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Lamparelli DH, Villar-Yanez A, Dittrich L, Rintjema J, Bravo F, Bo C, Kleij AW. Bicyclic Guanidine Promoted Mechanistically Divergent Depolymerization and Recycling of a Biobased Polycarbonate. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023:e202314659. [PMID: 37934031 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202314659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2023] [Revised: 10/27/2023] [Accepted: 11/07/2023] [Indexed: 11/08/2023]
Abstract
We here report the organocatalytic and temperature-controlled depolymerization of biobased poly(limonene carbonate) providing access to its trans-configured cyclic carbonate as the major product. The base TBD (1,5,7-triazabicyclo[4.4.0]dec-5-ene) offers a unique opportunity to break down polycarbonates via end-group activation or main chain scission pathways as supported by various controls and computational analysis. These energetically competitive processes represent an unprecedented divergent approach to polycarbonate recycling. The trans limonene carbonate can be converted back to its polycarbonate via ring-opening polymerization using the same organocatalyst in the presence of an alcohol initiator, offering thus a potential circular and practical route for polycarbonate recycling.
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Affiliation(s)
- David H Lamparelli
- Institute of Chemical Research of Catalonia (ICIQ-Cerca), the Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Av. Països Catalans 16, 43007, Tarragona, Spain
| | - Alba Villar-Yanez
- Institute of Chemical Research of Catalonia (ICIQ-Cerca), the Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Av. Països Catalans 16, 43007, Tarragona, Spain
- Departament de Química Física i Inorgànica/, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Marcel⋅lí Domingo s/n, 43007, Tarragona, Spain
| | - Lorenz Dittrich
- Institute of Chemical Research of Catalonia (ICIQ-Cerca), the Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Av. Països Catalans 16, 43007, Tarragona, Spain
| | - Jeroen Rintjema
- Institute of Chemical Research of Catalonia (ICIQ-Cerca), the Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Av. Països Catalans 16, 43007, Tarragona, Spain
| | - Fernando Bravo
- Institute of Chemical Research of Catalonia (ICIQ-Cerca), the Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Av. Països Catalans 16, 43007, Tarragona, Spain
| | - Carles Bo
- Institute of Chemical Research of Catalonia (ICIQ-Cerca), the Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Av. Països Catalans 16, 43007, Tarragona, Spain
- Departament de Química Física i Inorgànica/, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Marcel⋅lí Domingo s/n, 43007, Tarragona, Spain
| | - Arjan W Kleij
- Institute of Chemical Research of Catalonia (ICIQ-Cerca), the Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Av. Països Catalans 16, 43007, Tarragona, Spain
- Catalan Institute of Research and Advanced Studies (ICREA), Pg. Lluís Companys 23, 08010, Barcelona, Spain
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Abbasoglu T, Ciardi D, Tournilhac F, Irusta L, Sardon H. Exploiting the Use of the Decarboxylative S-Alkylation Reaction to Produce Self-Blowing, Recyclable Polycarbonate Foams. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202308339. [PMID: 37599264 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202308339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2023] [Revised: 07/26/2023] [Accepted: 08/14/2023] [Indexed: 08/22/2023]
Abstract
Polymeric foams are widely used in many industrial applications due to their light weight and superior thermal, mechanical, and optical properties. Currently, increasing research efforts is being directed towards the development of greener foam formulations that circumvent the use of isocyanates/blowing agents that are commonly used in the production of foam materials. Here, a straightforward, one-pot method is presented to prepare self-blown polycarbonate (PC) foams by exploiting the (decarboxylative) S-alkylation reaction for in situ generation of the blowing agent (CO2 ). The concomitant formation of a reactive alcohol intermediate promotes a cascade ring-opening polymerization of the cyclic carbonates to yield a cross-linked polymer network. It is shown that these hydroxyl-functionalized polycarbonate-based foams can be easily recycled into films through thermal compression molding. Furthermore, it is demonstrated that complete hydrolytic degradation of the foams is possible, thus offering the potential for zero-waste materials. This straightforward and versatile process broadens the scope of isocyanate-free, self-foaming materials, opening a new pathway for next-generation environmentally friendly foams.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tansu Abbasoglu
