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Rolf M, Laermanns H, Horn J, Kienzler L, Pohl C, Dierkes G, Kernchen S, Laforsch C, Löder MGJ, Bogner C. Multi-method analysis of microplastic distribution by flood frequency and local topography in Rhine floodplains. Sci Total Environ 2024; 927:171927. [PMID: 38556006 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.171927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2023] [Revised: 03/21/2024] [Accepted: 03/21/2024] [Indexed: 04/02/2024]
Abstract
Rivers are important transport pathways for microplastics into the ocean, but they can also be potential sinks due to microplastic deposition in the sediments of the river bed and adjacent floodplains. In particular, floods can (re)mobilise microplastics from sediments and floodplains, (re)deposit and relocate them depending on the floodplain topography. The knowledge about fluvial microplastic input to floodplains, their spatial distribution and their fate in floodplain soils is limited. To investigate this topic, we sampled soil at a depth of 5-20 cm along three transects in three different Rhine floodplains. We analysed the soil samples in tandem with pyrolysis GC/MS and ATR- & μ-FPA-FTIR for their microplastic abundance and mass concentrations. To study the influence of flood frequency on the microplastic abundance in the three floodplains, we fitted a hydrodynamic flood model (MIKE 21, DHI, Hørsholm, Denmark) and related the results to the respective spatial microplastic distribution. We found similar microplastic distribution patterns in each floodplain. The highest microplastic abundance (8516-70,124 microplastics kg-1) and mass concentration (46.2-141.6 mg kg-1) were consistently found in the farthest transects from the Rhine in a topographical depression. This microplastic distribution pattern is detectable with both, pyrolysis GC/MS and FTIR. The strongest correlation between the results of both methods was found for small, abundant microplastic particles. Our results suggest that the spatial distribution of microplastics in floodplains is related to the combination of flood frequency and local topography, that ought to be explicitly considered in future studies conducted in floodplains. Finally, our results indicate that pyrolysis GC/MS and FTIR data are comparable under certain conditions, which may help in the decision for the analytical method and sampling design in future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Markus Rolf
- Ecosystem Research Group, Institute of Geography, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, University of Cologne, Zülpicher Straße 45, 50674 Cologne, Germany.
| | - Hannes Laermanns
- Ecosystem Research Group, Institute of Geography, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, University of Cologne, Zülpicher Straße 45, 50674 Cologne, Germany
| | - Julia Horn
- Ecosystem Research Group, Institute of Geography, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, University of Cologne, Zülpicher Straße 45, 50674 Cologne, Germany
| | - Lukas Kienzler
- Ecosystem Research Group, Institute of Geography, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, University of Cologne, Zülpicher Straße 45, 50674 Cologne, Germany
| | - Christian Pohl
- Director Business Development D-A-CH, DHI WASY GmbH, Volmerstraße 8, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Georg Dierkes
- German Federal Institute of Hydrology, Koblenz, Germany
| | - Sarmite Kernchen
- Animal Ecology I, BayCEER, University of Bayreuth, 95440 Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Christian Laforsch
- Animal Ecology I, BayCEER, University of Bayreuth, 95440 Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Martin G J Löder
- Animal Ecology I, BayCEER, University of Bayreuth, 95440 Bayreuth, Germany.
| | - Christina Bogner
- Ecosystem Research Group, Institute of Geography, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, University of Cologne, Zülpicher Straße 45, 50674 Cologne, Germany.
