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Cervantes L, López-Martínez G. Anoxia hormesis following overwintering diapause boosts bee survivorship and adult performance. Sci Total Environ 2022; 802:149934. [PMID: 34525715 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.149934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2021] [Revised: 08/13/2021] [Accepted: 08/23/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Insect pollination is a crucial component of our ecosystems and biodiversity, but our reliance on this ecosystem service has much broader implications. We depend on these pollination services to produce materials and food. But insect pollinators, especially bees, are in strong decline due to a plethora of factors, least of which are environmental abiotic stressors like climate change. The alfalfa leafcutting bee, Megachile rotundata, is the world's most managed solitary bee and is particularly vulnerable to changes in temperature. This species spends up to ten months overwintering while being exposed to the lowest temperatures of winters and the hottest temperatures of late summer. This results in usage of energy reserves prematurely and asynchronous spring emergence with their food resource. To understand the stress response of these bees and potentially boost their performance, we applied a hormetic framework where bees were exposure to different doses of anoxia (the absence of oxygen) to trigger hormesis; a low-dose stimulatory response known to lower damage and improve performance. We used hormesis on immature bees as a post-winter treatment with the goal of improving springtime performance in adults. One hour of anoxia had no negative effect on adult springtime emergence and bees were quick to recover. These bees were more active than untreated bees, as resistant to starvation, and as long-lived. Higher exposure to anoxia (3 h) was found to be mildly hormetic and 6-h exposures were detrimental. Anoxia hormesis did not represent a significant cost on the energy reserve of overwintering bees but we found that the age at which anoxia is applied will affect the effectiveness of treatment. Our data suggest that anoxia hormesis is a viable intervention to improve springtime performance in overwintering bees.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lidia Cervantes
- Department of Biology, New Mexico State University, Las Cruces, NM 88003, United States of America
| | - Giancarlo López-Martínez
- Department of Biological Sciences, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND 58102, United States of America.
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Li G, LeiQian, Gu P, Fan D. Dexmedetomidine post-conditioning attenuates cerebral ischemia following asphyxia cardiac arrest through down-regulation of apoptosis and neuroinflammation in rats. BMC Anesthesiol 2021; 21:180. [PMID: 34182937 PMCID: PMC8236741 DOI: 10.1186/s12871-021-01394-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2020] [Accepted: 06/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Neuroprotection strategies after cardiac arrest (CA)/cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) remain key areas of basic and clinical research. This study was designed to investigate the neuroprotective effects of dexmedetomidine following resuscitation and potential mechanisms. Methods Anesthetized rats underwent 6-min asphyxia-based cardiac arrest and resuscitation, after which the experimental group received a single intravenous dose of dexmedetomidine (25 μg/kg). Neurological outcomes and ataxia were assessed after the return of spontaneous circulation. The serum levels and brain expression of inflammation markers was examined, and apoptotic cells were quantified by TUNEL staining. Results Neuroprotection was enhanced by dexmedetomidine post-conditioning after the return of spontaneous circulation. This enhancement was characterized by the promotion of neurological function scores and coordination. In addition, dexmedetomidine post-conditioning attenuated the serum levels of the pro-inflammatory cytokine tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α at 2 h, as well as interleukin IL-1β at 2, 24, and 48 h. TUNEL staining showed that the number of apoptotic cells in the dexmedetomidine post-conditioning group was significantly reduced compared with the control group. Further western blot analysis indicated that dexmedetomidine markedly reduced the levels of caspase-3 and nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) in the brain. Conclusions Dexmedetomidine post-conditioning had a neuroprotective effect against cerebral injury following asphyxia-induced cardiac arrest. The mechanism was associated with the downregulation of apoptosis and neuroinflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guangqian Li
- School of Medicine, Universityof Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
| | - LeiQian
- School of Medicine, Universityof Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
| | - Pan Gu
- School of Medicine, Universityof Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
| | - Dan Fan
- School of Medicine, Universityof Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China. .,Department of Anesthesiology, Sichuan Academy of Medical Sciences and Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, No. 32 West Second Section, First RingRoad, Chengdu, 610072, Sichuan, China.
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Lieder HR, Braczko F, Gedik N, Stroetges M, Heusch G, Kleinbongard P. Cardioprotection by post-conditioning with exogenous triiodothyronine in isolated perfused rat hearts and isolated adult rat cardiomyocytes. Basic Res Cardiol 2021; 116:27. [PMID: 33876304 PMCID: PMC8055637 DOI: 10.1007/s00395-021-00868-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2021] [Accepted: 03/31/2021] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Ischemic post-conditioning (iPoCo) by coronary re-occlusion/reperfusion during immediate reperfusion after prolonged myocardial ischemia reduces infarct size. Mechanical manipulation of culprit lesions, however, carries the risk of coronary microembolization which may obscure iPoCo's cardioprotection. Pharmacological post-conditioning with exogenous triiodothyronine (T3) could serve as an alternative conditioning strategy. Similar to iPoCo, T3 may activate cardioprotective prosurvival pathways. We aimed to study T3's impact on infarct size and its underlying signal transduction. Hearts were isolated from male Lewis rats (200-380 g), buffer-perfused and subjected to 30 min/120 min global zero-flow ischemia/reperfusion (I/R). In additional hearts, either iPoCo (2 × 30 s/30 s I/R) was performed or T3 (100-500 µg/L) infused at reperfusion. Infarct size was demarcated with triphenyl tetrazolium chloride staining and calculated as percent of ventricular mass. Infarct size was reduced with iPoCo to 16 ± 7% vs. 36 ± 4% with I/R only. The maximum infarct size reduction was observed with 300 µg/L T3 (14 ± 2%). T3 increased the phosphorylation of protein kinase B and mitogen extracellular-regulated-kinase 1/2, both key enzymes of the reperfusion injury salvage kinase (RISK) pathway. Pharmacological RISK blockade (RISK-BL) during reperfusion abrogated T3's cardioprotection (35 ± 10%). Adult ventricular cardiomyocytes were isolated from buffer-perfused rat hearts and exposed to 30 min/5 min hypoxia/reoxygenation (H/R); reoxygenation was initiated without or with T3, respectively, and without or with RISK-BL, respectively. Maximal preservation of viability was observed with 500 µg/L T3 after H/R (27 ± 4% of all cells vs. 5 ± 3% in time-matched controls). Again, RISK-BL abrogated protection (11 ± 3%). Mitochondria were isolated at early reperfusion from buffer-perfused rat hearts without or with iPoCo or 300 µg/L T3, respectively, at reperfusion. T3 improved mitochondrial function (i.e.: increased respiration, adenosine triphosphate production, calcium retention capacity, and decreased reactive oxygen species formation) to a similar extent as iPoCo. T3 at reperfusion reduces infarct size by activation of the RISK pathway. T3's protection is a cardiomyocyte phenomenon and targets mitochondria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helmut Raphael Lieder
- Institute for Pathophysiology, West German Heart and Vascular Center, University of Essen Medical School, Hufelandstr. 55, 45122, Essen, Germany
| | - Felix Braczko
- Institute for Pathophysiology, West German Heart and Vascular Center, University of Essen Medical School, Hufelandstr. 55, 45122, Essen, Germany
| | - Nilgün Gedik
- Institute for Pathophysiology, West German Heart and Vascular Center, University of Essen Medical School, Hufelandstr. 55, 45122, Essen, Germany
| | - Merlin Stroetges
- Institute for Pathophysiology, West German Heart and Vascular Center, University of Essen Medical School, Hufelandstr. 55, 45122, Essen, Germany
| | - Gerd Heusch
- Institute for Pathophysiology, West German Heart and Vascular Center, University of Essen Medical School, Hufelandstr. 55, 45122, Essen, Germany
| | - Petra Kleinbongard
- Institute for Pathophysiology, West German Heart and Vascular Center, University of Essen Medical School, Hufelandstr. 55, 45122, Essen, Germany.
