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Yasui M, Iso H, Torii S, Matsui Y, Katayama H. Applicability of pepper mild mottle virus and cucumber green mottle mosaic virus as process indicators of enteric virus removal by membrane processes at a potable reuse facility. Water Res 2021; 206:117735. [PMID: 34673461 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2021.117735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2021] [Revised: 09/25/2021] [Accepted: 09/29/2021] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Treatment of wastewater for potable reuse is increasingly becoming a suitable alternative water source to meet the growing urban water needs worldwide. Potable reuse requires reduction of enteric viruses to levels at which they do not pose a risk to human health. Advanced water treatment trains (e.g., microfiltration (MF), ultrafiltration (UF), reverse osmosis (RO), and ultraviolet light and advanced oxidation process (UV/AOP)) provide significant protection and reduce virus loads in highly treated final product waters. Even though viruses are a principal concern, the performance of virus removal by membrane processes is not easily determined. The objective of this study was to evaluate the applicability of Aichi virus (AiV), pepper mild mottle virus (PMMoV), cucumber green mottle mosaic virus (CGMMV), and cross-assembly phage (crAssphage) removal as possible process indicators for MF, UF, and RO. Virus log reduction values (LRVs) based on gene copies measured using molecular methods were determined for MF and UF. The median LRVs of all viruses obtained after MF and UF were 2.9 and 3.1, respectively. The LRVs of the proposed indicators were lower than those of human enteric viruses. The morphological and physicochemical difference among indicators was not found to affect LRVs. Therefore, all proposed indicator viruses were determined to be suitable candidates as process indicators for MF and UF. Regarding RO, most of the viruses measured in this study were undetectable in permeate. Only PMMoV and CGMMV were detected showing median LRVs of 2.8 and 2.5, respectively. PMMoV and CGMMV are recommended as good process indicators of physical virus removal for the overall water treatment process.
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Key Words
- AIV, aichi virus
- Abbreviation: MF, microfiltration
- AdV, adenovirus
- CGMMV, cucumber green mottle mosaic virus
- Crassphage, cross-assembly phage
- EF, effluent
- Human enteric virus
- LRV, log reduction value
- MME, molecular method efficiencies
- MNV, Murine Norovirus
- MPC, molecular process control
- Microfiltration
- NV GI, norovirus GI
- NV GII, norovirus GII
- ORSV, Odontoglossum Ringspot Virus
- PCE, primary concentration efficiency
- PMMOV, pepper mild mottle virus
- Process indicator
- RO, reverse osmosis
- Reverse osmosis
- UF, ultrafiltration
- UV/AOP, ultraviolet light and advanced oxidation process
- Ultrafiltration
- Water reuse
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Affiliation(s)
- Midori Yasui
- Department of Urban Engineering, School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hikaru Iso
- Department of Urban Engineering, School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shotaro Torii
- Department of Urban Engineering, School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | | | - Hiroyuki Katayama
- Department of Urban Engineering, School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan.
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Shi Y, Zhou L, Xu Y, Zhou H, Shi L. Life cycle cost and environmental assessment for resource-oriented toilet systems. J Clean Prod 2018; 196:1188-1197. [PMID: 30245554 PMCID: PMC6106690 DOI: 10.1016/j.jclepro.2018.06.129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2018] [Revised: 06/11/2018] [Accepted: 06/11/2018] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
The rich content of nutrients in human waste provides an outlook for turning it from pollutants to potential resources. The pilot-scale resource-oriented toilet with forward osmosis technology was demonstrated to have advantages to recover clean water, nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, biogas, and heat from urine and feces. For the possibility of further full-scale implementation in different scenarios, six resource-oriented toilet systems and one conventional toilet system were designed in this study. The methodology of cost-benefit analysis and life cycle assessment were applied to analyze the life cycle economic feasibility and environmental sustainability of these systems. As results indicated, resource-oriented toilets with forward osmosis technology concentrating urine proved to have both economic and environmental benefit. The economic net present value results of new resource-oriented toilets were much better than conventional toilet. The energy consumption in resource-oriented toilets contributes a lot to the environmental impacts while resource recovery such as the fertilizer production and fresh water harvest in resource-oriented toilet systems offsets a lot. Taking both life cycle economic feasibility and environmental sustainability into consideration, the partial resource-oriented toilet (only recovering nutrients from urine) is the best choice, and the totally independent resource-oriented toilet could be applied to replace conventional toilets in areas without any external facilities such as sewer and water supply system etc.
