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Concha-Graña E, Moscoso-Pérez CM, Fernández-González V, López-Mahía P, Muniategui-Lorenzo S. A green approach for the automatic quantitative analysis of additives in plastic samples using in-tube extraction dynamic headspace sampling technique coupled to GC-MS/MS. Anal Chim Acta 2024; 1302:342487. [PMID: 38580405 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2024.342487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2023] [Revised: 03/12/2024] [Accepted: 03/14/2024] [Indexed: 04/07/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Many of the chemicals frequently used as additives have been recognised as hazardous substances, and therefore their analysis is necessary to evaluate plastic contamination risk. Additives analysis in plastic samples is usually performed by methods involving high volumes of toxic solvents or having high detection limits. In this work, a novel, fast, solventless and reliable green method was developed for the automated analysis of plastic additives from plastic samples. The proposed method consists of in-tube extraction dynamic headspace sampling (ITEX-DHS) combined with gas chromatography (GC) and mass spectrometry (MS/MS) determination. RESULTS Several parameters affecting the ITEX-DHS extraction of 47 additives in plastic samples (including phthalates, bisphenols, adipates, citrates, benzophenones, organophosphorus compounds, among others) were optimised. The use of matrix-matched calibration, together with labelled surrogate standards, minimises matrix effects, resulting in recoveries between 70 and 128%, with good quantitation limits (below 0.1 μg g-1 for most compounds) and precision (<20%). The method proposed can be applied to any type of polymer, but due to the existence of the matrix effect, calibrates with the adequate matrix should be performed for each polymer. SIGNIFICANCE This method represents an effective improvement compared to previous methods because it is fast, solvent-free, fully automated, and provides reliable quantification of additives in plastic samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Estefanía Concha-Graña
- Universidade da Coruña, Química Analítica Aplicada (QANAP) research group, Instituto Universitario de Medio Ambiente (IUMA), 15008, A Coruña, Spain.
| | - Carmen M Moscoso-Pérez
- Universidade da Coruña, Química Analítica Aplicada (QANAP) research group, Instituto Universitario de Medio Ambiente (IUMA), 15008, A Coruña, Spain
| | - Verónica Fernández-González
- Universidade da Coruña, Química Analítica Aplicada (QANAP) research group, Instituto Universitario de Medio Ambiente (IUMA), 15008, A Coruña, Spain
| | - Purificación López-Mahía
- Universidade da Coruña, Química Analítica Aplicada (QANAP) research group, Instituto Universitario de Medio Ambiente (IUMA), 15008, A Coruña, Spain
| | - Soledad Muniategui-Lorenzo
- Universidade da Coruña, Química Analítica Aplicada (QANAP) research group, Instituto Universitario de Medio Ambiente (IUMA), 15008, A Coruña, Spain.
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2
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Ruffa MC, Bignante G, Bocciero V, Fabbri S, Degl'Innocenti D, Cauda V, Villa G. Spallation and particles infusion into the extracorporeal circuit during CRRT: a preventable phenomenon. Sci Rep 2024; 14:9089. [PMID: 38643225 PMCID: PMC11032310 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-59245-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2023] [Accepted: 04/08/2024] [Indexed: 04/22/2024] Open
Abstract
Patients in intensive care are exposed to the risk of microparticle infusion via extracorporeal lines and the resulting complications. A possible source of microparticle release could be the extracorporeal circuit used in blood purification techniques, such as continuous renal replacement therapy (CRRT). Disposable components of CRRT circuits, such as replacement bags and circuit tubing, might release microparticles such as salt crystals produced by precipitation in replacement bags and plastic microparticles produced by spallation. In-line filtration has proven effective in retaining microparticles both in in-vitro and in-vivo studies. In our study, we performed an in-vitro model of CRRT-treatment with the aim of detecting the microparticles produced and released into the circuit by means of a qualitative and quantitative analysis, after sampling the replacement and patient lines straddling a series of in-line filters. Working pressures and flows were monitored during the experiment. This study showed that microparticles are indeed produced and released into the CRRT circuit. The inclusion of in-line filters in the replacement lines allows to reduce the burden of microparticles infused into the bloodstream during extracorporeal treatments, reducing the concentration of microparticles from 14 mg/mL pre in-line filter to 11 mg/mL post in-line filter. Particle infusion and related damage must be counted among the pathophysiological mechanisms supporting iatrogenic damage due to artificial cross-talk between organs during CRRT applied to critically ill patients. This damage can be reduced by using in-line filters in the extracorporeal circuit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Cristina Ruffa
- Department of Applied Science and Technology, Politecnico di Torino, Turin, Italy
| | - Giacomo Bignante
- Department of Applied Science and Technology, Politecnico di Torino, Turin, Italy
| | - Vittorio Bocciero
- Department of Health Sciences, Section of Anesthesiology, Intensive Care and Pain Medicine, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Sergio Fabbri
- Department of Health Sciences, Section of Anesthesiology, Intensive Care and Pain Medicine, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Dario Degl'Innocenti
- Department of Health Sciences, Section of Anesthesiology, Intensive Care and Pain Medicine, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Valentina Cauda
- Department of Applied Science and Technology, Politecnico di Torino, Turin, Italy
| | - Gianluca Villa
- Department of Health Sciences, Section of Anesthesiology, Intensive Care and Pain Medicine, University of Florence, Florence, Italy.
- Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care, Section of Oncological Anesthesia and Intensive Care, Careggi Hospital, Florence, Italy.
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3
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Walker TR. What not to do with dog poop. Sci Total Environ 2023; 896:165332. [PMID: 37414193 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.165332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2023] [Revised: 07/01/2023] [Accepted: 07/03/2023] [Indexed: 07/08/2023]
Abstract
This short communication paper comments on the controversial but highly unpleasant topic of littered plastic dog waste bags in the environment. Littered plastic dog waste bags are a source of plastic and microplastic pollution and dog faeces contained in these littered bags also pose human and ecological health risks. This short communication suggests that this littering may be occurring due to confusion by pet owners, who may believe that these so called 'biodegradable' bags are compositable, which in the absence of industrial composting facilities, are not. Thus, plastic dog waste bags continue to be a source of plastic and microplastic pollution in the environment long after they have been littered. All pet owners should deposit plastic dog poop bags in appropriate waste bins, not in the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tony R Walker
- School for Resource and Environmental Studies, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia B3H 4R2, Canada.