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Okoffo ED, Tscharke BJ, Li J, Thomas KV. Tracing the origins of plastics in biosolids: The role of sewerage pipe materials and trade waste. Sci Total Environ 2024; 914:169737. [PMID: 38199339 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.169737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2023] [Revised: 12/20/2023] [Accepted: 12/26/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024]
Abstract
Plastics are ubiquitous in virtually every environment on earth. While the specific sources of plastics entering wastewater are not well known, growing evidence suggests sewage sludge (biosolids) can be a sink for plastics. One potential source could be the sewerage pipe materials used to transport sewage between premises and wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs). To evaluate the significance of sewerage piping as a source of biosolids plastics concentrations, we compared the proportion of the total network (by length and surface area) of polyethylene (PE), polyvinylchloride (PVC), and polypropylene (PP) pipes from 10 WWTPs against their biosolids mass concentrations (mg plastic/g biosolid). Among the 10 catchments, the percentage of the network consisting of PP piping ranged from 0 to 1 %, with 0.8-21 % for PE, and 8-73 % for PVC. Biosolids plastics concentrations ranged from 0.09 to 8.62 mg/g (mg plastic/g biosolid) for PP and PE, respectively. For all three plastics, there was no significant Pearson correlation (r < 0.4) between the biosolids concentration (dry weight mg/g) and the proportion of the network material of the sewerage piping as plastic (either length or surface area). A comparison of trade waste entering a subset of 6 WWTP showed the highest biosolid principal components analysis (PCA) associations between loads of plastics (g/day) and automotive wash bays, general manufacturing, hospitals, laboratories, food manufacturing, laundry and dry cleaning, and cooling towers. A stepwise regression analysis indicated pipe length and surface area, as well as automotive wash bays and food manufacturing may be significant. While our data gave mixed results on the attribution of the sources of plastics entering WWTPs, it suggests that sewerage infrastructure and trade waste may play some role. Future studies should investigate the leachability of sewerage infrastructure and contributions from specific trade waste categories to determine their significance in plastics entering WWTPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elvis D Okoffo
- Queensland Alliance for Environmental Health Sciences (QAEHS), The University of Queensland, 20 Cornwall Street, Woolloongabba, Queensland 4102, Australia
| | - Ben J Tscharke
- Queensland Alliance for Environmental Health Sciences (QAEHS), The University of Queensland, 20 Cornwall Street, Woolloongabba, Queensland 4102, Australia.
| | - Jiaying Li
- Queensland Alliance for Environmental Health Sciences (QAEHS), The University of Queensland, 20 Cornwall Street, Woolloongabba, Queensland 4102, Australia
| | - Kevin V Thomas
- Queensland Alliance for Environmental Health Sciences (QAEHS), The University of Queensland, 20 Cornwall Street, Woolloongabba, Queensland 4102, Australia
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Rødland ES, Heier LS, Lind OC, Meland S. High levels of tire wear particles in soils along low traffic roads. Sci Total Environ 2023; 903:166470. [PMID: 37625724 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.166470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2023] [Revised: 08/18/2023] [Accepted: 08/19/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023]
Abstract
Traffic pollution has been linked to high levels of metals and organic contaminants in road-side soils, largely due to abrasion of tires, brake pads and the road surface. Although several studies have demonstrated correlations between different pollutants and various traffic variables, they mainly focused on roads with medium to high traffic density (>30,000 vehicles per day). In this study we have focused on investigating tire wear particles and road-related metals (zinc, copper, lead, chromium, nickel, and the metalloid arsenic) in the soils of low traffic roads in rural areas (650-14,250 vehicles per day). Different explanatory factors were investigated, such as traffic density, speed, % heavy vehicles, organic matter content, annual precipitation, soil types and roadside slope profiles. The results show high levels of tire wear particles, from 2000 to 26,400 mg/kg (0.2-2.6 % tire wear in d.w. soil), which is up to five times higher compared to previously reported values in roadside soils of high traffic density areas. A weak but significant correlation was found between tire wear particles, traffic speed and the annual precipitation. No significant relationship was found between tire wear particles metals. The concentrations of metals were comparable to previous studies of high traffic areas of Norway, as well as both urban and rural soils in other countries. For the metals, all factors together explained 45 % of the variation observed, with traffic density (11 %) and organic matter content (10 %) as the most important single variables. The analysis of tire wear particles in soils using Pyrolysis Gas chromatography Mass Spectrometry is challenging, and the results presented demonstrate the need for pretreatment to remove organic matter from the samples before analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Lene S Heier
- Norwegian Public Roads Administration, Construction, Postbox 1010, N-2605 Lillehammer, Norway
| | - Ole Christian Lind
- Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Faculty of Environmental Sciences and Natural Resource Management, P.O. Box 5003, NO-1432 Ås, Norway
| | - Sondre Meland
- Norwegian Institute for Water Research, Økernveien 94, 0579 Oslo, Norway
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Rødland ES, Lind OC, Reid MJ, Heier LS, Okoffo ED, Rauert C, Thomas KV, Meland S. Occurrence of tire and road wear particles in urban and peri-urban snowbanks, and their potential environmental implications. Sci Total Environ 2022; 824:153785. [PMID: 35182629 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.153785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2021] [Revised: 01/17/2022] [Accepted: 02/06/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
According to estimates put forward in multiple studies, tire and road wear particles are one of the largest sources to microplastic contamination in the environment. There are large uncertainties associated with local emissions and transport of tire and road wear particles into environmental compartments, highlighting an urgent need to provide more data on inventories and fluxes of these particles. To our knowledge, the present paper is the first published data on mass concentrations and snow mass load of tire and polymer-modified road wear particles in snow. Roadside snow and meltwater from three different types of roads (peri-urban, urban highway and urban) were analysed by Pyrolysis Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry. Tire particle mass concentrations in snow (76.0-14,500 mg/L meltwater), and snow mass loads (222-109,000 mg/m2) varied widely. The concentration ranges of polymer-modified particles were 14.8-9550 mg/L and 50.0-28,800 mg/m2 in snow and meltwater, respectively. Comparing the levels of tire and PMB particles to the total mass of particles, showed that tire and PMB-particles combined only contribute to 5.7% (meltwater) and 5.2% (mass load) of the total mass concentration of particles. The large variation between sites in the study was investigated using redundancy analysis of the possible explanatory variables. Contradictory to previous road studies, speed limit was found to be one of the most important variables explaining the variation in mass concentrations, and not Annual Average Daily Traffic. All identified variables explained 69% and 66%, for meltwater and mass load concentrations, respectively. The results show that roadside snow contain total suspended solids in concentrations far exceeding release limits of tunnel and road runoff, as well as tire particles in concentrations comparable to levels previously reported to cause toxicity effects in organisms. These findings strongly indicate that roadside snow should be treated before release into the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisabeth S Rødland
- Norwegian Institute for Water Research, Økernveien 94, NO-0579 Oslo, Norway; Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Faculty of Environmental Sciences and Natural Resource Management, P.O. Box 5003, NO-1432 Ås, Norway.
