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Ahmad N, Samoylenko A, Abene I, Abdelrady E, Zhyvolozhnyi A, Makieieva O, Bart G, Skovorodkin I, Vainio SJ. Generation of novel in vitro flexible kidney organoid model to investigate the role of extracellular vesicles in induction of nephrogenesis. Cell Commun Signal 2023; 21:358. [PMID: 38110951 PMCID: PMC10726558 DOI: 10.1186/s12964-023-01374-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2023] [Accepted: 10/29/2023] [Indexed: 12/20/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND During kidney organogenesis, metanephric mesenchyme (MM) and ureteric bud (UB) interact reciprocally to form nephrons. Signaling stimuli involved in these interactions include Wnts, growth factors and nano/micro particles. How UB and MM are interacting is not completely understood. Our study investigated the signaling and communication via extracellular vesicles (EVs) during nephrogenesis. Embryonic day (E) 11.5 mouse kidney UB and MM produce very low number of primary cells that have limited ability for proliferation in culture. Such limitations obstruct studying the role of EVs in induction of nephrogenesis. These issues necessitate to generate a nephrogenesis model allowing to study the comprehensive role of EVs during nephrogenesis. RESULTS Our study generated a UB derived cell line-based in vitro flexible model of nephrogenesis allowing expandable cell culturing, in addition to performing characterization, tracking and blocking of EVs. UB cell line aggregation with E11.5 MM cells induced the formation of segmented nephrons. Most efficient nephrogenesis was obtained by the co-culturing of 30,000 cells of UB cell line with 50,000 MM cells. Results revealed that both the UB and the MM secrete EVs during nephrogenesis. UB cell line derived EVs were characterized by their size, morphology and expression of markers (CD63, TSG101, CD9 and CD81). Furthermore, proteomics data of UB cell line-derived EVs revealed large number of proteins involved in nephrogenesis-related signaling pathways. Palmitoylated GFP-tagged EVs from UB cell line were found in the nephron formation zone in the developing kidney organoid. UB cell line derived EVs did not induce nephrogenesis in MM cells but significantly contributed to the survival and nephrogenesis-competency of MM cells. The secretion of EVs was continuously inhibited during the ongoing nephrogenesis by the knockdown of RalA and RalB gene expression using short hairpin RNAs. This inhibition partially impaired the ability of UB cell line to induce nephrogenesis. Moreover, impaired nephrogenesis was partially rescued by the addition of EVs. CONCLUSION Our study established a novel in vitro flexible model of nephrogenesis that solved the limitations of primary embryonic kidney cells and mouse embryonic stem cell kidney organoids for the EV research. EVs were found to be an integral part of nephrogenesis process. Video Abstract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naveed Ahmad
- Laboratory of Developmental Biology, Faculty of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of Oulu, 90220, Oulu, Finland.
| | - Anatoliy Samoylenko
- Laboratory of Developmental Biology, Faculty of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of Oulu, 90220, Oulu, Finland
| | - Ichrak Abene
- Laboratory of Developmental Biology, Faculty of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of Oulu, 90220, Oulu, Finland
| | - Eslam Abdelrady
- Laboratory of Developmental Biology, Faculty of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of Oulu, 90220, Oulu, Finland
| | - Artem Zhyvolozhnyi
- Laboratory of Developmental Biology, Faculty of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of Oulu, 90220, Oulu, Finland
| | - Olha Makieieva
- Laboratory of Developmental Biology, Faculty of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of Oulu, 90220, Oulu, Finland
| | - Geneviève Bart
- Laboratory of Developmental Biology, Faculty of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of Oulu, 90220, Oulu, Finland
| | - Ilya Skovorodkin
- Laboratory of Developmental Biology, Faculty of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of Oulu, 90220, Oulu, Finland
| | - Seppo J Vainio
- Laboratory of Developmental Biology, Faculty of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of Oulu, 90220, Oulu, Finland.
- Infotech Oulu, University of Oulu, 90014, Oulu, Finland.
- Flagship GeneCellNano, University of Oulu, 90220, Oulu, Finland.
- Kvantum Institute, University of Oulu, 90014, Oulu, Finland.