- POLYMAT, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Joxe Mari Korta Center, Avda. Tolosa 72, 20018, Donostia-San Sebastian, Spain
| | - Diego Ciardi
- Molecular, Macromolecular Chemistry,and Materials, CNRS, ESPCI-Paris, PSL Research University, 10 rue Vauquelin, 75005, Paris, France
| | - Francois Tournilhac
- Molecular, Macromolecular Chemistry,and Materials, CNRS, ESPCI-Paris, PSL Research University, 10 rue Vauquelin, 75005, Paris, France
| | - Lourdes Irusta
- POLYMAT, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Joxe Mari Korta Center, Avda. Tolosa 72, 20018, Donostia-San Sebastian, Spain
| | - Haritz Sardon
- POLYMAT, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Joxe Mari Korta Center, Avda. Tolosa 72, 20018, Donostia-San Sebastian, Spain
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3
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Yu Y, Gao B, Liu Y, Lu XB. Efficient and Selective Chemical Recycling of CO 2 -Based Alicyclic Polycarbonates via Catalytic Pyrolysis. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022; 61:e202204492. [PMID: 35770495 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202204492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2022] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Chemical recycling of polymers to their constituent monomers is the foremost challenge in building a sustainable circular plastics economy. Here, we report a strategy for highly efficient depolymerization of various CO2 -based alicyclic polycarbonates to epoxide monomers in solvent-free conditions by a simple CrIII -Salen complex mediated catalytic pyrolysis process. The chemical recycling of the widely studied poly(cyclohexene carbonate) exhibits excellent reactivity (TOF up to 3000 h-1 , 0.1 mol % catalyst loading) and high epoxide monomer selectivity (>99 %). Mechanistic investigation reveals that the process proceeds in a sequential fashion via a trans-carbonate intermediate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Dalian University of Technology, 2 Linggong Road, Dalian, 116024, China
| | - Bang Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Dalian University of Technology, 2 Linggong Road, Dalian, 116024, China
| | - Ye Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Dalian University of Technology, 2 Linggong Road, Dalian, 116024, China
| | - Xiao-Bing Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Dalian University of Technology, 2 Linggong Road, Dalian, 116024, China
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4
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Zeng X, Chen Q, Zhao C, Xie S, Xie H, Huang C. Eugenol-derived organic liquids as an in situ CO2 capturing and conversion system for Eugenol-based polycarbonate synthesis. Chem Asian J 2022; 17:e202200503. [PMID: 35971849 DOI: 10.1002/asia.202200503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2022] [Revised: 08/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
The significant development of catalytic biomass conversion has provided a large library of chemicals ready for subsequent upgrading to polymerisable monomers for the design and preparation of sustainable polymers. In this study, hydroxyethylation of eugenol by using green ethylene carbonate as alkylation reagent and cheap tetrabutylammonium iodide ionic liquids as green solvents and catalysts produced 2-(4-allyl-2-methoxyphenoxy)ethan-1-ol with a 85% yield, which could be used to construct an in situ CO 2 capture and conversion system by taking the reversible chemistry of alcoholic compounds with CO 2 in the presence of superbases, on which α,ω-diene functionalized carbonate monomers were successfully prepared and were applied in thiol-ene click and acyclic diene metathesis polymerisation (ADMET), producing a series of poly(thioether carbonate)s and unsaturated aromatic aliphatic polycarbonates with moderate molecular weights and satisfactory thermal properties. The structures of the formed CO 2 reversible ILs, the polymerisable monomers and the corresponding polymers were fully characterized by various technologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiankui Zeng
- Guizhou University, Department of Polymeric Materials & Engineering, College of Materials & Metallurgy, CHINA
| | - Qin Chen
- Guizhou University, Department of Polymeric Materials & Engineering, College of Materials & Metallurgy, CHINA
| | - Changbo Zhao
- Guizhou University, Department of Polymeric Materials & Engineering, College of Materials & Metallurgy, CHINA
| | - Sibo Xie