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Samandari H, Nabavizadeh F, Ashabi G. Age-related difference in protective effect of early post-conditioning on ischemic brain injury: possible involvement of MAP-2/Synaptophysin role. Metab Brain Dis 2019; 34:1771-1780. [PMID: 31471737 DOI: 10.1007/s11011-019-00484-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2019] [Accepted: 08/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Brain Ischemia/Reperfusion (I/R) injury leads to the failure of the microtubules function and neuronal death. Ischemic post-conditioning is defined as a series of rapid alternating interruptions of blood flow in the first seconds of reperfusion. In the present study, the caspase-3, Microtubule-Associated Protein-2 (MAP-2), Protein Kinase C α (PKCα), c-fos, and synaptophysin were evaluated in the hippocampus of focal I/R post-conditioning model in a time -dependent study in aged and young rats. Adult and aged rats were subjected to right MCAO for 30 min and post-conditioned (10 s) for 3 cycles. Sensory-motor tests were performed, and locomotion and anxiety-like behavior were evaluated. Molecular tests were done by detection kit, RT-PCR, and Western blotting techniques. Ninety-six hours after I/R post-conditioning, neurological signs, locomotion, anxiety-like behavior, and ischemic area were improved in young rats compared to 6 h after I/R post-conditioning (P < 0.001). Caspase-3 activity declined in the hippocampus and cortex of I/R post-conditioned young rats in 96 h after I/R post-conditioning compared with 6 h after I/R post-conditioning (P < 0.001). Also, MAP-2 mRNA, MAP-2 protein level, PKCα, c-fos and synaptophysin protein levels were enhanced during post-conditioning in young rats in 96 h after I/R post-conditioning compared with 6 h after induction of I/R post-conditioning. The results of the present study suggested that, early post-conditioning might be considered as a candidate for therapeutic methods against I/R in the adult animals not aged rats. Moreover, inhibition of cell death in post-conditioned ischemic rats was found to be regulated by some neuroprotective molecules as well as MAP-2 and c-fos in young rats. Graphical abstract Graphical abstract representing the post-conditioning (PC) treatment timeline in adult and old rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hedayat Samandari
- Electrophysiology Research Center, Neuroscience Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Nabavizadeh
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ghorbangol Ashabi
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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Silva-Palacios A, Ostolga-Chavarría M, Sánchez-Garibay C, Rojas-Morales P, Galván-Arzate S, Buelna-Chontal M, Pavón N, Pedraza-Chaverrí J, Königsberg M, Zazueta C. Sulforaphane protects from myocardial ischemia-reperfusion damage through the balanced activation of Nrf2/AhR. Free Radic Biol Med 2019; 143:331-340. [PMID: 31422078 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2019.08.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2019] [Revised: 07/16/2019] [Accepted: 08/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The activation of the transcription factor Nrf2 and the consequent increment in the antioxidant response might be a powerful strategy to contend against reperfusion damage. In this study we compared the effectiveness between sulforaphane (SFN), a well known activator of Nrf2 and the mechanical maneuver of post-conditioning (PostC) to confer cardioprotection in an in vivo cardiac ischemia-reperfusion model. We also evaluated if additional mechanisms, besides Nrf2 activation contribute to cardioprotection. Our results showed that SFN exerts an enhanced protective response as compared to PostC. Bot, strategies preserved cardiac function, decreased infarct size, oxidative stress and inflammation, through common protective pathways; however, the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) also participated in the protection conferred by SFN. Our data suggest that SFN-mediated cardioprotection involves transient Nrf2 activation, followed by phase I enzymes upregulation at the end of reperfusion, as a long-term protection mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Silva-Palacios
- Departamento de Biomedicina Cardiovascular, Instituto Nacional de Cardiología, Ignacio Chávez, Mexico; Departamento de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana-Iztapalapa, Mexico; Posgrado en Biología Experimental, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana-Iztapalapa, Mexico
| | - M Ostolga-Chavarría
- Departamento de Biomedicina Cardiovascular, Instituto Nacional de Cardiología, Ignacio Chávez, Mexico
| | - C Sánchez-Garibay
- Departamento de Neuropatología, Instituto Nacional de Neurología y Neurocirugía, Manuel Velasco Suárez, Mexico
| | - P Rojas-Morales
- Departamento de Biología, Facultad de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico
| | - S Galván-Arzate
- Departamento de Neuroquímica, Instituto Nacional de Neurología y Neurocirugía, Manuel Velasco Suarez, Mexico
| | - M Buelna-Chontal
- Departamento de Biomedicina Cardiovascular, Instituto Nacional de Cardiología, Ignacio Chávez, Mexico
| | - N Pavón
- Departamento de Farmacología, Instituto Nacional de Cardiología, Ignacio Chávez, Mexico
| | - J Pedraza-Chaverrí
- Departamento de Biología, Facultad de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico
| | - M Königsberg
- Departamento de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana-Iztapalapa, Mexico
| | - C Zazueta
- Departamento de Biomedicina Cardiovascular, Instituto Nacional de Cardiología, Ignacio Chávez, Mexico.
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Wang C, Wei Y, Yuan Y, Yu Y, Xie K, Dong B, Shi Y, Wang G. The role of PI3K-mediated AMPA receptor changes in post-conditioning of propofol in brain protection. BMC Neurosci 2019; 20:51. [PMID: 31570094 PMCID: PMC6771103 DOI: 10.1186/s12868-019-0532-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2019] [Accepted: 09/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background We aimed to study the role of amino-3-hydroxy-5-methylisoxazole-4-propionic acid receptor (AMPAR) glutamate receptor 2 (GluR2) subunit trafficking, and activity changes in short-term neuroprotection provided by propofol post-conditioning. We also aimed to determine the role of phosphoinositide-3-kinase (PI3K) in the regulation of these processes. Methods Rats underwent 1 h of focal cerebral ischemia followed by 23 h of reperfusion were randomly divided into 6 groups (n = 36 per group): sham- operation (S), ischemia–reperfusion (IR), propofol (P group, propofol 20 mg/kg/h at the onset of reperfusion for 2 h after 60 min of occlusion), and LY294002 (PI3K non-selective antagonist) + sham (L + S, LY294002 of 1.5 mg/kg was infused 30 min before sham operation), LY294002+ ischemia–reperfusion (L + IR, LY294002 of 1.5 mg/kg was infused 30 min before middle cerebral artery occlusion), LY294002 + IR + propofol (L + P, LY294002 of 1.5 mg/kg was infused 30 min before middle cerebral artery occlusion and propofol 20 mg/kg/h at the onset of reperfusion for 2 h after 60 min of occlusion). Results Compared with group IR, rats in group P had significant lower neurologic defect scores and infarct volume. Additionally, consistent with enhanced expression of PI3K-AMPAR GluR2 subunit complex substances in ipsilateral hippocampus, GluR2 subunits showed increased levels in both the plasma and postsynaptic membranes of neurons, while pGluR2 expression was reduced in group P. Furthermore, LY294002, the PI3K non-selective antagonist, blocked those effects. Conclusion These observations demonstrated that propofol post-conditioning revealed acute neuroprotective role against transient MCAO in rats. The short-term neuroprotective effect was contributed by enhanced GluR2 subunits trafficking to membrane and postsynaptic membranes of neurons, as well as down-regulated the expression of pGluR2 in damaged hippocampus. Finally, the above-mentioned protective mechanism might be contributed by increased combination of PI3K to AMPAR GluR2 subunit, thus maintained the expression and activation of AMPAR GluR2 in the ipsilateral hippocampus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenxu Wang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Tianjin Institute of Anesthesiology, General Hospital of Tianjin Medical University, No. 154 Anshan Road, Heping District, Tianjin, 300052, People's Republic of China
| | - Ying Wei
- Department of Anesthesiology, Tianjin People's Hospital, Tianjin Union Medical Center, Tianjin, 300191, China
| | - Yuan Yuan
- Department of Anesthesiology, Tianjin Institute of Anesthesiology, General Hospital of Tianjin Medical University, No. 154 Anshan Road, Heping District, Tianjin, 300052, People's Republic of China
| | - Yonghao Yu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Tianjin Institute of Anesthesiology, General Hospital of Tianjin Medical University, No. 154 Anshan Road, Heping District, Tianjin, 300052, People's Republic of China
| | - Keliang Xie
- Department of Anesthesiology, Tianjin Institute of Anesthesiology, General Hospital of Tianjin Medical University, No. 154 Anshan Road, Heping District, Tianjin, 300052, People's Republic of China
| | - Beibei Dong
- Department of Anesthesiology, Tianjin Institute of Anesthesiology, General Hospital of Tianjin Medical University, No. 154 Anshan Road, Heping District, Tianjin, 300052, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuan Shi
- Department of Anesthesiology, Tianjin Institute of Anesthesiology, General Hospital of Tianjin Medical University, No. 154 Anshan Road, Heping District, Tianjin, 300052, People's Republic of China
| | - Guolin Wang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Tianjin Institute of Anesthesiology, General Hospital of Tianjin Medical University, No. 154 Anshan Road, Heping District, Tianjin, 300052, People's Republic of China.