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Kim B, Lee S, Moon KC. Papillary renal neoplasm with reverse polarity: a clinicopathologic study of 43 cases with a focus on the expression of KRAS signaling pathway downstream effectors. Hum Pathol 2023; 142:1-6. [PMID: 37797754 DOI: 10.1016/j.humpath.2023.09.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2023] [Revised: 09/25/2023] [Accepted: 09/28/2023] [Indexed: 10/07/2023]
Abstract
Papillary renal neoplasm with reverse polarity (PRNRP) is a renal tumor with frequent KRAS mutations. In this study, we aimed to report the clinical, histological, and immunohistochemical characteristics of PRNRP and the protein expression of various KRAS signaling pathway downstream effectors in PRNRP. PRNRP samples from patients who underwent surgical resection at Seoul National University Hospital over an 11-year period (January 2011 to December 2021) were analyzed. We identified 43 PRNRPs, defined as papillary renal tumors with a thin papillary architecture, eosinophilic finely granular cytoplasm, and apical nuclear position. Immunohistochemistry revealed typical characteristics of PRNRP, including exclusively positive GATA3 (43/43); highly positive L1CAM (43/43), PAX8 (43/43), and EMA (43/43); and low positive AMACR (4/43), RCC (1/43), and vimentin (1/43). KRAS signaling pathway effectors, such as p-ERK, RalA, and RalB, were highly expressed in PRNRP compared to papillary renal cell carcinoma (pRCC) with low or high nuclear grade (P < .001, all). Compared to pRCC with high nuclear grade, patients with PRNRP exhibited significantly longer progression-free survival (P < .001). PRNRP showed the best clinical outcome, with no disease progression in any of the cases. Our study analyzed the largest number of PRNRP cases and is the first to analyze the association between PRNRP and the KRAS downstream signaling pathway. PRNRP was found at a high frequency among all papillary renal tumors (43/207) and demonstrated a very good prognosis. PRNRP showed high GATA3, L1CAM, PAX8, and EMA protein expression as well as high p-ERK, RalA, and RalB protein expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bohyun Kim
- Department of Pathology, Konkuk University Medical Center, Konkuk University School of Medicine, Seoul 03080, Republic of Korea
| | - Seokhyeon Lee
- Department of Pathology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul 03080, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyung Chul Moon
- Department of Pathology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul 03080, Republic of Korea; Department of Pathology, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul 03080, Republic of Korea; Kidney Research Institute, Medical Research Center, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul 03080, Republic of Korea.
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DeGeer J, Datwyler AL, Rickenbach C, Ommer A, Gerber D, Fimiani C, Gerber J, Pereira JA, Suter U. Ral GTPases are critical regulators of spinal cord myelination and homeostasis. Cell Rep 2022; 40:111413. [PMID: 36170840 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2022.111413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2021] [Revised: 07/12/2022] [Accepted: 09/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Efficient myelination supports nerve conduction and axonal health throughout life. In the central nervous system, oligodendrocytes (OLs) carry out this demanding anabolic duty in part through biosynthetic pathways controlled by mTOR. We identify Ral GTPases as critical regulators of mouse spinal cord myelination and myelin maintenance. Ablation of Ral GTPases (RalA, RalB) in OL-lineage cells impairs timely onset and radial growth of developmental myelination, accompanied by increased endosomal/lysosomal abundance. Further examinations, including transcriptomic analyses of Ral-deficient OLs, were consistent with mTORC1-related deficits. However, deletion of the mTOR signaling-repressor Pten in Ral-deficient OL-lineage cells is unable to rescue mTORC1 activation or developmental myelination deficiencies. Induced deletion of Ral GTPases in OLs of adult mice results in late-onset myelination defects and tissue degeneration. Together, our data indicate critical roles for Ral GTPases to promote developmental spinal cord myelination, to ensure accurate mTORC1 signaling, and to protect the healthy state of myelin-axon units over time.