- Guizhou University, Department of Polymeric Materials & Engineering, College of Materials & Metallurgy, CHINA
| | - Haibo Xie
- Guizhou University, Department of Polymeric Materials & Engineering, West Campus, Guizhou University, Huaxi District, 550025, Guiyang, CHINA
| | - Caijuan Huang
- Guizhou University, Department of Polymeric Materials & Engineering, College of Materials & Metallurgy, CHINA
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Ngassam Tounzoua C, Grignard B, Detrembleur C. Exovinylene Cyclic Carbonates: Multifaceted CO 2 -Based Building Blocks for Modern Chemistry and Polymer Science. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022; 61:e202116066. [PMID: 35266271 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202116066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Carbon dioxide is a renewable, inexhaustible, and cheap alternative to fossil resources for the production of fine chemicals and plastics. It can notably be converted into exovinylene cyclic carbonates, unique synthons gaining momentum for the preparation of an impressive range of important organic molecules and functional polymers, in reactions proceeding with 100 % atom economy under mild operating conditions in most cases. This Review summarizes the recent advances in their synthesis with particular attention on describing the catalysts needed for their preparation and discussing the unique reactivity of these CO2 -based heterocycles for the construction of diverse organic building blocks and (functional) polymers. We also discuss the challenges and the future perspectives in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlène Ngassam Tounzoua
- Center for Education and Research on Macromolecules (CERM), CESAM Research Unit, Department of Chemistry, University of Liege, 13 allée du 6 août, buiding B6a, 4000, Liège, Belgium
| | - Bruno Grignard
- Center for Education and Research on Macromolecules (CERM), CESAM Research Unit, Department of Chemistry, University of Liege, 13 allée du 6 août, buiding B6a, 4000, Liège, Belgium
| | - Christophe Detrembleur
- Center for Education and Research on Macromolecules (CERM), CESAM Research Unit, Department of Chemistry, University of Liege, 13 allée du 6 août, buiding B6a, 4000, Liège, Belgium
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6
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Ansari I, Singh P, Mittal A, Mahato RI, Chitkara D. 2,2-Bis(hydroxymethyl) propionic acid based cyclic carbonate monomers and their (co)polymers as advanced materials for biomedical applications. Biomaterials 2021; 275:120953. [PMID: 34218051 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2021.120953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2020] [Revised: 05/26/2021] [Accepted: 05/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Designing grafted biodegradable polymers with tailored multi-functional properties is one of the most researched fields with extensive biomedical applications. Among many biodegradable polymers, polycarbonates have gained much attention due to their ease of synthesis, high drug loading, and excellent biocompatibility profiles. Among various monomers, 2,2-bis(hydroxymethyl) propionic acid (bis-MPA) derived cyclic carbonate monomers have been extensively explored in terms of their synthesis as well as their polymerization. Since the late 90s, significant advancements have been made in the design of bis-MPA derived cyclic carbonate monomers as well as in their reaction schemes. Currently, bis-MPA derived polycarbonates have taken a form of an entire platform with a multitude of applications, the latest being in the field of nanotechnology, targeted drug, and nucleic acid delivery. The present review outlines an up to date developments that have taken place in the last two decades in the design, synthesis, and biomedical applications of bis-MPA derived cyclic carbonates and their (co)polymers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Imran Ansari
- Department of Pharmacy, Birla Institute of Technology and Science, Pilani (BITS Pilani), Vidya Vihar Campus, Pilani, 333 031, Rajasthan, India
| | - Prabhjeet Singh
- Department of Pharmacy, Birla Institute of Technology and Science, Pilani (BITS Pilani), Vidya Vihar Campus, Pilani, 333 031, Rajasthan, India
| | - Anupama Mittal
- Department of Pharmacy, Birla Institute of Technology and Science, Pilani (BITS Pilani), Vidya Vihar Campus, Pilani, 333 031, Rajasthan, India
| | - Ram I Mahato
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198, USA
| | - Deepak Chitkara
- Department of Pharmacy, Birla Institute of Technology and Science, Pilani (BITS Pilani), Vidya Vihar Campus, Pilani, 333 031, Rajasthan, India.