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Lanigan SM, O'Connor JJ. Prolyl hydroxylase domain inhibitors: can multiple mechanisms be an opportunity for ischemic stroke? Neuropharmacology 2018; 148:117-130. [PMID: 30578795 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2018.12.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2018] [Revised: 12/17/2018] [Accepted: 12/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Stroke and cerebrovascular disease are now the fifth most common cause of death behind other diseases such as heart, cancer and respiratory disease and accounts for approximately 40-50 fatalities per 100,000 people each year in the United States. Currently the only therapy for acute stroke, is intravenous administration of tissue plasminogen activator which was approved in 1996 by the FDA. Surprisingly no new treatments have come on the market since, although endovascular mechanical thrombectomy is showing promising results in trials. Recently focus has shifted towards a preventative therapy rather than trying to reverse or limit the amount of damage occurring following stroke onset. During one of the components of ischemia, hypoxia, a number of physiological changes occur within neurons which include the stabilization of hypoxia-inducible factors. The activity of these proteins is regulated by O2, Fe2+, 2-OG and ascorbate-dependant hydroxylases which contain prolyl-4-hydroxylase domains (PHDs). PHD inhibitors are capable of pharmacologically activating the body's own endogenous adaptive response to low levels of oxygen and have therefore become an attractive therapeutic target for treating ischemia. They have been widely used in the periphery and have been shown to have a preconditioning and protective effect against a later and more severe ischemic insult. Currently there are a number of these agents in phase 1, 2 and 3 clinical trials for the treatment of anemia. In this review we assess the neuroprotective effects of PHD inhibitors, including dimethyloxalylglycine and deferoxamine and suggest that not all of their effects in the CNS are HIF-dependent. Unravelling new roles and a better understanding of the function of PHD inhibitors in the CNS may be of great benefit especially when investigating their use in the treatment of stroke and other ischemic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sinead M Lanigan
- UCD School of Biomolecular & Biomedical Science, UCD Conway Institute of Biomolecular & Biomedical Research, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - John J O'Connor
- UCD School of Biomolecular & Biomedical Science, UCD Conway Institute of Biomolecular & Biomedical Research, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland.
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Kadzielawa K, Mathew B, Stelman CR, Lei AZ, Torres L, Roth S. Gene expression in retinal ischemic post-conditioning. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol 2018; 256:935-949. [PMID: 29504043 DOI: 10.1007/s00417-018-3905-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2017] [Revised: 11/30/2017] [Accepted: 01/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE The pathophysiology of retinal ischemia involves mechanisms including inflammation and apoptosis. Ischemic post-conditioning (Post-C), a brief non-lethal ischemia, induces a long-term ischemic tolerance, but the mechanisms of ischemic post-conditioning in the retina have only been described on a limited basis. Accordingly, we conducted this study to determine the molecular events in retinal ischemic post-conditioning and to identify targets for therapeutic strategies for retinal ischemia. METHODS To determine global molecular events in ischemic post-conditioning, a comprehensive study of the transcriptome of whole retina was performed. We utilized RNA sequencing (RNA-Seq), a recently developed, deep sequencing technique enabling quantitative gene expression, with low background noise, dynamic detection range, and discovery of novel genes. Rat retina was subjected to ischemia in vivo by elevation of intraocular pressure above systolic blood pressure. At 24 h after ischemia, Post-C or sham Post-C was performed by another, briefer period of ischemia, and 24 h later, retinas were collected and RNA processed. RESULTS There were 71 significantly affected pathways in post-conditioned/ischemic vs. normals and 43 in sham post conditioned/ischemic vs. normals. Of these, 28 were unique to Post-C and ischemia. Seven biological pathways relevant to ischemic injury, in Post-C as opposed to sham Post-C, were examined in detail. Apoptosis, p53, cell cycle, JAK-STAT, HIF-1, MAPK and PI3K-Akt pathways significantly differed in the number as well as degree of fold change in genes between conditions. CONCLUSION Post-C is a complex molecular signaling process with a multitude of altered molecular pathways. We identified potential gene candidates in Post-C. Studying the impact of altering expression of these factors may yield insight into new methods for treating or preventing damage from retinal ischemic disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Konrad Kadzielawa
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Biji Mathew
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Clara R Stelman
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Arden Zhengdeng Lei
- Center for Research Bioinformatics, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Leianne Torres
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Steven Roth
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA. .,Department of Ophthalmology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA. .,Department of Anesthesiology, MC 515, University of Illinois Medical Center, 1740 West Taylor Street, Chicago, IL, 60612, USA.
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Calabrese EJ. Post-conditioning hormesis creates a "subtraction to background" disease process: biological, aging, and environmental risk assessment implications. J Cell Commun Signal 2018; 12:31-34. [PMID: 29344792 DOI: 10.1007/s12079-018-0447-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2017] [Accepted: 01/05/2018] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
The interaction of background disease processes with environmental induced diseases has long been an issue of considerable interest and debate with respect to its impact on risk assessment. Whether and to what extent these processes should be considered independent or additive to background has been the principal focus of debate. The concept of hormesis, a biphasic dose response characterized by a low dose stimulation and a high dose inhibition, as framed within the context of post-conditioning, reveal the occurrence of a third type of "background" possibility, that of "subtraction to background". This novel application of the hormesis concept, which is framed within the biological context of post-conditioning adaptive processes, offers considerable implications for the assessment of aging and environmental risk assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edward J Calabrese
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, University of Massachusetts, Morrill I, N344, Amherst, MA, 01003, USA.