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Cemeli T, Guasch-Vallés M, Ribes-Santolaria M, Ibars E, Navaridas R, Dolcet X, Pedraza N, Colomina N, Torres-Rosell J, Ferrezuelo F, Herreros J, Garí E. Antitumor Effects of Ral-GTPases Downregulation in Glioblastoma. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:8199. [PMID: 35897776 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23158199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2022] [Revised: 07/19/2022] [Accepted: 07/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma (GBM) is the most common tumor in the central nervous system in adults. This neoplasia shows a high capacity of growth and spreading to the surrounding brain tissue, hindering its complete surgical resection. Therefore, the finding of new antitumor therapies for GBM treatment is a priority. We have previously described that cyclin D1-CDK4 promotes GBM dissemination through the activation of the small GTPases RalA and RalB. In this paper, we show that RalB GTPase is upregulated in primary GBM cells. We found that the downregulation of Ral GTPases, mainly RalB, prevents the proliferation of primary GBM cells and triggers a senescence-like response. Moreover, downregulation of RalA and RalB reduces the viability of GBM cells growing as tumorspheres, suggesting a possible role of these GTPases in the survival of GBM stem cells. By using mouse subcutaneous xenografts, we have corroborated the role of RalB in GBM growth in vivo. Finally, we have observed that the knockdown of RalB also inhibits cell growth in temozolomide-resistant GBM cells. Overall, our work shows that GBM cells are especially sensitive to Ral-GTPase availability. Therefore, we propose that the inactivation of Ral-GTPases may be a reliable therapeutic approach to prevent GBM progression and recurrence.
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Chamberlain SG, Owen D, Mott HR. Membrane extraction by calmodulin underpins the disparate signalling of RalA and RalB. Bioessays 2022; 44:e2200011. [PMID: 35318680 DOI: 10.1002/bies.202200011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2022] [Revised: 03/09/2022] [Accepted: 03/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Both RalA and RalB interact with the ubiquitous calcium sensor, calmodulin (CaM). New structural and biophysical characterisation of these interactions strongly suggests that, in the native membrane-associated state, only RalA can be extracted from the membrane by CaM and this non-canonical interaction could underpin the divergent signalling roles of these closely related GTPases. The isoform specificity for RalA exhibited by CaM is hypothesised to contribute to the disparate signalling roles of RalA and RalB in mitochondrial dynamics. This would lead to CaM shuttling RalA to the mitochondrial membrane but leaving RalB localisation unperturbed, and in doing so triggering mitochondrial fission pathways rather than mitophagy.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Darerca Owen
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Helen R Mott
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
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Wang Y, Zheng Y, Chen Q, Dai Y, Li T. MicroRNA-139 inhibits pancreatic-cancer carcinogenesis by suppressing RalB via the Ral/RAC/PI3K pathway. Arch Biochem Biophys 2020; 704:108719. [PMID: 33290747 DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2020.108719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2020] [Revised: 11/19/2020] [Accepted: 12/04/2020] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Micro-ribonucleic acids (miRNAs) are a class of conserved small non-coding RNAs (sncRNAs) that post-transcriptionally regulate their downstream target genes. Existing evidence indicates that abnormal expression of mRNAs results in the occurrence and development of pancreatic cancer (PC). In this study, we explored the potential role of miRNA-139 (miR-139) as a biomarker in the monitoring and treatment of PC. We demonstrated that expression of miR-139 was significantly downregulated in PC cells and tissues. In addition, both in vitro and in vivo experiments showed that miR-139 significantly inhibited the growth, migration, and invasion of PC cells. We carried out microarray analysis and transcriptome sequencing to find the potential target of miR-139 in PC cells, and the results showed that miR-139 targeted Ras-like proto-oncogene B (RalB). Luciferase reporter experiments verified that high level of RalB could reverse the proliferation and invasion of PC cells overexpressing miR-139. Using Gene Ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) analyses, we found that miR-139 likely affected PC cell cycle by targeting RalB via the Ral/protein kinase B (Akt) serine/threonine kinase 1 (RAC)/phosphatidylinositol-4,5-bisphosphate 3-kinase (PI3K) pathway, thus affecting cell proliferation. This presumption was further confirmed in our in vitro and in vivo experiments. Our examination of PC tissues suggested that the expression of miR-139 was negatively correlated with that of RalB. Taken together, our results implied that miR-139 could suppress tumor growth and metastasis in PC by targeting RalB, revealing the potential role of miR-139 as a biomarker for the monitoring and treatment of PC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Wang
- Department of Oncology, Fujian Provincial Hospital, Provincial Clinical College of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian, 350001, China
| | - Yan Zheng
- Department of Oncology, Fujian Provincial Hospital, Provincial Clinical College of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian, 350001, China
| | - Qiao Chen
- Department of Oncology, Fujian Provincial Hospital, Provincial Clinical College of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian, 350001, China
| | - Yongmei Dai
- Department of Oncology, Fujian Provincial Hospital, Provincial Clinical College of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian, 350001, China
| | - Ting Li
- Department of Oncology, Fujian Provincial Hospital, Provincial Clinical College of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian, 350001, China.