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4
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Ahmad I, Aslam S, Hussain U. Assessment of plastic pollution in coastal areas of Karachi: Case study of West Warf, Kemari Jetty, and Manora. Mar Pollut Bull 2023; 195:115501. [PMID: 37688805 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2023.115501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2023] [Revised: 08/29/2023] [Accepted: 09/03/2023] [Indexed: 09/11/2023]
Abstract
This study focused on marine pollution in coastal areas of Karachi, particularly West Warf, Kemari Jetty, and Manora. The research examined the sources and quantities of waste, from boat manufacturing, export units, and local commercial activities. Stakeholder interviews were conducted to understand waste management practices and identify the key contributors to ocean litter. The results indicated that restaurants, export units, boat construction, and tourist and commuter activities were the primary sources of marine pollution. Plastic was found to be the most prevalent litter category, with LDPE (e.g., single-use bags) and polystyrene (e.g., material in floating docks) being the most common types. Additionally, multi-layer packaging, such as chip wrappers, was frequently observed in the surveyed areas. Overall, this research highlights the urgent need for improved waste management and compliance measures in coastal regions to mitigate marine pollution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ibtihaj Ahmad
- Circular Plastic Institute, Karachi School of Business and Leadership, Pakistan
| | - Shiza Aslam
- Circular Plastic Institute, Karachi School of Business and Leadership, Pakistan.
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Mentis C, Maroulis G, Latinopoulos D, Bithas K. The effects of environmental information provision on plastic bag use and marine environment status in the context of the environmental levy in Greece. Environ Dev Sustain 2022:1-22. [PMID: 35729922 PMCID: PMC9188922 DOI: 10.1007/s10668-022-02465-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2021] [Accepted: 05/20/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The focus of this study is to examine the level of awareness, as well as the impacts of environmental information provision, regarding plastic bag consumption in Greece, taking into consideration the effects of plastic pollution in the marine environment within the framework of the environmental levy. This study was conducted through the use of two structured questionnaires as web-based surveys. The aim of both questionnaires was to explore citizen attitudes towards the marine environment in addition to their preferences with regard to the implementation of a program aimed at marine conservation and the reduction of plastic bag use. Data on plastic bag consumption at a national level were also incorporated. This research was carried out according to the contingent valuation method aimed at estimating citizen willingness-to-pay (WTP) on both structured questionnaires. The first questionnaire utilized the minimal legal WTP (ML-WTP) model resulting in 834 responses in total, while the second questionnaire applied a double-bounded dichotomous choice method and amassed 713 responses in aggregate. Based on the results of the first questionnaire, pre-existing environmentally friendly behaviour was further enhanced by the introduction of the environmental levy on plastic bags. The second questionnaire revealed that marine conservation is based both on collective as well as individual responsibility. This study provides evidence that the utilization of both economic and non-economic measures may be very effective in considerably reducing plastic bag consumption and its detrimental impact on the marine environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charalampos Mentis
- Department of Economic and Regional Development, Institute of Urban Environment & Human Resources, Panteion University, 29 Aristotelous St, 17671 Kallithea, Athens, Greece
| | - George Maroulis
- Department of Economic and Regional Development, Institute of Urban Environment & Human Resources, Panteion University, 29 Aristotelous St, 17671 Kallithea, Athens, Greece
| | - Dionysis Latinopoulos
- School of Spatial Planning and Development, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Kostas Bithas
- Department of Economic and Regional Development, Institute of Urban Environment & Human Resources, Panteion University, 29 Aristotelous St, 17671 Kallithea, Athens, Greece
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6
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Chang Q, Zhu D, Hu L, Kim H, Liu Y, Cai L. Rapid photo aging of commercial conventional and biodegradable plastic bags. Sci Total Environ 2022; 822:153235. [PMID: 35074370 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.153235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2021] [Revised: 01/07/2022] [Accepted: 01/14/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Biodegradable plastic (BPs) bags are introduced and widely used as alternatives to conventional commercial plastic bags in an effort to mitigate the adverse impacts of nondegradable (conventional) plastics. However, being used as packaging, the stability and safeness of the BPs and even the conventional plastics with photo irradiation in short duration remain unknown. In this study, we systematically explored the photo aging of commercial BPs bags and conventional plastic bags in film forms in both outdoor and laboratory experiments in short duration (~ one month) under the scenario of ordinary daily use. Conventional plastic bags (polyethylene (PE)) and BPs bags (hybrids of polylatic acid (PLA) and poly(butylene adipate-co-terephthalate) (PBAT) with additives (Magadiite or Starch)) were investigated. In contrast with the visually negligible surface change of PE films in both outdoor and laboratory environments, obvious surface alteration as surface deterioration with cracks and holes was obtained for BPs from SEM images in direct irradiation by both natural and simulated sunlight. Consistently, AFM results also indicated that the surface of BPs had the tendency to be rougher after photo aging process. Further FTIR and XPS results demonstrated that though the visual surface alteration of conventional and biodegradable plastics are distinct, the mechanisms dominating the change of C-H/C-C bonds to carbon‑oxygen functional groups (i.e., C-O/C=O/O-C=O) for both conventional plastics and BPs during the photo aging process are similar. Moreover, tensile strength tests demonstrated that BPs bags being easily broken compared with the conventional PE bags might attribute to the difference in their mechanical properties. The findings of this study suggest that the potential risk of MPs and NPs released from the BPs bags via photo aging process are great new threats to natural environment and even human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing Chang
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, PR China
| | - Dahai Zhu
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, PR China
| | - Lingling Hu
- The Collaborative Innovation Center for Eco-Friendly and Fire-Safety Polymeric Materials, National Engineering Laboratory of Eco-Friendly Polymeric Materials (Sichuan), State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, PR China
| | - Hyunjung Kim
- Department of Mineral Resources and Energy Engineering, Department of Environment and Energy, Jeonbuk National University, 567 Baekje-daero, Deokjin-gu, Jeonju, 54896, Jeonbuk, Republic of Korea
| | - Yanan Liu
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, PR China
| | - Li Cai
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, PR China.
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7
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Ganesan S, Ruendee T, Kimura SY, Chawengkijwanich C, Janjaroen D. Effect of biofilm formation on different types of plastic shopping bags: Structural and physicochemical properties. Environ Res 2022; 206:112542. [PMID: 34929185 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2021.112542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2021] [Revised: 12/03/2021] [Accepted: 12/06/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Plastics and biofilms have a complicated relationship that has great interest. Bacterial cell attachment and biofilm formation is considered to cause health and environmental risks from plastic waste accumulation. In water, plastic waste could serve as a new substrate for bacteria. In our study, the attachment of Escherichia coli K12, to four types of plastic shopping bags (biodegradable polylactic acid and the non-biodegradable polypropylene, polyethylene and polyvinyl chloride) was investigated. The change in physicochemical phenomena of each plastic, such as reduced hydrophobicity and higher exopolysaccharide concentrations (total extractable protein and carbohydrate) resulted in increased biofilm content on the plastic surfaces. The bacterial colonization of different plastic surfaces controls the ionic strength of the nutrition sources. The adhesion of Escherichia coli K12 cells on the surfaces were revealed by SEM images. The finding shows that increases surface roughness, besides favor for adhesion of bacterial cells due to hydrophobicity leading to a rapid attachment of Escherichia coli K12 on the surfaces. In addition, we used Derjaguin-Landau-Verwey-Overbeek theory to predict the attachment of Escherichia coli K12, which gave result of adhesion due to the high energy barrier. This present study added to our knowledge of the possible consequences of plastics acting as a new habitat for microbes in different aquatic condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sunantha Ganesan
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand.
| | - Thanaporn Ruendee
- International Program in Hazardous Substance and Environmental Management, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand.
| | - Susana Y Kimura
- Department of Chemistry, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada.
| | - Chamorn Chawengkijwanich
- National Nanotechnology Center, National Science and Technology Development Agency (NSTDA), 12120, Pathumthani, Thailand; Research Network of NANOTEC - CU on Environment, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand.
| | - Dao Janjaroen
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand; International Program in Hazardous Substance and Environmental Management, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand; Research Network of NANOTEC - CU on Environment, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand; Research Program of Industrial Waste Management - Policies and Practices, Center of Excellence on Hazardous Substance Management (HSM), Bangkok, Thailand.
