R. Primary metabolic profiling of Egyptian broomrape ( Phelipanche aegyptiaca) compared to its host tomato roots. J Plant Physiol 2016; 205:11-19. [PMID: 27589222 DOI: 10.1016/j.jplph.2016.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2016] [Revised: 08/01/2016] [Accepted: 08/02/2016] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Broomrape (Phelipanche aegyptiaca) is a root holoparasitic plant considered among the most destructive agricultural weeds worldwide. In order to acquire more knowledge about the metabolism of broomrape and its interaction with its tomato host, we performed primary metabolic profiling using GCMS analysis for the early developmental stage of the parasite and of infected and non-infected roots. The analysis revealed that out of 59 metabolites detected, the levels of 37 significantly increased in the parasite while the levels of 10 significantly decreased compared to the infected roots. In addition, the analysis showed that the levels of total protein in the albumin fraction, reducing sugars (representing starch) and total phenols increased by 9.8-, 4.6- and 3.3-fold, respectively, in the parasite compared to the roots. These changes suggest that P. aegyptiaca has its own metabolism that differs significantly in its regulation from those found in their host. In addition, the results have shown that the levels of most of the metabolites in the infected roots were similar to levels detected in the non-infected roots, except for seven metabolites whose levels increased in the infected versus the non-infected roots. This suggests that the parasite did not significantly affect the host primary metabolic pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yael Hacham
- Migal Galilee Technology Center, Kiryat Shmona, 11016 Israel.
| | - Joseph Hershenhorn
- Weed Research Dept, Newe Ya'ar Research Center, ARO, P.O. Box 1020, Ramat-Yishay, Israel.
| | - Evgenia Dor
- Weed Research Dept, Newe Ya'ar Research Center, ARO, P.O. Box 1020, Ramat-Yishay, Israel.
| | - Rachel Amir
- Migal Galilee Technology Center, Kiryat Shmona, 11016 Israel; Tel-Hai College, Upper Galilee 12100, Israel.
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14
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Yao Z, Tian F, Cao X, Xu Y, Chen M, Xiang B, Zhao S. Global Transcriptomic Analysis Reveals the Mechanism of Phelipanche aegyptiaca Seed Germination. Int J Mol Sci 2016; 17:E1139. [PMID: 27428962 DOI: 10.3390/ijms17071139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2016] [Revised: 07/10/2016] [Accepted: 07/11/2016] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Phelipanche aegyptiaca is one of the most destructive root parasitic plants of Orobanchaceae. This plant has significant impacts on crop yields worldwide. Conditioned and host root stimulants, in particular, strigolactones, are needed for unique seed germination. However, no extensive study on this phenomenon has been conducted because of insufficient genomic information. Deep RNA sequencing, including de novo assembly and functional annotation was performed on P. aegyptiaca germinating seeds. The assembled transcriptome was used to analyze transcriptional dynamics during seed germination. Key gene categories involved were identified. A total of 274,964 transcripts were determined, and 53,921 unigenes were annotated according to the NR, GO, COG, KOG, and KEGG databases. Overall, 5324 differentially expressed genes among dormant, conditioned, and GR24-treated seeds were identified. GO and KEGG enrichment analyses demonstrated numerous DEGs related to DNA, RNA, and protein repair and biosynthesis, as well as carbohydrate and energy metabolism. Moreover, ABA and ethylene were found to play important roles in this process. GR24 application resulted in dramatic changes in ABA and ethylene-associated genes. Fluridone, a carotenoid biosynthesis inhibitor, alone could induce P. aegyptiaca seed germination. In addition, conditioning was probably not the indispensable stage for P. aegyptiaca, because the transcript level variation of MAX2 and KAI2 genes (relate to strigolactone signaling) was not up-regulated by conditioning treatment.
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15
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Ibdah M, Dubey NK, Eizenberg H, Dabour Z, Abu-Nassar J, Gal-On A, Aly R. Cucumber Mosaic Virus as a carotenoid inhibitor reducing Phelipanche aegyptiaca infection in tobacco plants. Plant Signal Behav 2014; 9:e972146. [PMID: 25482816 PMCID: PMC4621999 DOI: 10.4161/psb.32096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2014] [Revised: 07/21/2014] [Accepted: 07/21/2014] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Cucumber Mosaic Virus (CMV) is a highly infectious cucumovirus, which infects more than 800 plant species and causes major diseases in greenhouse and field crops worldwide. Parasitic weeds such as Phelipanche aegyptiaca are a major constraint to the production of many crops in the world and the parasite's lifestyle makes control extremely difficult. The parasite seeds can germinate after conditioning and perceiving strigolactones secreted by the host roots. Strigolactones are rhizosphere signaling molecules in plants that are biosynthesized through carotenoid cleavage. In the present study we investigated the possibility of reducing β-carotene and then strigolactone production in the host roots by blocking carotenoid biosynthesis using CMV-infected tobacco. It was found that CMV downregulated the enzyme phytoene desaturase(PDS) and reduced significantly both carotenoid production and Phelipanche infection in tobacco host roots infected with both CMV and P. aegyptiaca. Based on our results (decrease of β-carotene and repression of PDS transcripts in tobacco roots), we hypothesized that the reduction of Phelipanche tubercles and shoots occurred due to an effect of CMV on secondary metabolite stimulators such as strigolacetones. Our study indicated that mass production of the host roots was not affected by CMV; however, most inflorescences of Phelipanche grown on CMV-infected tobacco developed abnormally (deformed shoots and short nodes). Carotenoid biosynthesis inhibitors such as CMV can be used to reduce the production of strigolactones, which will lead to decreased Phelipanche attachment. Interestingly, attenuated CMV strains may provide a safe means for enhancing crop resistance against parasitic weeds in a future plan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mwafaq Ibdah
- Department of Plant Science; ARO; The Volcani Center; Newe-Yaar Research Center, Israel
| | - Neeraj Kumar Dubey
- Department of Plant Pathology and Weed Research; ARO; The Volcani Center; Newe-Yaar Research Center, Ramat Yishay, Israel
| | - Hanan Eizenberg
- Department of Plant Pathology and Weed Research; ARO; The Volcani Center; Newe-Yaar Research Center, Ramat Yishay, Israel
| | - Ziad Dabour
- Department of Biology; Zefat Academic College; Zefat, Israel
| | - Jacklin Abu-Nassar
- Department of Plant Pathology and Weed Research; ARO; The Volcani Center; Newe-Yaar Research Center, Ramat Yishay, Israel
| | - Amit Gal-On
- Department of Plant Pathology and Weed Research; ARO; The Volcani Center; Bet-Dagan, Israel
| | - Radi Aly
- Department of Plant Pathology and Weed Research; ARO; The Volcani Center; Newe-Yaar Research Center, Ramat Yishay, Israel
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