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Guo Z, Liang E, Sui J, Ma M, Yang L, Wang J, Hu J, Sun Y, Fan Y. Lapatinib-loaded acidity-triggered charge switchable polycarbonate-doxorubicin conjugate micelles for synergistic breast cancer chemotherapy. Acta Biomater 2020; 118:182-195. [PMID: 33045399 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2020.09.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2020] [Revised: 09/03/2020] [Accepted: 09/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Stimulus-responsive nanosystem is a powerful method to improve the bioavailability and reduce the side effects of anticancer agents. In the present study, a customized dual pH-responsive micellar nanoplatform (DOX+LAP-M) based on polycarbonate-doxorubicin conjugate micelles was prepared to co-deliver the chemotherapeutic agent lapatinib for inhibiting tumor growth and metastasis. DOX+LAP-M micelles with spherical morphology had a size of ~112 nm and had an initial negative surface charge, which are favorable characteristics for long-term circulation in the blood. Once the micelles accumulated in tumor tissues, the intrinsic tumor extracellular acidity triggered the charge switch of DOX+LAP-M micelles from -1 to 9 mV, thereby facilitating cell internalization and tumor penetration. Subsequently, the pH-sensitive micellar core accelerated the release of doxorubicin and lapatinib in the acidic intracellular environment. DOX+LAP-M micelles effectively inhibited the proliferation, migration, and invasion of 4T1 cells in vitro; furthermore, the administration of DOX+LAP-M micelles in 4T1 xenograft-bearing mice suppressed solid tumor growth with an inhibitory rate of 90.2% and significantly decreased pulmonary metastatic nodules, without significant systemic toxicity. This multifunctional micellar system has high potential for clinical cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhihao Guo
- Center for Molecular Science and Engineering, College of Science, Northeastern University, Shenyang, 110819, P. R. China; National Engineering Research Center for Biomaterials, Sichuan University, 29 Wangjiang Road, Chengdu, 610064, P. R. China
| | - Enhui Liang
- Center for Molecular Science and Engineering, College of Science, Northeastern University, Shenyang, 110819, P. R. China
| | - Junhui Sui
- National Engineering Research Center for Biomaterials, Sichuan University, 29 Wangjiang Road, Chengdu, 610064, P. R. China
| | - Mengcheng Ma
- National Engineering Research Center for Biomaterials, Sichuan University, 29 Wangjiang Road, Chengdu, 610064, P. R. China
| | - Liqun Yang
- NHC Key Laboratory of Reproductive Health and Medical Genetics (Liaoning Research Institute of Family Planning), The Affiliated Reproductive Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, 110031, P. R. China
| | - Jiwei Wang
- Fujian Province University Engineering Research Center of Mindong She Nationality Medicine, College of Chemistry and Materials, Ningde Normal University, Ningde, 352100, P. R. China
| | - Jianshe Hu
- Center for Molecular Science and Engineering, College of Science, Northeastern University, Shenyang, 110819, P. R. China.
| | - Yong Sun
- National Engineering Research Center for Biomaterials, Sichuan University, 29 Wangjiang Road, Chengdu, 610064, P. R. China.