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Key Words
- ADP elements, Abiotic Depletion Elements
- ADP fossil, Abiotic Depletion Fossil
- AP, Acidification Potential
- CNY, China Yuan
- CODCr, dichromate oxidizability
- Cost-benefit analysis
- DCB, 4,4′-diaminobiphenyl
- ED, electrodialysis
- ENPV, net economic present value
- EP, Eutrophication Potential
- FAETP, Freshwater Aquatic Ecotoxicity
- FO, forward osmosis
- Forward osmosis
- GWP, Global Warming Potential
- HTP, Human Toxicity Potential
- K, potassium
- LCA, life cycle assessment
- Life cycle assessment
- MAETP, Marine Aquatic Ecotoxity
- N, nitrogen
- NH3-N, ammonia nitrogen
- ODP, Ozone Layer Depletion Potential
- P, phosphorus
- POCP, Photochem. Ozone Creation Potential
- R11, trichlorofluoromethane
- RO, reverse osmosis
- Resource recovery
- SA, Scenario A
- SB1, Scenario B1
- SB2, Scenario B2
- SC1, Scenario C1
- SC2, Scenario C2
- SC3, Scenario C3
- SC4, Scenario C4
- STPs, sewage treatment plants
- Sb, antimony
- TDS, total dissolved solids
- TETP, Terrestric Ecotoxicity Potential (TETP)
- TN, total nitrogen
- TOrCs, trace organic compounds
- TP, total phosphorus
- Toilet
- USD, United States dollar
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Caron AGM, Thomas CR, Berry KLE, Motti CA, Ariel E, Brodie JE. Validation of an optimised protocol for quantification of microplastics in heterogenous samples: A case study using green turtle chyme. MethodsX 2018; 5:812-823. [PMID: 30112289 PMCID: PMC6092311 DOI: 10.1016/j.mex.2018.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2018] [Accepted: 07/11/2018] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Quantifying the extent of microplastic (<5 mm) contamination in the marine environment is an emerging field of study. Reliable extraction of microplastics from the gastro-intestinal content of marine organisms is crucial to evaluate microplastic contamination in marine fauna. Extraction protocols and variations thereof have been reported, however, these have mostly focussed on relatively homogenous samples (i.e. water, sediment, etc.). Here, we present a microplastic extraction protocol for examining green turtle (Chelonia mydas) chyme (i.e. ingested material and digestive tract fluid), which is a heterogeneous composite of various organic dietary items (e.g. seagrass, jellyfish) and incidentally-ingested inorganic materials (sediment). Established extraction methods were modified and combined. This protocol consists of acid digestion of organic matter, emulsification of residual fat, density separation from sediment, and chemical identification by Fourier transform-infrared spectroscopy. This protocol enables the extraction of the most common microplastic contaminants>100 μm: polyethylene, high-density polyethylene, (aminoethyl) polystyrene, polypropylene, and polyvinyl chloride, with 100% efficiency. This validated protocol will enable researchers worldwide to quantify microplastic contamination in turtles in a reliable and comparable way. Optimization of microplastic extraction from multifarious tissues by applying established methods in a sequential manner. Effective for heterogenous samples comprising organic and inorganic material.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra G M Caron
- Australian Institute of Marine Science PM3, Townsville MC, QLD 4810, Australia.,Centre for Tropical Water and Aquatic Ecosystem Research (TropWATER), James Cook University, Townsville 4811, Australia.,AIMS@JCU, Australian Institute of Marine Science and James Cook University, Townsville, Australia
| | - Colette R Thomas
- Centre for Tropical Water and Aquatic Ecosystem Research (TropWATER), James Cook University, Townsville 4811, Australia.,SEED Science, Australia
| | - Kathryn L E Berry
- Australian Institute of Marine Science PM3, Townsville MC, QLD 4810, Australia.,AIMS@JCU, Australian Institute of Marine Science and James Cook University, Townsville, Australia
| | - Cherie A Motti
- Australian Institute of Marine Science PM3, Townsville MC, QLD 4810, Australia
| | - Ellen Ariel
- College of Public Health, Medical and Veterinary Sciences, James Cook University, Townsville 4811, Australia