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8
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Aslam S, Tzoraki O, Krasakopoulou E. Anthropogenic litter in freshwater bodies and their estuaries: an empirical analysis in Lesvos, Greece. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int 2022; 29:16563-16575. [PMID: 34648163 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-021-16793-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2020] [Accepted: 09/22/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The last decade increasing attention to litter accumulation in the marine environment revealed the issue of the terrestrial fluxes of plastic pollution into the oceans. However, limited studies investigate the macro-litter abundance and composition particularly in freshwater ecosystems and the adjusted coastal environment. In this study, we conducted an empirical analysis of anthropogenic litter (AL) in two freshwater streams and their estuaries of Lesvos island (Greece), strongly affected by the waste mismanagement in the Moria refugee camp. A total of 1,622 litter items were collected from five sites during the field campaign between the 3rd and 6th of June 2019. Among these, artificial polymer items (mainly drink bottles, single-use plastic bags, cutlery, and trays) irrespective of the site location constituted the major part ranging from 46 to 91% of total AL by mass. Drink bottles and plastic cutlery are found in higher percentage at Moria camp river and its estuary, while packaging and bag litter are more abundant at upstream sites. The operation of the camp has increased the AL abundance 13 times more than the reference site, causing severe threat to human health and to freshwater and marine environment. It is therefore important to improve the waste management system at (inter)national (change in production and packaging policy) and local scale (introducing sustainable solutions to refugee camp design) by promoting recycling and circular economy projects to diminish AL pollution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiza Aslam
- Department of Marine Sciences, University of the Aegean, Mytilene, Greece.
| | - Ourania Tzoraki
- Department of Marine Sciences, University of the Aegean, Mytilene, Greece
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9
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Mai L, Zeng E, Zeng EY. Dog poop bags: A non-negligible source of plastic pollution. Environ Pollut 2022; 292:118355. [PMID: 34648841 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2021.118355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2021] [Revised: 10/02/2021] [Accepted: 10/09/2021] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Plastic pollution derived from the disposal of plastic bags in the environment is clearly evidenced. However, little attention has been directed towards plastic waste derived from plastic dog poop bags (DPBs), which are widely used and can never be recycled. Herein, we raise concerns about the contribution of DPBs to plastic pollution in the environment. Combining the weight of each DPB, the number of bags daily used for a dog, and the number of pet dogs around the world, we estimated the number of annual consumed and disposed DPBs at more than 415 billion, or equivalently 0.76-1.23 million tons of plastics based on various weights of different DPBs. Although plastic waste produced by DPBs only accounts for a small fraction (0.6%) of the total plastic waste generation, the extremely short life cycle of DPBs has made them a non-negligible source of plastic pollution in the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Mai
- Center for Environmental Microplastics Studies, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, School of Environment, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 511443, China
| | - Elaine Zeng
- University High School, 4771 Campus Drive, Irvine, CA, 92612, USA
| | - Eddy Y Zeng
- Center for Environmental Microplastics Studies, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, School of Environment, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 511443, China.
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Tziourrou P, Kordella S, Ardali Y, Papatheodorou G, Karapanagioti HK. Microplastics formation based on degradation characteristics of beached plastic bags. Mar Pollut Bull 2021; 169:112470. [PMID: 34049063 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2021.112470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2021] [Revised: 04/06/2021] [Accepted: 05/07/2021] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Environmental pollution from plastic bags is a significant issue in the global environment. Plastic bags can be transferred by the wind and ocean currents everywhere in the three dimensions and be fragmented into small particles, termed film-shaped microplastics. The purpose of this study is to provide insights on the degradation of beached plastic bags. Monitoring and sampling were performed to determine plastic bag fragmentation and the possible mechanisms. On selected samples, various spectroscopic techniques and microscopy were used. Before the imposition of the "green" plastic bag fee in Greece, field monitoring suggested that the majority of the coastal plastic bags were fragmented whereas after the "green" fee, less fragmented bags were observed. Evidence of three degradation mechanisms were observed in this study. For oxodegradable plastic bags, degradation takes place for the starch additives and the polymer part stays in the environment as microplastic particles. For thin light density polyethylene plastic bags, mechanical fragmentation takes place in the environment creating microplastics before significant chemical alterations in functional groups were observed and once chemical alteration (oxidation) is observed, fragmentation (of HC or CC bonds) is also taking place. Thus, regulating thin plastic bags usage removes problems related to plastic bags but also to film-shaped microplastics.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Tziourrou
- Department of Chemistry, University of Patras, Patras, Greece
| | - S Kordella
- Laboratory of Marine Geology and Physical Oceanography, Department of Geology, University of Patras, Patras, Greece
| | - Y Ardali
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Ondokuz Mayis University, Samsun, Turkey
| | - G Papatheodorou
- Laboratory of Marine Geology and Physical Oceanography, Department of Geology, University of Patras, Patras, Greece
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Nguyen TPL. A dataset of factors influencing consumer behavior towards bringing own shopping bags instead of using plastic bags in Vietnam. Data Brief 2021; 37:107226. [PMID: 34189211 PMCID: PMC8220313 DOI: 10.1016/j.dib.2021.107226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2021] [Revised: 06/10/2021] [Accepted: 06/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
The dataset presents factors influencing consumer behavior towards bringing own shopping bags instead of using plastic bags in Vietnam. The survey was designed based on the theoretical integration model of theory of planned behavior (TPB) and norm activation model (NAM) including 8 factors, 25 items inherited from the studies. 7 other items were used to find out the respondent's characteristics, including: gender, age, educational qualification, marital status, job, number of family members and income. The questionnaires were sent in two forms: direct distribution and collection at some supermarkets; online survey via Google Docs tool to some consumers in Vietnam in November 2020. 536 valid questionnaires were collected to study factors influencing consumer behavior towards bringing own shopping bags instead of using plastic bags in Vietnam. The data set was collected as a reference source for later research on consumer behaviors to protect the environment in general and the behavior to bring own shopping bags instead of using plastic bags in particular.