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7
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Shi X, Li S, Wang L, Li H, Li Z, Wang W, Bai J, Sun Y, Li J, Li X. RalB degradation by dihydroartemisinin induces autophagy and IFI16/caspase-1 inflammasome depression in the human laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma. Chin Med 2020; 15:64. [PMID: 32577124 PMCID: PMC7304197 DOI: 10.1186/s13020-020-00340-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2020] [Accepted: 05/26/2020] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Interferon-inducible 16 (IFI16)/caspase-1 inflammasome activates and secretes IL-1β. However, it is still unclear whether the IFI16 inflammasome is involved in human laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma. Autophagy directly removed inflammasome components and limited early IL-1β production. RalB is required for the crosstalk between inflammasome and autophagy in macrophages. Dihydroartemisinin (DHA), the main derived ingredient of artemisinin, has a variety of biological activities. The mechanism of DHA in regulating the crosstalk between IFI16 inflammasome and autophagy by inhibiting RalB expression was analyzed in order to provide clues for new therapeutic methods in laryngeal cancer. Methods The expression of IFI16 was analyzed by Oncomine and GEPIA databases and detected by Western blot and immunohistochemistry. The relationship between IFI16 inflammasome and autophagy was investigated by transmission electron microscopy, immunofluorescence assay, etc. in Hep-2, Cal-27 and HeLa cells treated with DHA. The xenograft tumor of hep-2 cell in nude mice were used to assess the effect of DHA on laryngeal cancer. Results It was reported for the first time in this study that IFI16 was overexpressed and positively correlated with caspase-1 in laryngeal carcinoma tissues. DHA significantly inhibited the activation of inflammasome and reduced IL-1β production in the microenvironment of Hep-2 cell xenograft tumor in nude mice. Mechanistically, we found that DHA degraded RalB, inhibited USP33 expression, and triggered autophagy. Meanwhile, enhanced autophagy can reduce the expression of RalB and USP33. Furthermore, DHA promotes autophagy, which suppresses the activation of IFI16/caspase-1 inflammasome and IL-1β production. Conclusions Therefore, our findings demonstrate that DHA may act as a RalB inhibitor to regulate the crosstalk between autophagy and IFI16/caspase-1 inflammasome, which inhibits IL-1β production in tumor microenvironment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinli Shi
- Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Bethune International Peace Hospital, Shijiazhuang, 050081 China.,Department of Pathobiology and Immunology, Hebei University of Chinese Medicine, Shijiazhuang, 050200 China
| | - Shenghao Li
- Department of Pathobiology and Immunology, Hebei University of Chinese Medicine, Shijiazhuang, 050200 China
| | - Li Wang
- Laboratory of Organ Fibrosis Prophylaxis and Treatment by Combine Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Research Center of Combine Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Affiliated Traditional Medicine Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, 646000 China
| | - Hui Li
- Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Bethune International Peace Hospital, Shijiazhuang, 050081 China
| | - Zhen Li
- Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Bethune International Peace Hospital, Shijiazhuang, 050081 China
| | - Weiyi Wang
- Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Bethune International Peace Hospital, Shijiazhuang, 050081 China.,Department of Neurology, Children's Hospital of Hebei Province, Shijiazhuang, 050000 China
| | - Jing Bai
- Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Bethune International Peace Hospital, Shijiazhuang, 050081 China
| | - Yajing Sun
- Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Bethune International Peace Hospital, Shijiazhuang, 050081 China
| | - Jianchun Li
- Laboratory of Organ Fibrosis Prophylaxis and Treatment by Combine Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Research Center of Combine Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Affiliated Traditional Medicine Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, 646000 China
| | - Xiaoming Li
- Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Bethune International Peace Hospital, Shijiazhuang, 050081 China
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Yang H, Xiang S, Kazi A, Sebti SM. The GTPase KRAS suppresses the p53 tumor suppressor by activating the NRF2-regulated antioxidant defense system in cancer cells. J Biol Chem 2020; 295:3055-3063. [PMID: 32001619 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra119.011930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2019] [Revised: 12/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