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Sun W, Yang J, Zhang Y, Xi Y, Wen X, Yuan D, Wang Y, Wei C, Wang R, Wu L, Li H, Xu C. Exogenous H 2S restores ischemic post-conditioning-induced cardioprotection through inhibiting endoplasmic reticulum stress in the aged cardiomyocytes. Cell Biosci 2017; 7:67. [PMID: 29238517 PMCID: PMC5725883 DOI: 10.1186/s13578-017-0196-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2017] [Accepted: 12/03/2017] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Background A gasotransmitter hydrogen sulfide (H2S) plays an important physiological and pathological role in cardiovascular system. Ischemic post-conditioning (PC) provides cardioprotection in the young hearts but not in the aged hearts. Exogenous H2S restores PC-induced cardioprotection by inhibition of mitochondrial permeability transition pore opening and oxidative stress and increase of autophagy in the aged hearts. However, whether H2S contributes to the recovery of PC-induced cardioprotection via down-regulation of endoplasmic reticulum stress (ERS) in the aged hearts is unclear. Methods The aged H9C2 cells (the cardiomyocytes line) were induced using H2O2 and were exposed to H/R and PC protocols. Cell viability was observed by CCK-8 kit. Apoptosis was detected by Hoechst 33342 staining and flow cytometry. Related protein expressions were detected through Western blot. Results In the present study, we found that 30 μM H2O2 induced H9C2 cells senescence but not apoptosis. Supplementation of NaHS protected against H/R-induced apoptosis, the expression of cleaved caspase-3 and cleaved caspase-9 and the release of cytochrome c. The addition of NaHS also counteracted the reduction of cell viability caused by H/R and decreased the expression of GRP 78, CHOP, cleaved caspase-12, ATF 4, ATF 6 and XBP-1 and the phosphorylation of PERK, eIF 2α and IRE 1α. Additionally, NaHS increased Bcl-2 expression. PC alone did not provide cardioprotection in H/R-treated aged cardiomyocytes, which was significantly restored by the supplementation of NaHS. The beneficial role of NaHS was similar to the supply of 4-PBA (an inhibitor of ERS), GSK2656157 (an inhibitor of PERK), STF083010 (an inhibitor of IRE 1α), respectively, during PC. Conclusion Our results suggest that the recovery of myocardial protection from PC by exogenous H2S is associated with the inhibition of ERS via down-regulating PERK-eIF 2α-ATF 4, IRE 1α-XBP-1 and ATF 6 pathways in the aged cardiomyocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiming Sun
- Department of Pathophysiology, Harbin Medical University, Baojian Road, Harbin, 150081 China.,The Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Medicine Research (Harbin Medical University), Ministry of Education, Harbin, China
| | - Jinxia Yang
- Department of Pathophysiology, Harbin Medical University, Baojian Road, Harbin, 150081 China.,Department of Pathology, Daqing Medical College, Daqing, China
| | - Yuanzhou Zhang
- Department of Pathophysiology, Harbin Medical University, Baojian Road, Harbin, 150081 China.,The Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Medicine Research (Harbin Medical University), Ministry of Education, Harbin, China
| | - Yuxin Xi
- Department of Pathophysiology, Harbin Medical University, Baojian Road, Harbin, 150081 China.,The Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Medicine Research (Harbin Medical University), Ministry of Education, Harbin, China
| | - Xin Wen
- Department of Pathophysiology, Harbin Medical University, Baojian Road, Harbin, 150081 China.,The Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Medicine Research (Harbin Medical University), Ministry of Education, Harbin, China
| | - Di Yuan
- Department of Pathophysiology, Harbin Medical University, Baojian Road, Harbin, 150081 China.,The Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Medicine Research (Harbin Medical University), Ministry of Education, Harbin, China
| | - Yuehong Wang
- Department of Pathophysiology, Harbin Medical University, Baojian Road, Harbin, 150081 China.,The Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Medicine Research (Harbin Medical University), Ministry of Education, Harbin, China
| | - Can Wei
- Department of Pathophysiology, Harbin Medical University, Baojian Road, Harbin, 150081 China.,The Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Medicine Research (Harbin Medical University), Ministry of Education, Harbin, China
| | - Rui Wang
- The Cardiovascular and Metabolic Research Unit, Laurentian University, Sudbury, Canada
| | - Lingyun Wu
- The Cardiovascular and Metabolic Research Unit, Laurentian University, Sudbury, Canada
| | - Hongzhu Li
- Department of Pathophysiology, Harbin Medical University, Baojian Road, Harbin, 150081 China.,The Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Medicine Research (Harbin Medical University), Ministry of Education, Harbin, China
| | - Changqing Xu
- Department of Pathophysiology, Harbin Medical University, Baojian Road, Harbin, 150081 China.,The Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Medicine Research (Harbin Medical University), Ministry of Education, Harbin, China
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11
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Vyas FS, Nelson CP, Dickenson JM. Role of transglutaminase 2 in A 1 adenosine receptor- and β 2-adrenoceptor-mediated pharmacological pre- and post-conditioning against hypoxia-reoxygenation-induced cell death in H9c2 cells. Eur J Pharmacol 2017; 819:144-160. [PMID: 29208472 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2017.11.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2017] [Revised: 11/20/2017] [Accepted: 11/30/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Pharmacologically-induced pre- and post-conditioning represent attractive therapeutic strategies to reduce ischaemia/reperfusion injury during cardiac surgery and following myocardial infarction. We have previously reported that transglutaminase 2 (TG2) activity is modulated by the A1 adenosine receptor and β2-adrenoceptor in H9c2 cardiomyoblasts. The primary aim of this study was to determine the role of TG2 in A1 adenosine receptor and β2-adrenoceptor-induced pharmacological pre- and post-conditioning in the H9c2 cells. H9c2 cells were exposed to 8h hypoxia (1% O2) followed by 18h reoxygenation, after which cell viability was assessed by monitoring mitochondrial reduction of MTT, lactate dehydrogenase release and caspase-3 activation. N6-cyclopentyladenosine (CPA; A1 adenosine receptor agonist), formoterol (β2-adrenoceptor agonist) or isoprenaline (non-selective β-adrenoceptor agonist) were added before hypoxia/reoxygenation (pre-conditioning) or at the start of reoxygenation following hypoxia (post-conditioning). Pharmacological pre- and post-conditioning with CPA and isoprenaline significantly reduced hypoxia/reoxygenation-induced cell death. In contrast, formoterol did not elicit protection. Pre-treatment with pertussis toxin (Gi/o-protein inhibitor), DPCPX (A1 adenosine receptor antagonist) or TG2 inhibitors (Z-DON and R283) attenuated the A1 adenosine receptor-induced pharmacological pre- and post-conditioning. Similarly, pertussis toxin, ICI 118,551 (β2-adrenoceptor antagonist) or TG2 inhibition attenuated the isoprenaline-induced cell survival. Knockdown of TG2 using small interfering RNA (siRNA) attenuated CPA and isoprenaline-induced pharmacological pre- and post-conditioning. Finally, proteomic analysis following isoprenaline treatment identified known (e.g. protein S100-A6) and novel (e.g. adenine phosphoribosyltransferase) protein substrates for TG2. These results have shown that A1 adenosine receptor and β2-adrenoceptor-induced protection against simulated hypoxia/reoxygenation occurs in a TG2 and Gi/o-protein dependent manner in H9c2 cardiomyoblasts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Falguni S Vyas
- School of Science and Technology, Nottingham Trent University, Clifton Lane, Nottingham NG11 8NS, UK
| | - Carl P Nelson
- School of Science and Technology, Nottingham Trent University, Clifton Lane, Nottingham NG11 8NS, UK
| | - John M Dickenson
- School of Science and Technology, Nottingham Trent University, Clifton Lane, Nottingham NG11 8NS, UK.
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12
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Doeppner TR, Doehring M, Kaltwasser B, Majid A, Lin F, Bähr M, Kilic E, Hermann DM. Ischemic Post-Conditioning Induces Post-Stroke Neuroprotection via Hsp70-Mediated Proteasome Inhibition and Facilitates Neural Progenitor Cell Transplantation. Mol Neurobiol 2016; 54:6061-6073. [PMID: 27699598 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-016-0137-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2016] [Accepted: 09/16/2016] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
In view of the failure of pharmacological therapies, alternative strategies promoting post-stroke brain repair are needed. Post-conditioning is a potentially promising therapeutic strategy, which induces acute neuroprotection against ischemic injury. To elucidate longer lasting actions of ischemic post-conditioning, mice were exposed to a 60-min stroke and post-conditioning by an additional 10-min stroke that was induced 10 min after reperfusion onset. Animals were sacrificed 24 h or 28 days post-stroke. Post-conditioning reduced infarct volume and neurological deficits 24 h post-stroke, enhancing blood-brain barrier integrity, reducing brain leukocyte infiltration, and reducing oxidative stress. On the molecular level, post-conditioning yielded increased Hsp70 expression, whereas nuclear factor (NF)-κB and proteasome activities were decreased. Reduced infarct volume and proteasome inhibition were reversed by Hsp70 knockdown, suggesting a critical role of the Hsp70 proteasome pathway in ischemic post-conditioning. The survival-promoting effects of ischemic post-conditioning, however, were not sustainable as neuroprotection and neurological recovery were lost 28 days post-stroke. Although angioneurogenesis was not increased by post-conditioning, the favorable extracellular milieu facilitated intracerebral transplantation of neural progenitor cells 6 h post-stroke, resulting in persisted neuroprotection and neurological recovery. Thus, post-conditioning might support brain repair processes, but in view of its transient, neuroprotection is unlikely useful as stroke therapy in its current form.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thorsten R Doeppner
- Department of Neurology, University of Duisburg-Essen Medical School, Essen, Germany. .,Regenerative and Restorative Medical Research Center, Istanbul Medipol University, Istanbul, Turkey. .,Department of Neurology, University of Göttingen Medical School, Göttingen, Germany.