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12
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Illston-Baggs G, Deacon P, Ivanova J, Nichols-Drew L, Farrugia KJ. A pseudo-operational trial: An investigation into the use of longwave reflected UV imaging of cyanoacrylate developed fingermarks. Forensic Sci Int 2021; 325:110871. [PMID: 34171546 DOI: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2021.110871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2021] [Revised: 05/25/2021] [Accepted: 06/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
This work presents a pseudo-operational study on plastic bags for the detection of latent fingermarks with various types of cyanoacrylates, including the two-step process with basic yellow 40 (BY40) staining and one-step fluorescent cyanoacrylates, Lumicyano and Polycyano. The use of longwave reflected UV (LWRUV) was employed as part of sequential development for all processes; however, detected marks were not unique as subsequent BY40 staining detected these marks as well. The use of BY40 in the sequence is very important, as without its inclusion many fingermarks would be missed. The study also investigated the use of a standard glass camera lens for LWRUV imaging and compared observations to a specific crystal quartz lens designed for UV imaging. The standard glass lens was able to detect all the marks detected with the crystal quartz lens. Lumicyano detected the lowest overall number of marks and both one-step fluorescent cyanoacrylate processes yielded less marks when compared to the two-step process; however, the use of BY40 after Lumicyano and Polycyano resulted in an increase of detected fingermarks. The use of BY40 did not have a major detrimental effect on subsequent LWRUV imaging, although there was no added evidential value.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabrielle Illston-Baggs
- Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Leicester School of Pharmacy, De Montfort University, The Gateway, Leicester, LE1 9BH, UK
| | | | - Julia Ivanova
- Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Leicester School of Pharmacy, De Montfort University, The Gateway, Leicester, LE1 9BH, UK
| | - Leisa Nichols-Drew
- Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Leicester School of Pharmacy, De Montfort University, The Gateway, Leicester, LE1 9BH, UK
| | - Kevin J Farrugia
- Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Leicester School of Pharmacy, De Montfort University, The Gateway, Leicester, LE1 9BH, UK.
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13
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Wang B, Li Y. Plastic bag usage and the policies: A case study of China. Waste Manag 2021; 126:163-169. [PMID: 33770615 DOI: 10.1016/j.wasman.2021.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2021] [Revised: 02/20/2021] [Accepted: 03/04/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Reducing the usage of plastic bags has been a pressing task for governments around the world. In China, the government also makes extensive efforts to contrast the negative effects of plastic bag usage by issuing different laws and policies. Conducting an on-site counting of bags used by consumers, this study investigates the usage of plastic bags in China and evaluates the effectiveness of these policies within both supermarkets and vegetable markets (popular markets primarily for vegetables in China). Besides, 5 different factors are investigated to learn their potential influence on the usage of plastic bags, including generation, gender, the price for plastic carrier bags, the packaging style of products, and market type. Results show a boomerang effect of the pricing policy (i.e., charging for plastic carrier bags) in China. Specifically, the policy decreases the usage of plastic carrier bags by 44%. However, the total usage of plastic bags increases, rather than decreases due to the excessive usage of free inner plastic packaging bags used as alternatives to plastic carrier bags. Old and middle-young consumers are disproportionately affected by the pricing policy and behave significantly differently in their usage of plastic bags. Loopholes in management and policies are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bairong Wang
- School of Economics and Management, Shanghai Maritime University, Shanghai 201306, PR China.
| | - Yong Li
- School of Marxism, Shanghai Maritime University, Shanghai 201306, PR China.
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Clayton CA, Walker TR, Bezerra JC, Adam I. Policy responses to reduce single-use plastic marine pollution in the Caribbean. Mar Pollut Bull 2021; 162:111833. [PMID: 33213855 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2020.111833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2020] [Revised: 11/06/2020] [Accepted: 11/07/2020] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Caribbean economies depend heavily on a healthy marine ecosystem, but the region includes ten of the top global marine polluters per capita. Regional marine pollution is driven by illegal plastic waste dumping due to poor waste management systems with limited recycling, and weak enforcement. Governments recognize the impacts of marine debris on their social and economic well-being and have responded with policies to curb plastic pollution. Most focus on bans of single-use plastic and polystyrene, which comprises ~80% of Caribbean marine litter. However, there is little comparative analysis of policy responses to determine their efficacy. This paper reviews current policies in 13 English-speaking Caribbean countries, exploring tools used and process of implementation. Eleven have introduced legislative policies, with seven including fines and penalties for non-compliance. All successful policies involve multiple tools, including primary stakeholder engagement, sufficient lead time between policy announcement and implementation, and extensive public education campaigns.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Tony R Walker
- School for Resource and Environmental Studies, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Canada.
| | | | - Issahaku Adam
- Department of Hospitality and Tourism Management, University of Cape Coast, Cape Coast, Ghana.
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15
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Abstract
Caribbean economies depend heavily on a healthy marine ecosystem, but the region includes ten of the top global marine polluters per capita. Regional marine pollution is driven by illegal plastic waste dumping due to poor waste management systems with limited recycling, and weak enforcement. Governments recognize the impacts of marine debris on their social and economic well-being and have responded with policies to curb plastic pollution. Most focus on bans of single-use plastic and polystyrene, which comprises ~80% of Caribbean marine litter. However, there is little comparative analysis of policy responses to determine their efficacy. This paper reviews current policies in 13 English-speaking Caribbean countries, exploring tools used and process of implementation. Eleven have introduced legislative policies, with seven including fines and penalties for non-compliance. All successful policies involve multiple tools, including primary stakeholder engagement, sufficient lead time between policy announcement and implementation, and extensive public education campaigns.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Tony R Walker
- School for Resource and Environmental Studies, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Canada.
| | | | - Issahaku Adam
- Department of Hospitality and Tourism Management, University of Cape Coast, Cape Coast, Ghana.