| | - Jon E Brodie
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Coral Reef Studies, James Cook University, Townsville 4811, Australia
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Santoro C, Abad FB, Serov A, Kodali M, Howe KJ, Soavi F, Atanassov P. Supercapacitive microbial desalination cells: New class of power generating devices for reduction of salinity content. Appl Energy 2017; 208:25-36. [PMID: 29302130 PMCID: PMC5738972 DOI: 10.1016/j.apenergy.2017.10.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2017] [Revised: 09/28/2017] [Accepted: 10/14/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
In this work, the electrodes of a microbial desalination cell (MDC) are investigated as the positive and negative electrodes of an internal supercapacitor. The resulting system has been named a supercapacitive microbial desalination cell (SC-MDC). The electrodes are self-polarized by the red-ox reactions and therefore the anode acts as a negative electrode and the cathode as a positive electrode of the internal supercapacitor. In order to overcome cathodic losses, an additional capacitive electrode (AdE) was added and short-circuited with the SC-MDC cathode (SC-MDC-AdE). A total of 7600 discharge/self-recharge cycles (equivalent to 44 h of operation) of SC-MDC-AdE with a desalination chamber filled with an aqueous solution of 30 g L-1 NaCl are reported. The same reactor system was operated with real seawater collected from Pacific Ocean for 88 h (15,100 cycles). Maximum power generated was 1.63 ± 0.04 W m-2 for SC-MDC and 3.01 ± 0.01 W m-2 for SC-MDC-AdE. Solution conductivity in the desalination reactor decreased by ∼50% after 23 h and by more than 60% after 44 h. There was no observable change in the pH during cell operation. Power/current pulses were generated without an external power supply.
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Key Words
- AC, activated carbon
- AEM, anion exchange membrane
- AdE, additional electrode
- Additional Electrode (AdE)
- BES, bioelectrochemical system
- CB, carbon black
- CDI, capacitive deionization
- CEM, cation exchange membrane
- Canode, anode capacitance
- Ccathode, cathode capacitance
- Ccell, cell capacitance
- Cell ESR, equivalent series resistance of the cell
- DC, desalination chamber
- DI, deionized water
- EDLC, electrochemical double layer capacitor
- Epulse, energy obtained by the pulse
- Fe-AAPyr, iron aminoantypirine
- GLV, galvanostatic discharges
- High power generation
- KCl, potassium chloride
- KPB, potassium phosphate buffer
- MDC, membrane capacitive deionization
- MDC, microbial desalination cell
- MFC, microbial fuel cell
- NaCl, sodium chloride
- NaOAc, sodium acetate
- OCV, open circuit voltage
- ORR, oxygen reduction reaction
- PGM-free, platinum group metals-free
- PTFE, polytetrafluoroethylene
- Pmax, maximum power
- Power/current pulses
- Ppulse, power obtained by the pulse
- RA, anodic anode ohmic resistance
- RC, cathodeic ohmic resistance
- RO, reverse osmosis
- SC, solution conductivity
- SC-MDC, supercapacitive microbial desalination cell
- SC-MDC-AdE, supercapacitive microbial desalination cell with additional electrode
- SC-MFC, supercapacitive microbial fuel cell
- SHE, standard hydrogen electrode
- Supercapacitive Microbial Desalination Cell (SC-MDC)
- Transport phenomena
- V+, oc, cathode potential in open circuit
- Vmax, OC, original maximum voltage in open circuit condition
- Vmax, practical voltage
- V−, oc, anode potentials in open circuit
- ipulse, , current pulses
- tpulse, time of the pulse
- trest, rest time
- ΔVcapacitive, difference between Vmax and Vfinal (at the end of tpulse), voltage capacitive decrease drop
- ΔVohmic, cathode, cathode ohmic drop
- ΔVohmic, difference between Vmax,OC and Vmax, ohmic drop
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlo Santoro
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Center for Micro-Engineered Materials (CMEM), University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA
| | - Fernando Benito Abad