| | - Ole Christian Lind
- Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Faculty of Environmental Sciences and Natural Resource Management, P.O. Box 5003, NO-1432 Ås, Norway
| | - Malcolm J Reid
- Norwegian Institute for Water Research, Økernveien 94, NO-0579 Oslo, Norway
| | - Lene S Heier
- Norwegian Public Roads Administration, Construction, Postboks 1010, N-2605 Lillehammer, Norway
| | - Elvis D Okoffo
- Queensland Alliance for Environmental Health Sciences (QAEHS), The University of Queensland, 20 Cornwall Street, Woolloongabba, 4102, QLD, Australia
| | - Cassandra Rauert
- Queensland Alliance for Environmental Health Sciences (QAEHS), The University of Queensland, 20 Cornwall Street, Woolloongabba, 4102, QLD, Australia
| | - Kevin V Thomas
- Queensland Alliance for Environmental Health Sciences (QAEHS), The University of Queensland, 20 Cornwall Street, Woolloongabba, 4102, QLD, Australia
| | - Sondre Meland
- Norwegian Institute for Water Research, Økernveien 94, NO-0579 Oslo, Norway; Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Faculty of Environmental Sciences and Natural Resource Management, P.O. Box 5003, NO-1432 Ås, Norway
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Rødland ES, Samanipour S, Rauert C, Okoffo ED, Reid MJ, Heier LS, Lind OC, Thomas KV, Meland S. A novel method for the quantification of tire and polymer-modified bitumen particles in environmental samples by pyrolysis gas chromatography mass spectroscopy. J Hazard Mater 2022; 423:127092. [PMID: 34488093 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2021.127092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2021] [Revised: 08/27/2021] [Accepted: 08/29/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Tire and road wear particles may constitute the largest source of microplastic particles into the environment. Quantification of these particles are associated with large uncertainties which are in part due to inadequate analytical methods. New methodology is presented in this work to improve the analysis of tire and road wear particles using pyrolysis gas chromatography mass spectrometry. Pyrolysis gas chromatography mass spectrometry of styrene butadiene styrene, a component of polymer-modified bitumen used on road asphalt, produces pyrolysis products identical to those of styrene butadiene rubber and butadiene rubber, which are used in tires. The proposed method uses multiple marker compounds to measure the combined mass of these rubbers in samples and includes an improved step of calculating the amount of tire and road based on the measured rubber content and site-specific traffic data. The method provides good recoveries of 83-92% for a simple matrix (tire) and 88-104% for a complex matrix (road sediment). The validated method was applied to urban snow, road-side soil and gully-pot sediment samples. Concentrations of tire particles in these samples ranged from 0.1 to 17.7 mg/mL (snow) to 0.6-68.3 mg/g (soil/sediment). The concentration of polymer-modified bitumen ranged from 0.03 to 0.42 mg/mL (snow) to 1.3-18.1 mg/g (soil/sediment).