| | - Maria Doehring
- Oberhavel Kliniken, Department of Internal Medicine, Oranienburg, Germany
| | - Britta Kaltwasser
- Department of Neurology, University of Duisburg-Essen Medical School, Essen, Germany
| | - Arshad Majid
- Sheffield Institute for Translational Neuroscience, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - Fengyan Lin
- Cancer Center, The First Affiliated Hospital, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Mathias Bähr
- Department of Neurology, University of Göttingen Medical School, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Ertugrul Kilic
- Regenerative and Restorative Medical Research Center, Istanbul Medipol University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Dirk M Hermann
- Department of Neurology, University of Duisburg-Essen Medical School, Essen, Germany
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13
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Chen J, Gao J, Sun W, Li L, Wang Y, Bai S, Li X, Wang R, Wu L, Li H, Xu C. Involvement of exogenous H2S in recovery of cardioprotection from ischemic post-conditioning via increase of autophagy in the aged hearts. Int J Cardiol 2016; 220:681-92. [PMID: 27393850 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijcard.2016.06.200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2016] [Revised: 05/13/2016] [Accepted: 06/25/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hydrogen sulfide (H2S), which is a member of the gasotransmitter family, plays an important physiological and pathological role in cardiovascular system. Ischemic post-conditioning (PC) provides myocardial protective effect in the young hearts but not in the aged hearts. Exogenous H2S restores PC-induced cardioprotection by inhibition of mitochondrial permeability transition pore (mPTP) in the aged hearts. However, whether H2S contributes to the recovery of PC-induced cardioprotection via up-regulation of autophagy in the aged hearts is unclear. METHODS The isolated aged rat hearts (24-months-old, 450-500g) and aged cardiomyocytes-induced by d-galactose were exposed to an ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) and PC protocol. RESULTS We found PC lost cardioprotection in the aged hearts and cardiomyocytes. NaHS (a H2S donor) significantly restored cardioprotection of PC through decreasing myocardial damage, infarct size, and apoptosis, improving cardiac function, increasing cell viability and autophagy in the aged hearts and cardiomyocytes. 3-MA (an autophagy inhibitor) abolished beneficial effect of NaHS in the aged hearts. In addition, in the aged cardiomyocytes, NaHS up-regulated AMPK/mTOR pathway, and the effect of NaHS on PC was similar to the overexpression of Atg 5, treatment of AICAR (an AMPK activator) or Rapamycin (a mTOR inhibitor, an autophagy activator), respectively. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that exogenous H2S restores cardioprotection from PC by up-regulation of autophagy via activation of AMPK/mTOR pathway in the aged hearts and cardiomyocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junting Chen
- Department of Pathophysiology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China; The Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Medicine Research (Harbin Medical University), Ministry of Education, Harbin, China
| | - Jun Gao
- Department of Osteology, The First Hospital of Harbin, Harbin, China
| | - Weiming Sun
- Department of Pathophysiology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China; The Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Medicine Research (Harbin Medical University), Ministry of Education, Harbin, China
| | - Lina Li
- Department of Pathophysiology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China; The Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Medicine Research (Harbin Medical University), Ministry of Education, Harbin, China
| | - Yuehong Wang
- Department of Pathophysiology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China; The Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Medicine Research (Harbin Medical University), Ministry of Education, Harbin, China
| | - Shuzhi Bai
- Department of Pathophysiology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China; The Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Medicine Research (Harbin Medical University), Ministry of Education, Harbin, China
| | - Xiaoxue Li
- Department of Pathophysiology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China; The Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Medicine Research (Harbin Medical University), Ministry of Education, Harbin, China
| | - Rui Wang
- The Cardiovascular and Metabolic Research Unit, Laurentian University, Sudbury, Canada
| | - Lingyun Wu
- The Cardiovascular and Metabolic Research Unit, Laurentian University, Sudbury, Canada
| | - Hongzhu Li
- Department of Pathophysiology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China; The Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Medicine Research (Harbin Medical University), Ministry of Education, Harbin, China.
| | - Changqing Xu
- Department of Pathophysiology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China; The Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Medicine Research (Harbin Medical University), Ministry of Education, Harbin, China.
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14
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Abstract
Ischemia-reperfusion injury is a common feature of ischemic stroke, which occurs when blood supply is restored after a period of ischemia. Reperfusion can be achieved either by thrombolysis using thrombolytic reagents such as tissue plasminogen activator (tPA), or through mechanical removal of thrombi. Spontaneous reperfusion also occurs after ischemic stroke. However, despite the beneficial effect of restored oxygen supply by reperfusion, it also causes deleterious effect compared with permanent ischemia. With the recent advancement in endovascular therapy including thrombectomy and thrombus disruption, reperfusion-injury has become an increasingly critical challenge in stroke treatment. It is therefore of extreme importance to understand the mechanisms of ischemia-reperfusion injury in the brain in order to develop effective therapeutics. Accumulating experimental evidence have suggested that the mechanisms of ischemia-reperfusion injury include oxidative stress, leukocyte infiltration, platelet adhesion and aggregation, complement activation, mitochondrial mediated mechanisms, and blood-brain-barrier (BBB) disruption, which altogether ultimately lead to edema or hemorrhagic transformation (HT) in the brain. Potential therapeutic strategies against ischemia-reperfusion injury may be developed targeting these mechanisms. In this review, we briefly discuss the pathophysiology and cellular and molecular mechanisms of cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury, and potential therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin L
- Institute of Molecular Pharmacology, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325035, PR China.,Departments of Radiology and Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Wang X
- Departments of Radiology and Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Yu Z
- Departments of Radiology and Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
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15