| | - Yujiang Fan
- National Engineering Research Center for Biomaterials, Sichuan University, 29 Wangjiang Road, Chengdu, 610064, P. R. China
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Mitev K, Dutsov C, Georgiev S, Boshkova T, Pressyanov D. Unperturbed, high spatial resolution measurement of Radon-222 in soil-gas depth profile. J Environ Radioact 2019; 196:253-258. [PMID: 29455912 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvrad.2018.01.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2017] [Revised: 01/13/2018] [Accepted: 01/22/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
This work presents a method for measuring the depth distribution of 222Rn activity in soil gas. The method is based on the capacity of polycarbonates to absorb 222Rn and on the possibility of performing sensitive measurements of 222Rn absorbed by the polycarbonates via liquid scintillation counting (LSC). The method is the following: cylindrical holes are drilled along a metal rod and Makrofol® N polycarbonate foils enclosed in polyethylene envelopes are placed in each hole. The rod is driven into the soil and kept for a certain time. As long as the rod is in the soil, the polycarbonate foils are exposed to the 222Rn concentration at their depth. At the end of the exposure the rod is pulled out and the foils are transferred to liquid scintillation (LS) vials filled with liquid scintillator. The 222Rn absorbed in the foils is then measured with a LS analyzer. The rod with the polycarbonate foils acts as a passive probe which senses the 222Rn concentration at different depths beneath the ground surface. The achievable minimum detectable 222Rn activity concentration with the equipment and conditions used in this study is around 12.5 kBq/m3. It can easily be lowered below 1 kBq/m3 if larger foils and low-background LS analyzers are used. Since the method does not require air sampling the depth distribution of 222Rn in the soil is unperturbed by the sampling. The spatial distribution and the maximum measurement depth are set by the distance between the holes and the depth to which the rod can be fixed into the ground. Results from in situ applications of the method in terrains with high 222Rn in soil-gas are reported, which demonstrate the feasibility and the usefulness of the proposed approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Mitev
- Faculty of Physics, Sofia University "St. Kliment Ohridski", Sofia, Bulgaria.
| | - Ch Dutsov
- Faculty of Physics, Sofia University "St. Kliment Ohridski", Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - S Georgiev
- Faculty of Physics, Sofia University "St. Kliment Ohridski", Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - T Boshkova
- Faculty of Physics, Sofia University "St. Kliment Ohridski", Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - D Pressyanov
- Faculty of Physics, Sofia University "St. Kliment Ohridski", Sofia, Bulgaria
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Lv Y, Yang B, Jiang T, Li YM, He F, Zhuo RX. Folate-conjugated amphiphilic block copolymers for targeted and efficient delivery of doxorubicin. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2013; 115:253-9. [PMID: 24370849 DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2013.11.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2013] [Revised: 11/22/2013] [Accepted: 11/29/2013] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
In this paper, novel biodegradable amphiphilic block copolymers based on folate-conjugated poly(ethylene glycol)-b-copolycarbonates (FA-PEG-b-P(MAC-co-DTC)) and methoxy poly(ethylene glycol)-b-copolycarbonates (mPEG-b-P(MAC-co-DTC)) were successfully synthesized for targeted and efficient delivery of doxorubicin (DOX) to cancer cells. Immobilized porcine pancreas lipase (IPPL) was employed as the catalyst to perform the ring-opening copolymerization in bulk, while the folate-conjugated poly(ethylene glycol) (FA-PEG) or methoxy poly(ethylene glycol) (mPEG) was used as the initiator. The resulting copolymers, characterized by (1)H NMR and GPC, could self-assemble to form nano-sized micelles in aqueous solution by dialysis method. P(MAC-co-DTC) acted as the hydrophobic core, thereby aggregating hydrophilic PEG chains as the outer shell with FA as targeting ligand located at the surface of the polymeric micelles. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) observation showed that the micelles dispersed in spherical shape with nano-size before and after DOX loading. Both the FA-conjugated and non-conjugated block copolymers showed low cellular cytotoxicity. Furthermore, as compared to the non-conjugated copolymers, much more efficient cellular uptake of the FA-conjugated copolymers via FA-receptor-mediated endocytosis could be observed by confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM), while MTT assays also demonstrated highly potent cytotoxic activity against HeLa cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yin Lv
- Key Laboratory of Biomedical Polymers of Ministry of Education, Department of Chemistry, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Bin Yang
- Key Laboratory of Biomedical Polymers of Ministry of Education, Department of Chemistry, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Tao Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Biomedical Polymers of Ministry of Education, Department of Chemistry, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - You-Mei Li
- Key Laboratory of Biomedical Polymers of Ministry of Education, Department of Chemistry, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Feng He
- Key Laboratory of Biomedical Polymers of Ministry of Education, Department of Chemistry, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China.