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16
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Nielsen TD, Holmberg K, Stripple J. Need a bag? A review of public policies on plastic carrier bags - Where, how and to what effect? Waste Manag 2019; 87:428-440. [PMID: 31109543 DOI: 10.1016/j.wasman.2019.02.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2018] [Revised: 01/24/2019] [Accepted: 02/09/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The plastic carrier bag epitomises many of the features that have transformed plastics into a material that defines our contemporary modern culture. The versatility, durability, strength and low cost have made it into an indispensable companion for consumers. In parallel with plastic becoming an increasingly contested material, the plastic carrier bag has emerged as a controversial object in many jurisdictions. This paper explores where, how and to what extent public authorities in different cases across the globe regulate plastic carrier bags. The number of public policies on plastic carrier bags has more than tripled since 2010, and they are now found on all continents, ranging from the municipal to the intergovernmental level. They mainly come in the form of either bans or levies, with the former being predominant. There have been many examples of policies leading to reduced consumption of plastic carrier bags, however this paper also identifies key challenges, including resistance towards plastic carrier bag regulations, uncertainty in measuring the effects, and the undesired side-effects. Far from being a simple issue, public policies on plastic carrier bags highlight the complexity of governing plastics.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Karl Holmberg
- Department of Political Science, Lund University, Sweden
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17
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O'Brien J, Thondhlana G. Plastic bag use in South Africa: Perceptions, practices and potential intervention strategies. Waste Manag 2019; 84:320-328. [PMID: 30691907 DOI: 10.1016/j.wasman.2018.11.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2017] [Revised: 08/23/2018] [Accepted: 11/30/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Single-use plastic shopping bag consumption is one of the leading causes of environmental and socio-economic problems worldwide, which has led to global calls for intervention strategies to reduce use. In South Africa, plastic bag use is still widespread despite intervention efforts based on levying taxes. Using an online questionnaire, this study examines plastic bag use practices and factors influencing use in South Africa. The results show that the majority of respondents perceived there was a plastic bag use problem in the country but still highly used plastic bags because it was convenient to do so. Factors like, gender, age, education and environmental consciousness influenced people's willingness to pay for plastic bags but the relationships were generally weak. The paper outlines which interventions might be most effective in achieving pro-environmental actions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua O'Brien
- Department of Environmental Science, Rhodes University, Grahamstown 6140, South Africa
| | - Gladman Thondhlana
- Department of Environmental Science, Rhodes University, Grahamstown 6140, South Africa..
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18
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Clemente CCC, Paresque K, Santos PJP. The effects of plastic bags presence on a macrobenthic community in a polluted estuary. Mar Pollut Bull 2018; 135:630-635. [PMID: 30301082 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2018.07.070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2018] [Revised: 07/21/2018] [Accepted: 07/24/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The damaging effects of marine debris on wildlife are often noted through the observation of animals that ingest and/or become entangled in debris. Yet, few studies have evaluated the effects of marine litter on benthic habitats. The aim of this study was to investigate if the presence of plastic bags has any effect on benthic macrofauna in an estuary located in an urban area in North-eastern Brazil. Biogeochemical and macrofauna samples were obtained from 10 different deposition locations (location factor), under, border and distant (treatment factor) from plastic bags. The results did not show any significant alterations in the biogeochemical parameters of the sediment due to treatment effect except for summed microphytobenthic pigments. The macrobenthic community structure responded to treatment. The greatest dissimilarity (34%) was between samples that were under and distant. Effects occurred despite the high dynamics of deposition-resuspension of plastic bags and the dominance of opportunistic species. Changes in community structure are a complex result of plastic bags effects on species ecological interactions in the polluted estuarine environment, attracting deposit feeders, diminishing suspension feeders and providing mechanical protection against predation by seabirds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline C C Clemente
- Departamento de Zoologia, Centro de Biociências, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Av. Prof. Moraes Rêgo s/n, Cidade Universitária, 50670-420 Recife, PE, Brazil; Programa de Pós-Graduação em Oceanografia, Centro de Tecnologia e Geociências, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Brazil
| | | | - Paulo J P Santos
- Departamento de Zoologia, Centro de Biociências, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Av. Prof. Moraes Rêgo s/n, Cidade Universitária, 50670-420 Recife, PE, Brazil.
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19
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Bátori V, Åkesson D, Zamani A, Taherzadeh MJ, Sárvári Horváth I. Anaerobic degradation of bioplastics: A review. Waste Manag 2018; 80:406-413. [PMID: 30455023 DOI: 10.1016/j.wasman.2018.09.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2018] [Revised: 09/19/2018] [Accepted: 09/24/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Anaerobic digestion (AD) of the organic fraction of municipal solid waste (OFMSW), leading to renewable energy production in the form of methane, is a preferable method for dealing with the increasing amount of waste. Food waste is separated at the source in many countries for anaerobic digestion. However, the presence of plastic bags is a major challenge for such processes. This study investigated the anaerobic degradability of different bioplastics, aiming at potential use as collecting bags for the OFMSW. The chemical composition of the bioplastics and the microbial community structure in the AD process affected the biodegradation of the bioplastics. Some biopolymers can be degraded at hydraulic retention times usually applied at the biogas plants, such as poly(hydroxyalkanoate)s, starch, cellulose and pectin, so no possible contamination would occur. In the future, updated standardization of collecting bags for the OFMSW will be required to meet the requirements of effective operation of a biogas plant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veronika Bátori
- Swedish Centre for Resource Recovery, University of Borås, 50190 Borås, Sweden.
| | - Dan Åkesson
- Swedish Centre for Resource Recovery, University of Borås, 50190 Borås, Sweden
| | - Akram Zamani
- Swedish Centre for Resource Recovery, University of Borås, 50190 Borås, Sweden
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20
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Otsyina HR, Mbuthia PG, Nguhiu-Mwangi J, Mogoa EGM, Ogara WO. Gross and histopathologic findings in sheep with plastic bags in the rumen. Int J Vet Sci Med 2018; 5:152-158. [PMID: 30255065 PMCID: PMC6137837 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijvsm.2017.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2017] [Revised: 08/08/2017] [Accepted: 08/29/2017] [Indexed: 10/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The objective of this study was to evaluate the gross and histo-pathological lesions caused by plastic bags in the rumen of sheep. Sixteen (16) castrated, one-year old Dorper sheep were used for the study. The animals were divided into 4 groups each consisting of 4 sheep. Three of the groups had 129 g, 258 g and 387 g of plastic bags, respectively, introduced into the rumen through rumenotomy, while the fourth group, without implants served as control. All the animals were observed daily for 6 weeks following implantation. All animals were euthanized on day 42 and subjected to gross and histopathological examination. Gross changes observed at post mortem included; atrophy of the muscle and body fat, atrophy and fibrosis of the spleen, liver, kidneys and hydropericardium. Gross lesions in the rumen included stunting, atrophy, thinning and loss of ruminal papillae, erosion, ulcerations and nodular formation on the ruminal mucosa. Histopathological examination revealed atrophy, ulceration, erosion and disruptions of the stratified epithelial layer of the papillae. Other changes included parakeratosis, hyperkeratosis, prominent rete pegs, oedema and severe hydropic degeneration of different parts of the mucosal layer. There was increased mononuclear cell infiltration, increase in the number of lymphatic vessels and lymphangiectasis in the submucosa and oedema in the muscularis and serosal layers. The pathological changes observed contributed to clinical signs and may interfere with the absorption of nutrients resulting in poor condition of the animal, and loss of production and productivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- H R Otsyina