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Li L, Li M, Li Y, Sun W, Wang Y, Bai S, Li H, Wu B, Yang G, Wang R, Wu L, Li H, Xu C. Exogenous H2S contributes to recovery of ischemic post-conditioning-induced cardioprotection by decrease of ROS level via down-regulation of NF-κB and JAK2-STAT3 pathways in the aging cardiomyocytes. Cell Biosci 2016; 6:26. [PMID: 27096074 PMCID: PMC4836181 DOI: 10.1186/s13578-016-0090-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2016] [Accepted: 04/04/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Hydrogen sulfide (H2S), a third member of gasotransmitter family along with nitric oxide and carbon monoxide, generated from mainly catalyzed by cystathionine-lyase, possesses important functions in the cardiovascular system. Ischemic post-conditioning (PC) strongly protects against the hypoxia/reoxygenation (H/R)-induced injury and apoptosis of cardiomyocytes. However, PC protection is ineffective in the aging cardiomyocytes. Whether H2S restores PC-induced cardioprotection by decrease of reactive oxygen species (ROS) level in the aging cardiomyocytes is unknown. Methods The aging cardiomyocytes were induced by treatment of primary cultures of neonatal cardiomyocytes using d-galactose and were exposed to H/R and PC protocols. Cell viability was observed by CCK-8 kit. Apoptosis was detected by Hoechst 33342 staining and flow cytometry. ROS level was analyzed using spectrofluorimeter. Related protein expressions were detected through Western blot. Results Treatment of NaHS (a H2S donor) protected against H/R-induced apoptosis, cell damage, the expression of cleaved caspase-3 and cleaved caspase-9, the release of cytochrome c (Cyt c). The supplementation of NaHS also decreased the activity of LDH and CK, MDA contents, ROS levels and the phosphorylation of IκBα, NF-κB, JNK2 and STAT3, and increased cell viability, the expression of Bcl-2, the activity of SOD, CAT and GSH-PX. PC alone did not provide cardioprotection in H/R-treated aging cardiomyocytes, which was significantly restored by the addition of NaHS. The beneficial role of NaHS was similar to the supply of N-acetyl-cysteine (NAC, an inhibitor of ROS), Ammonium pyrrolidinedithiocarbamate (PDTC, an inhibitor of NF-κB) and AG 490 (an inhibitor of JNK2), respectively, during PC. Conclusion Our results suggest that exogenous H2S contributes to recovery of PC-induced cardioprotection by decrease of ROS level via down-regulation of NF-κB and JAK2/STAT3 pathways in the aging cardiomyocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lina Li
- Department of Pathophysiology, Harbin Medical University, Baojian Road, Harbin, 150081 China.,The Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Medicine Research, Harbin Medical University, Ministry of Education, Harbin, China
| | - Meixiu Li
- Department of Pathophysiology, Harbin Medical University, Baojian Road, Harbin, 150081 China.,The Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Medicine Research, Harbin Medical University, Ministry of Education, Harbin, China
| | - Youyou Li
- Department of Pathophysiology, Harbin Medical University, Baojian Road, Harbin, 150081 China.,The Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Medicine Research, Harbin Medical University, Ministry of Education, Harbin, China
| | - Weiming Sun
- Department of Pathophysiology, Harbin Medical University, Baojian Road, Harbin, 150081 China.,The Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Medicine Research, Harbin Medical University, Ministry of Education, Harbin, China
| | - Yuehong Wang
- Department of Pathophysiology, Harbin Medical University, Baojian Road, Harbin, 150081 China.,The Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Medicine Research, Harbin Medical University, Ministry of Education, Harbin, China
| | - Shuzhi Bai
- Department of Pathophysiology, Harbin Medical University, Baojian Road, Harbin, 150081 China.,The Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Medicine Research, Harbin Medical University, Ministry of Education, Harbin, China
| | - Hongxia Li
- Department of Pathophysiology, Harbin Medical University, Baojian Road, Harbin, 150081 China.,The Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Medicine Research, Harbin Medical University, Ministry of Education, Harbin, China
| | - Bo Wu
- Department of Pathophysiology, Harbin Medical University, Baojian Road, Harbin, 150081 China.,The Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Medicine Research, Harbin Medical University, Ministry of Education, Harbin, China
| | - Guangdong Yang
- The Cardiovascular and Metabolic Research Unit, Laurentian University, Sudbury, ON Canada
| | - Rui Wang
- The Cardiovascular and Metabolic Research Unit, Laurentian University, Sudbury, ON Canada
| | - Lingyun Wu
- The Cardiovascular and Metabolic Research Unit, Laurentian University, Sudbury, ON Canada
| | - Hongzhu Li
- Department of Pathophysiology, Harbin Medical University, Baojian Road, Harbin, 150081 China.,The Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Medicine Research, Harbin Medical University, Ministry of Education, Harbin, China
| | - Changing Xu
- Department of Pathophysiology, Harbin Medical University, Baojian Road, Harbin, 150081 China.,The Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Medicine Research, Harbin Medical University, Ministry of Education, Harbin, China
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16
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Wei C, Gao J, Li M, Li H, Wang Y, Li H, Xu C. Dopamine D2 receptors contribute to cardioprotection of ischemic post-conditioning via activating autophagy in isolated rat hearts. Int J Cardiol 2015; 203:837-9. [PMID: 26599746 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijcard.2015.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2015] [Accepted: 11/03/2015] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Can Wei
- Department of Pathophysiology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150081, China
| | - Jun Gao
- Department of Orthopeadic Surgery, The First Hospital of Harbin, Harbin 150010, China
| | - Meixiu Li
- Department of Pathophysiology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150081, China
| | - Hong Li
- Department of Pathophysiology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150081, China
| | - Yuehong Wang
- Department of Pathophysiology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150081, China
| | - Hongzhu Li
- Department of Pathophysiology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150081, China.
| | - Changqing Xu
- Department of Pathophysiology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150081, China.
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17
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Correa F, Buelna-Chontal M, Chagoya V, García-Rivas G, Vigueras RM, Pedraza-Chaverri J, García-Niño WR, Hernández-Pando R, León-Contreras JC, Zazueta C. Inhibition of the nitric oxide/cyclic guanosine monophosphate pathway limited the cardioprotective effect of post-conditioning in hearts with apical myocardial infarction. Eur J Pharmacol 2015; 765:472-81. [PMID: 26387613 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2015.09.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2015] [Revised: 09/09/2015] [Accepted: 09/14/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Reperfusion damage involves opening of the mitochondrial permeability transition pore (mPTP) and loss of ATP synthesis. Several cardioprotective pathways are activated by ischemic or pharmacological post-conditioning (PC). The mechanisms that are activated by PC in no co-morbidity murine models include: activation of rescue kinases, oxidative stress reduction, glycolytic flux regulation and preservation of ATP synthesis. However, relatively scarce efforts have been made to define whether the efficacy of PC signaling is blunted by risk factors or systemic diseases associated with ischemic heart pathology. Experimental evidence has shown that the nitric oxide (NO)/cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP) signaling is a main mechanism activated by PC in hearts without pathological history. In this work we evaluated the participation of the NO pathway, through downstream kinase activation and inhibition of mPTP in hearts with previous infarct. Myocardial infarction was induced with a single dose of isoproterenol (85 mg/kg i.p.) to male Wistar rats. After 24 h, the hearts were mounted into the Langendorff system and subjected to 30 min of ischemia and 60 min of reperfusion. PC consisted of 5 cycles of 30 s of reperfusion/30 s of ischemia, then the hearts were reperfused with or without inhibitors of the NO/cGMP pathway. PC activates the NO/cGMP pathway, as increased cGMP and NO levels were detected in isoproterenol-treated hearts. The cardioprotective effect of PC was abolished with both L-NAME (inhibitor of constitutive NO synthase) and ODQ (inhibitor of soluble guanylate cyclase), whereas the NO donor (DETA-NO) restored cardioprotection even in the presence of L-NAME or ODQ. We also found that mitochondrial structure and function was preserved in PC hearts. We conclude that PC exerts cardioprotection in hearts with previous infarct by maintaining mitochondrial structure and function through NO-dependent pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisco Correa
- Departamento de Biomedicina Cardiovascular, Instituto Nacional de Cardiología, I. Ch., Juan Badiano No. 1., Col. Sección XVI, México D.F. 14080, Mexico.