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisabeth S Rødland
- Norwegian Institute for Water Research, Økernveien 94, 0579 Oslo, Norway; Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Center of Excellence in Environmental Radioactivity (CERAD), Faculty of Environmental Sciences and Natural Resource Management, P.O. Box 5003, 1433 Ås, Norway
| | - Saer Samanipour
- Norwegian Institute for Water Research, Økernveien 94, 0579 Oslo, Norway; Faculty of Science, Van't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Science Park, 904 GD Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Queensland Alliance for Environmental Health Sciences (QAEHS), The University of Queensland, 20 Cornwall Street, Woolloongabba, 4102 QLD, Australia
| | - Cassandra Rauert
- Queensland Alliance for Environmental Health Sciences (QAEHS), The University of Queensland, 20 Cornwall Street, Woolloongabba, 4102 QLD, Australia
| | - Elvis D Okoffo
- Queensland Alliance for Environmental Health Sciences (QAEHS), The University of Queensland, 20 Cornwall Street, Woolloongabba, 4102 QLD, Australia
| | - Malcom J Reid
- Norwegian Institute for Water Research, Økernveien 94, 0579 Oslo, Norway
| | - Lene S Heier
- Norwegian Public Roads Administration, Construction, Postboks 1010, N-2605 Lillehammer, Norway
| | - Ole Christian Lind
- Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Center of Excellence in Environmental Radioactivity (CERAD), Faculty of Environmental Sciences and Natural Resource Management, P.O. Box 5003, 1433 Ås, Norway
| | - Kevin V Thomas
- Queensland Alliance for Environmental Health Sciences (QAEHS), The University of Queensland, 20 Cornwall Street, Woolloongabba, 4102 QLD, Australia
| | - Sondre Meland
- Norwegian Institute for Water Research, Økernveien 94, 0579 Oslo, Norway; Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Center of Excellence in Environmental Radioactivity (CERAD), Faculty of Environmental Sciences and Natural Resource Management, P.O. Box 5003, 1433 Ås, Norway
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Nam S, Alday JG, Kim M, Kim H, Kim Y, Park T, Lim HS, Lee BY, Lee YK, Jung JY. The relationships of present vegetation, bacteria, and soil properties with soil organic matter characteristics in moist acidic tundra in Alaska. Sci Total Environ 2021; 772:145386. [PMID: 33770858 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.145386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2020] [Revised: 01/19/2021] [Accepted: 01/19/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Soil organic matter (SOM) is related to vegetation, soil bacteria, and soil properties; however, not many studies link all these parameters simultaneously, particularly in tundra ecosystems vulnerable to climate change. Our aim was to describe the relationships between vegetation, bacteria, soil properties, and SOM composition in moist acidic tundra by integrating physical, chemical, and molecular methods. A total of 70 soil samples were collected at two different depths from 36 spots systematically arranged over an area of about 300 m × 50 m. Pyrolysis-gas chromatography/mass spectrometry and pyrosequencing of the 16S rRNA gene were used to identify the molecular compositions of the SOM and bacterial community, respectively. Vegetation and soil physicochemical properties were also measured. The sampling sites were grouped into three, based on their SOM compositions: Sphagnum moss-derived SOM, lipid-rich materials, and aromatic-rich materials. Our results show that SOM composition is spatially structured and linked to microtopography; however, the vegetation, soil properties, and bacterial community composition did not show overall spatial structuring. Simultaneously, soil properties and bacterial community composition were the main factors explaining SOM compositional variation, while vegetation had a residual effect. Verrucomicrobia and Acidobacteria were related to polysaccharides, and Chloroflexi was linked to aromatic compounds. These relationships were consistent across different hierarchical levels. Our results suggest that SOM composition at a local scale is closely linked with soil factors and the bacterial community. Comprehensive observation of ecosystem components is recommended to understand the in-situ function of bacteria and the fate of SOM in the moist acidic tundra.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sungjin Nam
- Korea Polar Research Institute, Incheon 21990, Republic of Korea
| | - Josu G Alday
- Joint Research Unit CTFC - AGROTECNIO, Av. Alcalde Rovira Roure 191, E25198 Lleida, Spain; Department of Crop and Forest Sciences, University of Lleida, Av. Alcalde Rovira Roure 191, E25198 Lleida, Spain
| | - Mincheol Kim
- Korea Polar Research Institute, Incheon 21990, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyemin Kim
- Korea Polar Research Institute, Incheon 21990, Republic of Korea
| | - Yongkang Kim
- Department of Statistics, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Taesung Park
- Department of Statistics, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyoun Soo Lim
- Department of Geological Sciences, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Republic of Korea
| | - Bang Yong Lee
- Korea Polar Research Institute, Incheon 21990, Republic of Korea
| | - Yoo Kyung Lee
- Korea Polar Research Institute, Incheon 21990, Republic of Korea.
| | - Ji Young Jung
- Korea Polar Research Institute, Incheon 21990, Republic of Korea.