| | - Ren-Xi Zhuo
- Key Laboratory of Biomedical Polymers of Ministry of Education, Department of Chemistry, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
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Ke XY, Lin Ng VW, Gao SJ, Tong YW, Hedrick JL, Yang YY. Co-delivery of thioridazine and doxorubicin using polymeric micelles for targeting both cancer cells and cancer stem cells. Biomaterials 2013; 35:1096-108. [PMID: 24183698 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2013.10.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 146] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2013] [Accepted: 10/18/2013] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
In this study, thioridazine (THZ), which was reported to kill cancer stem cells, was used in a combination therapy with doxorubicin (DOX) to eradicate both cancer cells and DOX-resistant cancer stem cells to mitigate the reoccurrence of the disease. Both THZ and DOX were loaded into micelles with sizes below 100 nm, narrow size distribution and high drug content. The micelles were self-assembled from a mixture of acid-functionalized poly(carbonate) and poly(ethylene glycol) diblock copolymer (PEG-PAC) and urea-functionalized poly(carbonate) (PUC) and PEG diblock copolymer (PEG-PUC). The drug-loaded mixed micelles (MM) were used to target both cancer cells and stem cells via co-delivery. Cancer stem cells were sorted by a side population assay from BT-474 and MCF-7 human breast cancer cell lines, and identified by CD44+/CD24- phenotype. The cytotoxicity of various formulations was evaluated on the sorted cancer stem cells (side population SP cells), sorted non-stem-like cancer cells (non-side population NSP cells) and unsorted cancer cells. Antitumor activity was also evaluated on BT-474 xenografts in nude mice. As compared with NSP cells, DOX suppressed SP cell growth less effectively, while THZ and THZ-MM were more effective in the inhibition of SP cells. A stronger inhibitory effect was observed on SP cells with the co-delivery of free DOX and THZ or DOX-MM and THZ-MM as compared to free DOX or DOX-MM. THZ and THZ-MM were capable of lowering the population of SP cells in unsorted cells. In the BT-474 xenografts, the co-delivery of DOX-MM and THZ-MM produced the strongest antitumor efficacy, and both THZ and THZ-MM showed strong activity against cancer stem cells. This combination therapy may provide a promising strategy for breast cancer treatment by targeting both cancer cells and cancer stem cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xi-Yu Ke
- Institute of Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, 31 Biopolis Way, Singapore 138669, Singapore; NUS Graduate School for Integrative Sciences & Engineering (NGS), National University of Singapore, 28 Medical Drive, Singapore 117456, Singapore
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11
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Niu Y, Li H. Alternating copolymerization of carbon dioxide and cyclohexene oxide catalyzed by salen Co III(acetate) complexes. Colloid Polym Sci 2013; 291:2181-2189. [PMID: 23956484 PMCID: PMC3742425 DOI: 10.1007/s00396-013-2957-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2013] [Revised: 04/06/2013] [Accepted: 04/11/2013] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
A series of CoIII carboxylate based upon N,N,O,O-tetradentate Schiff base ligand framework have been prepared. X-ray diffraction analysis confirms that these Schiff base CoIII carboxylate are all monomeric species with a six-coordinated central Co in their solid structures. The activities and polycarbonate selectivity of these complexes toward the copolymerization of epoxide (cyclohexene oxide and propylene oxide) and carbon dioxide have been investigated in the presence of bis(triphenylphosphine)iminium chloride. Copolymerization experiments indicate that [bis(α-methyl-3,5-di-tertbutyl-salicylaldehyde) ethylenediiminato] CoIIIOOCH3 exhibits the highest activity and polycarbonate selectivity among these CoIII carboxylate. The resultant copolymer contained almost 100 % carbonate linkages with the molecular weight up to 71.8 kg mol−1 as well as narrow polymer dispersity index (polymer dispersity index = 1.5). The substituents and the mode of the bridging part between the two nitrogen atoms both exert significant influences upon the progress of the copolymerizations, influencing both the polycarbonate selectivity and the rate of copolymerization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongsheng Niu
- College of Chemistry & Pharmacy, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, 266109 China
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