| | - Mabel Buelna-Chontal
- Departamento de Biomedicina Cardiovascular, Instituto Nacional de Cardiología, I. Ch., Juan Badiano No. 1., Col. Sección XVI, México D.F. 14080, Mexico
| | - Victoria Chagoya
- Departamento de Biología Celular, Instituto de Fisiología Celular, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, México, D.F., Mexico
| | - Gerardo García-Rivas
- Centro de Innovación y Transferencia en Salud de la Escuela de Medicina del Tecnológico de Monterrey, Cátedra de Cardiología y Medicina Vascular, Instituto de Cardiología y Medicina Vascular del Tecnológico de Monterrey, Monterrey, N.L. 64710, Mexico
| | - Rosa María Vigueras
- Laboratorio de Histomorfología, Torre de Investigación, Instituto Nacional de Pediatría, SS, México D.F. 04530, Mexico
| | - José Pedraza-Chaverri
- Departamento de Biología, Facultad de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, 04510 México DF, Mexico
| | - Wylly Ramsés García-Niño
- Departamento de Biomedicina Cardiovascular, Instituto Nacional de Cardiología, I. Ch., Juan Badiano No. 1., Col. Sección XVI, México D.F. 14080, Mexico
| | - Rogelio Hernández-Pando
- Sección de Patología Experimental, Departamento de Patología, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Av. Vasco De Quiroga 15, Tlalpan, México D.F., Mexico
| | - Juan Carlos León-Contreras
- Sección de Patología Experimental, Departamento de Patología, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Av. Vasco De Quiroga 15, Tlalpan, México D.F., Mexico
| | - Cecilia Zazueta
- Departamento de Biomedicina Cardiovascular, Instituto Nacional de Cardiología, I. Ch., Juan Badiano No. 1., Col. Sección XVI, México D.F. 14080, Mexico
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18
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Li H, Zhang C, Sun W, Li L, Wu B, Bai S, Li H, Zhong X, Wang R, Wu L, Xu C. Exogenous hydrogen sulfide restores cardioprotection of ischemic post-conditioning via inhibition of mPTP opening in the aging cardiomyocytes. Cell Biosci 2015; 5:43. [PMID: 26229588 PMCID: PMC4520088 DOI: 10.1186/s13578-015-0035-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2015] [Accepted: 07/20/2015] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The physiological and pathological roles of hydrogen sulfide (H2S) in the regulation of cardiovascular functions have been recognized. H2S protects against the hypoxia/reoxygenation (H/R)-induced injury and apoptosis of cardiomyocytes, and ischemic post-conditioning (PC) plays an important role in cardioprotection from H/R injury in neonatal cardiomyocytes but not in aging cardiomyocytes. Whether H2S is involved in the recovery of PC-induced cardioprotection in aging cardiomyocytes is unclear. In the present study, we found that both H/R and PC decreased cystathionine-γ-lyase (CSE) expression and the production rate of H2S. Supplementation of NaHS protected against H/R-induced apoptosis, the expression of cleaved caspase-3 and cleaved caspase-9, the release of cytochrome c (Cyt c), and mPTP opening. The addition of NaHS also counteracted the reduction of cell viability caused by H/R and increased the phosphorylation of ERK1/2, PI3K, Akt, GSK-3β and mitochondrial membrane potential. Additionally, NaHS increased Bcl-2 expression, promoted PKC-ε translocation to the cell membrane, and activated mitochondrial ATP-sensitive K channels (mitoKATP). PC alone did not provide cardioprotection in H/R-treated aging cardiomyocytes, which was significantly restored by the supplementation of NaHS. In conclusion, our results suggest that exogenous H2S restores PC-induced cardioprotection via the inhibition of mPTP opening by the activation of the ERK1/2-GSK-3β, PI3K-Akt-GSK-3β and PKC-ε-mitoKATP pathways in aging cardiomyocytes. These findings provide a novel target for the treatment of aging ischemic cardiomyopathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongzhu Li
- Department of Pathophysiology, Harbin Medical University, Baojian Road, Harbin, 150081 China ; The Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Medicine Research (Harbin Medical University), Ministry of Education, Harbin, 150086 China
| | - Chao Zhang
- Department of Emergency, Heilongjiang Provincial Hospital, Harbin, 150036 China
| | - Weiming Sun
- Department of Pathophysiology, Harbin Medical University, Baojian Road, Harbin, 150081 China
| | - Lina Li
- Department of Pathophysiology, Harbin Medical University, Baojian Road, Harbin, 150081 China
| | - Bo Wu
- Department of Pathophysiology, Harbin Medical University, Baojian Road, Harbin, 150081 China
| | - Shuzhi Bai
- Department of Pathophysiology, Harbin Medical University, Baojian Road, Harbin, 150081 China
| | - Hongxia Li
- Department of Pathophysiology, Harbin Medical University, Baojian Road, Harbin, 150081 China
| | - Xin Zhong
- Department of Pathophysiology, Harbin Medical University, Baojian Road, Harbin, 150081 China ; The Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Medicine Research (Harbin Medical University), Ministry of Education, Harbin, 150086 China
| | - Rui Wang
- Department of Biology, Lakehead University, Thunder Bay, ON P7B 5E1 Canada
| | - Lingyun Wu
- Department of Health Science, Lakehead University, Thunder Bay, ON P7B 5E1 Canada
| | - Changqing Xu
- Department of Pathophysiology, Harbin Medical University, Baojian Road, Harbin, 150081 China ; The Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Medicine Research (Harbin Medical University), Ministry of Education, Harbin, 150086 China
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19
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Boukhris M, Bousselmi R, Tomasello SD, Elhadj ZI, Azzarelli S, Marzà F, Galassi AR. Mechanical post-conditioning in STEMI patients undergoing primary percutaneous coronary intervention. J Saudi Heart Assoc 2015; 27:192-200. [PMID: 26136633 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsha.2014.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2014] [Revised: 11/05/2014] [Accepted: 11/11/2014] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Although early myocardial reperfusion via primary percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) allows the preservation of left ventricular function and improves outcome, the acute restoration of blood flow may contribute to the pathophysiology of infarction, a complex phenomenon called reperfusion injury. First described in animal models of coronary obstruction, mechanical post-conditioning, a sequence of repetitive interruption of coronary blood flow applied immediately after reopening of the occluded vessel, was able to reduce the infarct size. However, evidence of its real benefit remains controversial. This review describes the mechanisms of post-conditioning action and the different protocols employed focusing on its impact on primary PCI outcome.
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Bochaton T, Crola-Da-Silva C, Pillot B, Villedieu C, Ferreras L, Alam MR, Thibault H, Strina M, Gharib A, Ovize M, Baetz D. Inhibition of myocardial reperfusion injury by ischemic postconditioning requires sirtuin 3-mediated deacetylation of cyclophilin D. J Mol Cell Cardiol 2015; 84:61-9. [PMID: 25871830 DOI: 10.1016/j.yjmcc.2015.03.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2014] [Revised: 03/26/2015] [Accepted: 03/27/2015] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE How ischemic postconditioning can inhibit opening of the mitochondrial permeability transition pore (PTP) and subsequent cardiac myocytes death at reperfusion remains unknown. Recent studies have suggested that de-acetylation of cyclophilin D (CyPD) by sirtuin 3 (SIRT3) can modulate its binding to the PTP. OBJECTIVE The aim of the present study was to examine whether ischemic postconditioning (PostC) might activate SIRT3 and consequently prevent lethal myocardial reperfusion injury through a deacetylation of CyPD. METHODS AND RESULTS Using hypoxia-reoxygenation (H/R) in H9C2 cells, we showed that SIRT3 overexpression prevented CyPD acetylation, limited PTP opening and reduced cell death by 24%. In vitro modification of the CyPD acetylation status in MEFs by site-directed mutagenesis altered capacity of PTP opening by calcium. Calcium Retention Capacity (CRC) was significantly decreased with CyPD-KQ that mimics acetylated protein compared with CyPD WT (871 ± 266 vs 1193 ± 263 nmoles Ca(2+)/mg protein respectively). Cells expressing non-acetylable CyPD mutant (CyPD-KR) displayed 20% decrease in cell death compared to cells expressing CyPD WT after H/R. Correspondingly, in mice we showed that cardiac ischemic postconditioning could not reduce infarct size and CyPD acetylation in SIRT3 KO mice, and was unable to restore CRC in mitochondria as it is observed in WT mice. CONCLUSIONS Our study suggests that the increased acetylation of CyPD following myocardial ischemia-reperfusion facilitates PTP opening and subsequent cell death. Therefore ischemic postconditioning might prevent lethal reperfusion injury through an increased SIRT3 activity and subsequent attenuation of CyPD acetylation at reperfusion.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Bochaton
- INSERM U1060, CarMeN Laboratory, Claude Bernard Lyon 1 University, F-69373 Lyon, France; Hospices Civils de Lyon, Hôpital Louis Pradel, Service d'Explorations Fonctionnelles Cardiovasculaires & CIC de Lyon, F-69394 Lyon, France
| | - C Crola-Da-Silva
- INSERM U1060, CarMeN Laboratory, Claude Bernard Lyon 1 University, F-69373 Lyon, France
| | - B Pillot
- INSERM U1060, CarMeN Laboratory, Claude Bernard Lyon 1 University, F-69373 Lyon, France
| | - C Villedieu
- INSERM U1060, CarMeN Laboratory, Claude Bernard Lyon 1 University, F-69373 Lyon, France
| | - L Ferreras
- INSERM U1060, CarMeN Laboratory, Claude Bernard Lyon 1 University, F-69373 Lyon, France
| | - M R Alam
- INSERM U1060, CarMeN Laboratory, Claude Bernard Lyon 1 University, F-69373 Lyon, France
| | - H Thibault
- INSERM U1060, CarMeN Laboratory, Claude Bernard Lyon 1 University, F-69373 Lyon, France; Hospices Civils de Lyon, Hôpital Louis Pradel, Service d'Explorations Fonctionnelles Cardiovasculaires & CIC de Lyon, F-69394 Lyon, France
| | - M Strina
- INSERM U1060, CarMeN Laboratory, Claude Bernard Lyon 1 University, F-69373 Lyon, France
| | - A Gharib
- INSERM U1060, CarMeN Laboratory, Claude Bernard Lyon 1 University, F-69373 Lyon, France
| | - M Ovize
- INSERM U1060, CarMeN Laboratory, Claude Bernard Lyon 1 University, F-69373 Lyon, France; Hospices Civils de Lyon, Hôpital Louis Pradel, Service d'Explorations Fonctionnelles Cardiovasculaires & CIC de Lyon, F-69394 Lyon, France
| | - D Baetz
- INSERM U1060, CarMeN Laboratory, Claude Bernard Lyon 1 University, F-69373 Lyon, France.