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Raclavská H, Růžičková J, Škrobánková H, Koval S, Kucbel M, Raclavský K, Švédová B, Pavlík P, Juchelková D. Possibilities of the utilization of char from the pyrolysis of tetrapak. J Environ Manage 2018; 219:231-238. [PMID: 29747104 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2018.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2017] [Revised: 04/21/2018] [Accepted: 05/01/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Since the cellulose used in the production of tetrapak is of very high quality, the char generated during pyrolysis should be influenced mainly by the pyrolysis temperature. This article aims to determine the chemical composition of biochar prepared at the temperatures of 400, 500, 600 and 700 °C and its environmental properties determined by the presence of organic compounds with toxicity and relatively high mobility in the environment. The analytical pyrolysis of char was used to identify the following groups of organic compounds: alkanes, cycloalkanes, alkenes, cycloalkenes, alkynes, alkadiens, ethers, alcohols, nitrogen compounds, nitrils, ketones and aldehydes, compounds containing phenols, furans, benzofurans, PAHs (polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons), carboxylic acids, compounds containing benzenes and markers indicative of the presence of synthetic polymers (polyethylene layers, a part of dyes, antioxidants, stabilizers), and fragments of cellulose. Concerning the use of char as a soil conditioner, its ecotoxicity was monitored (Folsomia candida) by monitoring its addition to the artificial soil (char addition: 0.5, 1, 2.5, 5, 10, 15, 20, 50 and 100%). The lowest reproduction inhibition of Folsomia candida is caused by biochar prepared at the temperature of 400 °C and 700 °C, but it is not suitable for the agricultural application, the concentration of PAHs is three times higher than the EBC limit. Low-density polyethylene which is present in the aseptic box in concentration of 6%, can degrade biochar so that it cannot be used as a soil amendment. The results of the char analyses show that the pyrolysis temperature is a decisive factor in the applicability of biochar.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helena Raclavská
- Centre ENET - Energy Units for Utilization of Non-Traditional Energy Sources, VŠB - Technical University of Ostrava, 17. listopadu 15/2172, 708 33 Ostrava-Poruba, Czech Republic; Institute of Geological Engineering, Faculty of Mining and Geology, VŠB - Technical University of Ostrava, 17. listopadu 15/2172, 708 33 Ostrava-Poruba, Czech Republic.
| | - Jana Růžičková
- Centre ENET - Energy Units for Utilization of Non-Traditional Energy Sources, VŠB - Technical University of Ostrava, 17. listopadu 15/2172, 708 33 Ostrava-Poruba, Czech Republic.
| | - Hana Škrobánková
- Centre ENET - Energy Units for Utilization of Non-Traditional Energy Sources, VŠB - Technical University of Ostrava, 17. listopadu 15/2172, 708 33 Ostrava-Poruba, Czech Republic; Institute of Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Mining and Geology, VŠB - Technical University of Ostrava, 17. listopadu 15/2172, 708 33 Ostrava-Poruba, Czech Republic.
| | - Silvie Koval
- CSIRO, The Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation, Energy, 1 Technology Court, 4069 Pullenvale, QLD, Australia.
| | - Marek Kucbel
- Centre ENET - Energy Units for Utilization of Non-Traditional Energy Sources, VŠB - Technical University of Ostrava, 17. listopadu 15/2172, 708 33 Ostrava-Poruba, Czech Republic; Institute of Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Mining and Geology, VŠB - Technical University of Ostrava, 17. listopadu 15/2172, 708 33 Ostrava-Poruba, Czech Republic.
| | - Konstantin Raclavský
- Centre ENET - Energy Units for Utilization of Non-Traditional Energy Sources, VŠB - Technical University of Ostrava, 17. listopadu 15/2172, 708 33 Ostrava-Poruba, Czech Republic.
| | - Barbora Švédová
- Centre ENET - Energy Units for Utilization of Non-Traditional Energy Sources, VŠB - Technical University of Ostrava, 17. listopadu 15/2172, 708 33 Ostrava-Poruba, Czech Republic; Department of Power Engineering, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, VŠB - Technical University of Ostrava, 17. listopadu 15/2172, 708 33 Ostrava-Poruba, Czech Republic.
| | - Petr Pavlík
- Department of Power Engineering, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, VŠB - Technical University of Ostrava, 17. listopadu 15/2172, 708 33 Ostrava-Poruba, Czech Republic.
| | - Dagmar Juchelková
- Department of Power Engineering, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, VŠB - Technical University of Ostrava, 17. listopadu 15/2172, 708 33 Ostrava-Poruba, Czech Republic.
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