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Center for Micro-Engineered Materials (CMEM), University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA
| | - Alexey Serov
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Center for Micro-Engineered Materials (CMEM), University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA
| | - Mounika Kodali
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Center for Micro-Engineered Materials (CMEM), University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA
| | - Kerry J. Howe
- Department of Civil Engineering, Center for Water and the Environment, University of New Mexico, MSC01 1070, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA
| | - Francesca Soavi
- Department of Chemistry “Giacomo Ciamician“, Alma Mater Studiorum – Universita’ di Bologna, Via Selmi 2, 40126 Bologna, Italy
| | - Plamen Atanassov
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Center for Micro-Engineered Materials (CMEM), University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA
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Leet JK, Hipszer RA, Volz DC. Butafenacil: A positive control for identifying anemia- and variegate porphyria-inducing chemicals. Toxicol Rep 2015; 2:976-983. [PMID: 28962437 PMCID: PMC5598413 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxrep.2015.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2015] [Revised: 06/03/2015] [Accepted: 07/06/2015] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Butafenacil-induced anemia occurs in the presence or absence of light. Butafenacil-induced protoporphyrin accumulation only occurs in the presence of light. Embryonic zebrafish are not susceptible to butafenacil exposure following completion of pharyngula. Zebrafish embryos require >24 h to eliminate and recover from protoporphyrin accumulation following exposure to butafenacil during pharyngula.
Butafenacil is an herbicide that inhibits protoporphyrinogen oxidase (PPOX), an enzyme that catalyzes oxidation of protoporphyrinogen IX to protoporphyrin IX during chlorophyll and heme biosynthesis. Based on a high-content screen, we previously identified butafenacil as a potent inducer of anemia in zebrafish embryos. Therefore, the objective of this study was to begin investigating the utility of butafenacil as a positive control for identifying anemia- and variegate porphyria-inducing chemicals. Static exposure to butafenacil from 5 to 72 h post-fertilization (hpf) in glass beakers resulted in a concentration-dependent decrease in arterial circulation at low micromolar concentrations. At 72 hpf, the magnitude of butafenacil-induced anemia was similar when embryos were exposed in the presence or absence of light, whereas protoporphyrin accumulation and acute toxicity were significantly lower or absent when embryos were exposed under dark conditions. To identify sensitive developmental windows, we treated embryos to butafenacil from 5, 10, 24, or 48 hpf to 72 hpf in the presence of light, and found that anemia and protoporphyrin accumulation were present at 72 hpf following initiation of exposure at 5 and 10 hpf. On the contrary, protoporphyrin accumulation – but not anemia – was present following initiation of exposure at 24 hpf. Lastly, protoporphyrin accumulation at 72 hpf after exposure from 24 to 48 hpf suggests that protoporphyrin was not eliminated over a 24-h recovery period. Collectively, our data suggests that butafenacil may be a reliable positive control for identifying anemia- and variegate porphyria-inducing chemicals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica K Leet
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Arnold School of Public Health, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29208, USA
| | - Rachel A Hipszer
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Arnold School of Public Health, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29208, USA
| | - David C Volz
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Arnold School of Public Health, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29208, USA
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