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Ye Z, Xia P, Cheng ZG, Guo Q. Neuroprotection induced by sevoflurane-delayed post-conditioning is attributable to increased phosphorylation of mitochondrial GSK-3β through the PI3K/Akt survival pathway. J Neurol Sci 2015; 348:216-25. [PMID: 25555490 DOI: 10.1016/j.jns.2014.12.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2014] [Revised: 11/16/2014] [Accepted: 12/07/2014] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Post-conditioning with volatile anesthetics can create ischemic tolerance against cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury. The present study was designed to determine whether delayed exposure to sevoflurane could induce ischemic tolerance and if this effect was dependent on increasing phosphorylated Akt-Ser473 and GSK-3β-Ser9 expression in the mitochondria, via a mechanism involving the PI3K/Akt pathway. METHODS Adult male Sprague-Dawley rats were subjected to focal cerebral ischemia. Sevoflurane post-conditioning was achieved by administration of 2.5% sevoflurane for 60 min, 15 min after reperfusion. Phosphorylated Akt-Ser473 and GSK-3β-Ser9 in the cytosol and mitochondria of the ischemic penumbra were evaluated 4, 12, 24, and 72 h after reperfusion. Neurological deficit score and activity of caspase-3 and -9 were evaluated 24 and 72 h after reperfusion. Apoptosis, as measured by TUNEL staining and cerebral infarct size,was determined 24h after reperfusion. RESULTS Sevoflurane-delayed post-conditioning significantly increased levels of phosphorylated Akt-Ser473 and GSK-3β-Ser9 in the mitochondria and inhibited the activities of caspase-3 and -9, showing an improved neurological deficit score and a decreased infarct size. However, LY294002, a selective PI3K inhibitor, not only eliminated the neuroprotection of sevoflurane, as indicated by an increased infarct size and a larger number of TUNEL-positive cells, but also reversed the elevation of p-Akt and p-GSK-3β expression in the mitochondria induced by sevoflurane post-conditioning. CONCLUSIONS Our data suggested that delayed application of sevoflurane after reperfusion provides neuroprotection by activating phosphorylated Akt-Ser473 and GSK-3β-Ser9 in the mitochondria via the PI3K/Akt pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi Ye
- Department of Anesthesiology, Affiliated Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha 410078, Hunan Province, China
| | - Pingping Xia
- Department of Anesthesiology, Affiliated Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha 410078, Hunan Province, China
| | - Zhi-gang Cheng
- Department of Anesthesiology, Affiliated Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha 410078, Hunan Province, China
| | - Qulian Guo
- Department of Anesthesiology, Affiliated Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha 410078, Hunan Province, China.
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Yannopoulos D, Segal N, Matsuura T, Sarraf M, Thorsgard M, Caldwell E, Rees J, McKnite S, Santacruz K, Lurie KG. Ischemic post-conditioning and vasodilator therapy during standard cardiopulmonary resuscitation to reduce cardiac and brain injury after prolonged untreated ventricular fibrillation. Resuscitation 2013; 84:1143-9. [PMID: 23376583 DOI: 10.1016/j.resuscitation.2013.01.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2013] [Accepted: 01/21/2013] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
AIM OF THE STUDY We investigated the effects of ischemic postconditioning (IPC) with and without cardioprotective vasodilatory therapy (CVT) at the initiation of cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) on cardio-cerebral function and 48-h survival. METHODS Prospective randomized animal study. Following 15 min of ventricular fibrillation, 42 Yorkshire farm pigs weighing an average of 34 ± 2 kg were randomized to receive standard CPR (SCPR, n=12), SCPR+IPC (n=10), SCPR+IPC+CVT (n=10), or SCPR+CVT (n=10). IPC was delivered during the first 3 min of CPR with 4 cycles of 20s of chest compressions followed by 20-s pauses. CVT consisted of intravenous sodium nitroprusside (2mg) and adenosine (24 mg) during the first minute of CPR. Epinephrine was given in all groups per standard protocol. A transthoracic echocardiogram was obtained on all survivors 1 and 4h post-ROSC. The brains were extracted after euthanasia at least 24h later to assess ischemic injury in 7 regions. Ischemic injury was graded on a 0-4 scale with (0=no injury to 4 ≥ 50% neural injury). The sum of the regional scores was reported as cerebral histological score (CHS). 48 h survival was reported. RESULTS Post-resuscitation left ventricular ejection (LVEF) fraction improved in SCPR+CVT, SCPR+IPC+CVT and SCPR+IPC groups compared to SCPR (59% ± 9%, 52% ± 14%, 52% ± 14% vs. 35% ± 11%, respectively, p<0.05). Only SCPR+IPC and SCPR+IPC+CVT, but not SCPR+CVT, had lower mean CHS compared to SCPR (5.8 ± 2.6, 2.8 ± 1.8 vs. 10 ± 2.1, respectively, p<0.01). The 48-h survival among SCPR+IPC, SCPR+CVT, SCPR+IPC+CVT and SCPR was 6/10, 3/10, 5/10 and 1/12, respectively (Cox regression p<0.01). CONCLUSIONS IPC and CVT during standard CPR improved post-resuscitation LVEF but only IPC was independently neuroprotective and improved 48-h survival after 15 min of untreated cardiac arrest in pigs.
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Zhang Y, Leng YF, Xue X, Zhang Y, Wang T, Kang YQ. Effects of penehyclidine hydrochloride in small intestinal damage caused by limb ischemia-reperfusion. World J Gastroenterol 2011; 17:254-9. [PMID: 21246001 PMCID: PMC3020382 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v17.i2.254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2010] [Revised: 09/26/2010] [Accepted: 10/03/2010] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM: To investigate the protective effect of penehyclidine hydrochloride post-conditioning in the damage to the barrier function of the small intestinal mucosa caused by limb ischemia-reperfusion (LIR) injury.
METHODS: Male Wistar rats were randomly divided into three groups (36 rats each): the sham-operation group (group S), lower limb ischemia-reperfusion group (group LIR), and penehyclidine hydrochloride post-conditioning group (group PHC). Each group was divided into subgroups (n = 6 in each group) according to ischemic-reperfusion time, i.e. immediately 0 h (T1), 1 h (T2), 3 h (T3), 6 h (T4), 12 h (T5), and 24 h (T6). Bilateral hind-limb ischemia was induced by rubber band application proximal to the level of the greater trochanter for 3 h. In group PHC, 0.15 mg/kg of penehyclidine hydrochloride was injected into the tail vein immediately after 3 h of bilateral hind-limb ischemia. The designated rats were sacrificed at different time-points of reperfusion; diamine oxidase (DAO), superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity, myeloperoxidase (MPO) of small intestinal tissue, plasma endotoxin, DAO, tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), and interleukin (IL)-10 in serum were detected in the rats.
RESULTS: The pathological changes in the small intestine were observed under light microscope. The levels of MPO, endotoxin, serum DAO, and IL-10 at T1-T6, and TNF-α level at T1-T4 increased in groups LIR and PHC (P < 0.05) compared with those in group S, but tissue DAO and SOD activity at T1-T6 decreased (P < 0.05). In group PHC, the tissue DAO and SOD activity at T2-T6, and IL-10 at T2-T5 increased to higher levels than those in group LIR (P < 0.05); however, the levels of MPO, endotoxin, and DAO in the blood at T2-T6, and TNF-α at T2 and T4 decreased (P < 0.05).
CONCLUSION: Penehyclidine hydrochloride post-conditioning may reduce the permeability of the small intestines after LIR. Its protection mechanisms may be related to inhibiting oxygen free radicals and inflammatory cytokines for organ damage.
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