- School of Veterinary Medicine, College of Basic and Applied Sciences, University of Ghana, Legon, Ghana.,Department of Clinical Studies, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Nairobi, Kenya
| | - P G Mbuthia
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Nairobi, Kenya
| | - J Nguhiu-Mwangi
- Department of Clinical Studies, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Nairobi, Kenya
| | - E G M Mogoa
- Department of Clinical Studies, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Nairobi, Kenya
| | - W O Ogara
- Department of Public Health, Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Nairobi, Kenya
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21
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Maes T, Barry J, Leslie HA, Vethaak AD, Nicolaus EEM, Law RJ, Lyons BP, Martinez R, Harley B, Thain JE. Below the surface: Twenty-five years of seafloor litter monitoring in coastal seas of North West Europe (1992-2017). Sci Total Environ 2018; 630:790-798. [PMID: 29494980 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.02.245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2017] [Revised: 02/16/2018] [Accepted: 02/19/2018] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Marine litter presents a global problem, with increasing quantities documented in recent decades. The distribution and abundance of marine litter on the seafloor off the United Kingdom's (UK) coasts were quantified during 39 independent scientific surveys conducted between 1992 and 2017. Widespread distribution of litter items, especially plastics, were found on the seabed of the North Sea, English Channel, Celtic Sea and Irish Sea. High variation in abundance of litter items, ranging from 0 to 1835 pieces km-2 of seafloor, was observed. Plastic tems such as bags, bottles and fishing related debris were commonly observed across all areas. Over the entire 25-year period (1992-2017), 63% of the 2461 trawls contained at least one plastic litter item. There was no significant temporal trend in the percentage of trawls containing any or total plastic litter items across the long-term datasets. Statistically significant trends, however, were observed in specific plastic litter categories only. These trends were all positive except for a negative trend in plastic bags in the Greater North Sea - suggesting that behavioural and legislative changes could reduce the problem of marine litter within decades.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Maes
- Cefas, Centre for Environment, Fisheries and Aquaculture Science, Pakefield Road, Lowestoft NR33 0HT, UK; Dept. of Environment and Health, Faculty of Science, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1085, 1081 HZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - J Barry
- Cefas, Centre for Environment, Fisheries and Aquaculture Science, Pakefield Road, Lowestoft NR33 0HT, UK
| | - H A Leslie
- Dept. of Environment and Health, Faculty of Science, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1085, 1081 HZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - A D Vethaak
- Dept. of Environment and Health, Faculty of Science, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1085, 1081 HZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Deltares, Boussinesqweg 1, 2629 HV Delft, The Netherlands
| | - E E M Nicolaus
- Cefas, Centre for Environment, Fisheries and Aquaculture Science, Pakefield Road, Lowestoft NR33 0HT, UK
| | - R J Law
- Cefas, Centre for Environment, Fisheries and Aquaculture Science, Pakefield Road, Lowestoft NR33 0HT, UK; Institute of Zoology, Regent's Park, London NW1 4RY, UK
| | - B P Lyons
- Cefas, Centre for Environment, Fisheries and Aquaculture Science, The Nothe, Weymouth, Dorset DT4 8UB, UK
| | - R Martinez
- Cefas, Centre for Environment, Fisheries and Aquaculture Science, Pakefield Road, Lowestoft NR33 0HT, UK
| | - B Harley
- Cefas, Centre for Environment, Fisheries and Aquaculture Science, Pakefield Road, Lowestoft NR33 0HT, UK
| | - J E Thain
- Cefas, Centre for Environment, Fisheries and Aquaculture Science, The Nothe, Weymouth, Dorset DT4 8UB, UK
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22
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Denuncio P, Mandiola MA, Pérez Salles SB, Machado R, Ott PH, De Oliveira LR, Rodriguez D. Marine debris ingestion by the South American Fur Seal from the Southwest Atlantic Ocean. Mar Pollut Bull 2017; 122:420-425. [PMID: 28693811 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2017.07.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2017] [Revised: 07/03/2017] [Accepted: 07/04/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
In this paper, we examined the ingestion of marine debris (MD) in South American fur seals (SAFS), Arctocephalus australis, found dead in coastal beaches of northern Argentina and southern Brazil. Seven percent of 133 SAFS analyzed presented marine debris in their stomach (n=10), with no differences between sampling countries (Brazil n=7, Argentina n=3) and sexes (female=3; male=6). However, significant differences were observed between ages classes, with MD exclusively present in stomach contents of young specimens. Plastics represents 90% of MD ingested by the SAFS, whereas regarding the source, fishery-related items (e.g. monofilament lines) were the main MD (70%), with a lesser proportion of packaging (e.g. pieces of bags). Low numbers but large size pieces of MD were found in each stomach affected. Negative effects on the individuals could not be fully evaluated. Therefore, the potential impacts of the marine debris to the SAFS deserve further elucidation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pablo Denuncio
- Instituto de Investigaciones Marinas y Costeras (IIMyC), Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata (UNMdP) - Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Dean Funes 3350, Mar del Plata 7600, Argentina; Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata, Funes 3350, Mar del Plata B7602AYL, Argentina.
| | - María Agustina Mandiola
- Instituto de Investigaciones Marinas y Costeras (IIMyC), Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata (UNMdP) - Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Dean Funes 3350, Mar del Plata 7600, Argentina; Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata, Funes 3350, Mar del Plata B7602AYL, Argentina
| | - Sofía Belén Pérez Salles
- Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata, Funes 3350, Mar del Plata B7602AYL, Argentina
| | - Rodrigo Machado
- Grupo de Estudos de Mamíferos Aquáticos do Rio Grande do Sul, Rua Machado de Assis, 1456, Osório, RS 95520-000, Brazil; Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Animal, Av. Bento Gonçalves n° 9500, Bloco IV, Prédio 43435, Porto Alegre, RS 91501-970, Brazil; Grupo de Tecnologia e Ciência Pesqueira, Departamento de Engenharia de Pesca, Universidade do Estado de Santa Catarina (UDESC), Rua Cel. Fernandes Martins n° 270, Laguna, SC 88790-000, Brazil
| | - Paulo H Ott
- Grupo de Estudos de Mamíferos Aquáticos do Rio Grande do Sul, Rua Machado de Assis, 1456, Osório, RS 95520-000, Brazil; Laboratório de Ecologia e Conservação de Organismos e Ambientes Aquáticos, Universidade Estadual do Rio Grande do Sul, Unidade do Litoral Norte, Rua Machado de Assis, 1456, Osório, RS 95520-000, Brazil
| | - Larissa Rosa De Oliveira
- Grupo de Estudos de Mamíferos Aquáticos do Rio Grande do Sul, Rua Machado de Assis, 1456, Osório, RS 95520-000, Brazil; Laboratório de Ecologia de Mamíferos, Universidade do Vale do Rio dos Sinos, sala E04237, São Leopoldo, RS 93022-000, Brazil
| | - Diego Rodriguez
- Instituto de Investigaciones Marinas y Costeras (IIMyC), Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata (UNMdP) - Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Dean Funes 3350, Mar del Plata 7600, Argentina; Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata, Funes 3350, Mar del Plata B7602AYL, Argentina
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23
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Xanthos D, Walker TR. International policies to reduce plastic marine pollution from single-use plastics ( plastic bags and microbeads): A review. Mar Pollut Bull 2017; 118:17-26. [PMID: 28238328 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2017.02.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 350] [Impact Index Per Article: 50.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2016] [Revised: 02/07/2017] [Accepted: 02/15/2017] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Marine plastic pollution has been a growing concern for decades. Single-use plastics (plastic bags and microbeads) are a significant source of this pollution. Although research outlining environmental, social, and economic impacts of marine plastic pollution is growing, few studies have examined policy and legislative tools to reduce plastic pollution, particularly single-use plastics (plastic bags and microbeads). This paper reviews current international market-based strategies and policies to reduce plastic bags and microbeads. While policies to reduce microbeads began in 2014, interventions for plastic bags began much earlier in 1991. However, few studies have documented or measured the effectiveness of these reduction strategies. Recommendations to further reduce single-use plastic marine pollution include: (i) research to evaluate effectiveness of bans and levies to ensure policies are having positive impacts on marine environments; and (ii) education and outreach to reduce consumption of plastic bags and microbeads at source.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dirk Xanthos
- School for Resource and Environmental Studies, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada.
| | - Tony R Walker
- School for Resource and Environmental Studies, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada
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24
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Steensgaard IM, Syberg K, Rist S, Hartmann NB, Boldrin A, Hansen SF. From macro- to microplastics - Analysis of EU regulation along the life cycle of plastic bags. Environ Pollut 2017; 224:289-299. [PMID: 28222979 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2017.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2016] [Revised: 01/10/2017] [Accepted: 02/02/2017] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Plastic pollution and its environmental effects has received global attention the recent years. However, limited attention has so far been directed towards how plastics are regulated in a life cycle perspective and how regulatory gaps can be addressed in order to limit and prevent environmental exposure and hazards of macro- and microplastics. In this paper, we map European regulation taking outset in the life cycle perspective of plastic carrier bags: from plastic bag production to when it enters the environment. Relevant regulatory frameworks, directives and authorities along the life cycle are identified and their role in regulation of plastics is discussed. Most important regulations were identified as: the EU chemical Regulation, the Packaging and Packaging Waste Directive including the amending Directive regarding regulation of the consumption of lightweight plastic carrier bags, the Waste Framework Directive and the Directive on the Landfill of Waste. The main gaps identified relate to lack of clear definitions of categories of polymers, unambitious recycling rates and lack of consideration of macro- and microplastics in key pieces of legislation. We recommend that polymers are categorized according to whether they are polymers with the same monomer constituents (homopolymers) or with different monomer constituents (copolymers) and that polymers are no longer exempt from registration and evaluation under REACH. Plastics should furthermore have the same high level of monitoring and reporting requirements as hazardous waste involving stricter requirements to labelling, recordkeeping, monitoring and control over the whole lifecycle. Finally, we recommend that more ambitious recycle and recovery targets are set across the EU. Regulation of the consumption of lightweight plastic carrier bags should also apply to heavyweight plastic carrier bags. Last, the Marine and Water Framework Directives should specifically address plastic waste affecting water quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ida M Steensgaard
- Technical University of Denmark, DTU Environment, Miljoevej Building 113, 2800 Kgs, Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Kristian Syberg
- Roskilde University, Department of Science and Environment, Universitetsvej 1, Building 11.2, 4000, Roskilde, Denmark
| | - Sinja Rist
- Technical University of Denmark, DTU Environment, Miljoevej Building 113, 2800 Kgs, Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Nanna B Hartmann
- Technical University of Denmark, DTU Environment, Miljoevej Building 113, 2800 Kgs, Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Alessio Boldrin
- Technical University of Denmark, DTU Environment, Miljoevej Building 113, 2800 Kgs, Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Steffen Foss Hansen
- Technical University of Denmark, DTU Environment, Miljoevej Building 113, 2800 Kgs, Lyngby, Denmark.
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25
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Michelot H, Fu S, Stuart B, Shimmon R, Raymond T, Crandell T, Roux C. Effect of drug precursors and chemicals relevant to clandestine laboratory investigation on plastic bags used for collection and storage. Forensic Sci Int 2017; 273:106-112. [PMID: 28260645 DOI: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2017.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2016] [Revised: 02/08/2017] [Accepted: 02/09/2017] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
In the area of clandestine laboratory investigations, plastic bags are used to collect and store evidence, such as solvents, precursors, and other compounds usually employed for the manufacturing of drugs (although liquids may be stored in glass containers within the bags first). In this study, three different types of plastic bags were provided by the NSW Police Force and investigated for their suitability for evidence collection: two different types of low-density polyethylene (LDPE) bags and one type of polyvinyl chloride (PVC) bag. Three different experiments were carried out: (1) storing relevant chemicals in the bags for up to three months; (2) exposing the bags including their content to accelerated conditions using a weatherometer, and (3) simulating an expected real case scenario. This study indicates that drugs and related chemicals stored in plastic bags may lead to a change in the composition of the chemical and an alteration or degradation of the plastic bag. All experiments led to the same conclusion: the polyvinyl chloride bags appeared to be the most affected. LDPE bags seem to be more appropriate for routine use, although it has been established they are not suitable for the collection of liquids (unless pre-packaged in, for instance, a glass container).
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Affiliation(s)
- Harmonie Michelot
- Centre for Forensic Science, University of Technology Sydney, PO Box 123, Broadway, NSW, 2007, Australia
| | - Shanlin Fu
- Centre for Forensic Science, University of Technology Sydney, PO Box 123, Broadway, NSW, 2007, Australia
| | - Barbara Stuart
- Centre for Forensic Science, University of Technology Sydney, PO Box 123, Broadway, NSW, 2007, Australia
| | - Ronald Shimmon
- Centre for Forensic Science, University of Technology Sydney, PO Box 123, Broadway, NSW, 2007, Australia
| | - Tony Raymond
- School of Science and Health, Western Sydney University, Locked Bag 1797, Penrith, NSW, 2751, Australia
| | - Tony Crandell
- Surry Hills Local Area Command, NSW Police Force, Surry Hills, NSW, 2010, Australia
| | - Claude Roux
- Centre for Forensic Science, University of Technology Sydney, PO Box 123, Broadway, NSW, 2007, Australia.
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26
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Martinho G, Balaia N, Pires A. The Portuguese plastic carrier bag tax: The effects on consumers' behavior. Waste Manag 2017; 61:3-12. [PMID: 28131637 DOI: 10.1016/j.wasman.2017.01.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2016] [Revised: 01/03/2017] [Accepted: 01/15/2017] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Marine litter from lightweight plastic bags is a global problem that must be solved. A plastic bag tax was implemented in February 2015 to reduce the consumption of plastic grocery bags in Portugal and in turn reduce the potential contribution to marine litter. This study analyzes the effect of the plastic bag tax on consumer behavior to learn how it was received and determine the perceived effectiveness of the tax 4months after its implementation. In addition, the study assessed how proximity to coastal areas could influence behaviors and opinions. The results showed a 74% reduction of plastic bag consumption with a simultaneously 61% increase of reusable plastic bags after the tax was implemented. Because plastic bags were then reused for shopping instead of garbage bags, however, the consumption of garbage bags increased by 12%. Although reduction was achieved, the tax had no effect on the perception of marine litter or the impact of plastic bags on environment and health. The majority of respondents agree with the tax but view it as an extra revenue to the State. The distance to the coast had no meaningful influence on consumer behavior or on the perception of the tax. Although the tax was able to promote the reduction of plastics, the role of hypermarkets and supermarkets in providing alternatives through the distribution of reusable plastic bags was determinant to ensuring the reduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Graça Martinho
- Departamento de Ciências e Engenharia do Ambiente, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal; MARE - Marine and Environmental Sciences Centre, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal
| | - Natacha Balaia
- Departamento de Ciências e Engenharia do Ambiente, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal
| | - Ana Pires
- Departamento de Ciências e Engenharia do Ambiente, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal; MARE - Marine and Environmental Sciences Centre, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal.
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Sim YHY, Koh ACW, Lim SM, Yew SY. Snap-lock bags with red band: A study of manufacturing characteristics, thermal and chemical properties. Forensic Sci Int 2015; 255:50-5. [PMID: 26362303 DOI: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2015.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2015] [Revised: 06/12/2015] [Accepted: 07/01/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Drug packaging is commonly submitted to the Forensic Chemistry and Physics Laboratory of the Health Sciences Authority, Singapore, for examination. The drugs seized are often packaged in plastic bags. These bags are examined for linkages to provide law enforcement with useful associations between the traffickers and drug abusers. The plastic bags submitted may include snap-lock bags, some with a red band located above the snap-lock closure and some without. Current techniques for examination involve looking at the physical characteristics (dimensions, thickness and polarising patterns) and manufacturing marks of these bags. In cases where manufacturing marks on the main body of the bags are poor or absent, the manufacturing characteristics present on the red band can be examined. A study involving approximately 1000 bags was conducted to better understand the variations in the manufacturing characteristics of the red band. This understanding is crucial in helping to determine associations/eliminations between bags. Two instrumental techniques, namely differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) were explored to evaluate the effectiveness of examining the chemical composition to discriminate the bags.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yvonne Hui Ying Sim
- Forensic Chemistry and Physics Laboratory, Applied Sciences Group, Health Sciences Authority, 11 Outram Road, Singapore 169078, Singapore
| | - Alaric C W Koh
- Forensic Chemistry and Physics Laboratory, Applied Sciences Group, Health Sciences Authority, 11 Outram Road, Singapore 169078, Singapore.
| | - Shing Min Lim
- Forensic Chemistry and Physics Laboratory, Applied Sciences Group, Health Sciences Authority, 11 Outram Road, Singapore 169078, Singapore
| | - Sok Yee Yew
- Forensic Chemistry and Physics Laboratory, Applied Sciences Group, Health Sciences Authority, 11 Outram Road, Singapore 169078, Singapore
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28
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Possatto FE, Spach HL, Cattani AP, Lamour MR, Santos LO, Cordeiro NMA, Broadhurst MK. Marine debris in a World Heritage Listed Brazilian estuary. Mar Pollut Bull 2015; 91:548-553. [PMID: 25304737 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2014.09.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2014] [Revised: 09/07/2014] [Accepted: 09/17/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Using monthly otter-trawl deployments, spatial and temporal variability among the relative densities of marine debris were assessed in the Paranaguá estuarine complex; a subtropical World Heritage Listed area in southern Brazil. During 432 deployments over 12 months, 291 marine debris items were identified; of which most (92%) were plastic, and more specifically shopping bags, food packages, candy wrappers and cups typically >21 mm long. The most contaminated sectors were those closest to Paranaguá city and the adjacent port, and had up to 23.37±3.22 pieces ha(-1). Less urbanized sectors had between 12.84±1.49 and 9.32±1.10 pieces ha(-1). Contamination did not vary between dry or wet seasons, but rather was probably affected by consistent urban disposal and localized hydrological processes. Marine debris might be minimized by using more environment friendly materials, however a concrete solution requires adequately integrating local government and civil society.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernanda E Possatto
- Centro de Estudos do Mar, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Av. Beira Mar, s/n, 83255-976, Pontal do Sul, Pontal do Paraná, PR, Brazil.
| | - Henry L Spach
- Centro de Estudos do Mar, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Av. Beira Mar, s/n, 83255-976, Pontal do Sul, Pontal do Paraná, PR, Brazil
| | - André P Cattani
- Centro de Estudos do Mar, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Av. Beira Mar, s/n, 83255-976, Pontal do Sul, Pontal do Paraná, PR, Brazil
| | - Marcelo R Lamour
- Centro de Estudos do Mar, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Av. Beira Mar, s/n, 83255-976, Pontal do Sul, Pontal do Paraná, PR, Brazil
| | - Lilyane O Santos
- Centro de Estudos do Mar, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Av. Beira Mar, s/n, 83255-976, Pontal do Sul, Pontal do Paraná, PR, Brazil
| | - Nathalie M A Cordeiro
- Centro de Estudos do Mar, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Av. Beira Mar, s/n, 83255-976, Pontal do Sul, Pontal do Paraná, PR, Brazil
| | - Matt K Broadhurst
- Centro de Estudos do Mar, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Av. Beira Mar, s/n, 83255-976, Pontal do Sul, Pontal do Paraná, PR, Brazil; NSW Department of Primary Industries, Fisheries Conservation Technology Unit, PO Box 4321, Coffs Harbour, NSW 2450, Australia
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Sáiz J, Ferrando JL, Atoche JC, García-Ruiz C. Study of the suitability of DUO plastic bags for the storage of dynamites. Forensic Sci Int 2013; 232:e33-7. [PMID: 24004963 DOI: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2013.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2013] [Revised: 07/26/2013] [Accepted: 08/05/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
A comparative study on the retentiveness of two plastic bags (DUO and Royal Pack) has been carried out by gas chromatography with mass spectrometry detection. Two types of dynamites were packed in both plastic bags. The bags were placed into glass jars and headspace analyses were performed over 11 weeks to detect whether the volatile constituents of the dynamites were released from the bags. DUO plastic bags showed much better retentiveness than Royal Pack plastic bags. Ethylene glycol dinitrate (EGDN) was quickly detected in the headspace of the glass jars containing Royal Pack plastic bags after 1 week of storage. On the contrary, only a weak signal of EGDN, which was not detectable in the total ion chromatogram, was detected after 11 weeks of storage. Moreover, DUO plastic bags have shown less background signals than the Royal Pack bags, being the former bags much more suitable for the storage of dynamites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorge Sáiz
- University Institute of Research in Police Sciences (IUICP), University of Alcalá, Ctra. Madrid-Barcelona Km 33.600, 28871 Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain; Department of Chemistry I, Multipurpose Building of Chemistry, University of Alcalá, Ctra. Madrid-Barcelona Km 33.600, 28871 Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain
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