In human cancer cells that harbor mutant KRAS and WT p53 (p53), KRAS contributes to the maintenance of low p53 levels. Moreover, KRAS depletion stabilizes and reactivates p53 and thereby inhibits malignant transformation. However, the mechanism by which KRAS regulates p53 is largely unknown. Recently, we showed that KRAS depletion leads to p53 Ser-15 phosphorylation (P-p53) and increases the levels of p53 and its target p21/WT p53-activated fragment 1 (WAF1)/CIP1. Here, using several human lung cancer cell lines, siRNA-mediated gene silencing, immunoblotting, quantitative RT-PCR, promoter-reporter assays, and reactive oxygen species (ROS) assays, we demonstrate that KRAS maintains low p53 levels by activating the NRF2 (NFE2-related factor 2)-regulated antioxidant defense system. We found that KRAS depletion led to down-regulation of NRF2 and its targets NQO1 (NAD(P)H quinone dehydrogenase 1) and SLC7A11 (solute carrier family 7 member 11), decreased the GSH/GSSG ratio, and increased ROS levels. We noted that the increase in ROS is required for increased P-p53, p53, and p21Waf1/cip1 levels following KRAS depletion. Downstream of KRAS, depletion of RalB (RAS-like proto-oncogene B) and IκB kinase-related TANK-binding kinase 1 (TBK1) activated p53 in a ROS- and NRF2-dependent manner. Consistent with this, the IκB kinase inhibitor BAY11-7085 and dominant-negative mutant IκBαM inhibited NF-κB activity and increased P-p53, p53, and p21Waf1/cip1 levels in a ROS-dependent manner. In conclusion, our findings uncover an important role for the NRF2-regulated antioxidant system in KRAS-mediated p53 suppression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hua Yang
- Drug Discovery Department, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, Florida 33612 Department of Oncologic Sciences, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida 33612
| | - Shengyan Xiang
- Drug Discovery Department, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, Florida 33612 Department of Oncologic Sciences, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida 33612
| | - Aslamuzzaman Kazi
- Drug Discovery Department, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, Florida 33612 Department of Oncologic Sciences, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida 33612
| | - Said M Sebti
- Drug Discovery Department, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, Florida 33612 Department of Oncologic Sciences, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida 33612.
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Vasseur R, Skrypek N, Duchêne B, Renaud F, Martínez-Maqueda D, Vincent A, Porchet N, Van Seuningen I, Jonckheere N. The mucin MUC4 is a transcriptional and post-transcriptional target of K-ras oncogene in pancreatic cancer. Implication of MAPK/AP-1, NF-κB and RalB signaling pathways. Biochim Biophys Acta 2015; 1849:1375-84. [PMID: 26477488 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagrm.2015.10.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2015] [Revised: 09/28/2015] [Accepted: 10/14/2015] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
The membrane-bound mucinMUC4 is a high molecularweight glycoprotein frequently deregulated in cancer. In pancreatic cancer, one of the most deadly cancers in occidental countries, MUC4 is neo-expressed in the preneoplastic stages and thereafter is involved in cancer cell properties leading to cancer progression and chemoresistance. K-ras oncogene is a small GTPase of the RAS superfamily, highly implicated in cancer. K-ras mutations are considered as an initiating event of pancreatic carcinogenesis and K-ras oncogenic activities are necessary components of cancer progression. However, K-ras remains clinically undruggable. Targeting early downstream K-ras signaling in cancer may thus appear as an interesting strategy and MUC4 regulation by K-ras in pancreatic carcinogenesis remains unknown. Using the Pdx1-Cre; LStopL-K-rasG12D mouse model of pancreatic carcinogenesis, we show that the in vivo early neo-expression of the mucin Muc4 in pancreatic intraepithelial neoplastic lesions (PanINs) induced by mutated K-ras is correlated with the activation of ERK, JNK and NF-κB signaling pathways. In vitro, transfection of constitutively activated K-rasG12V in pancreatic cancer cells led to the transcriptional upregulation of MUC4. This activation was found to be mediated at the transcriptional level by AP-1 and NF-κB transcription factors via MAPK, JNK and NF-κB pathways and at the posttranscriptional level by a mechanism involving the RalB GTPase. Altogether, these results identify MUC4 as a transcriptional and post-transcriptional target of K-ras in pancreatic cancer. This opens avenues in developing new approaches to target the early steps of this deadly cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Romain Vasseur
- Inserm, UMR-S 1172, Jean Pierre Aubert Research Center, Team "Mucins, epithelial differentiation and carcinogenesis", 1 rue Polonovski, 59045 Lille cedex, France; Univ Lille Nord de France, 42 rue Paul Duez, F-59000 Lille, France; Centre Hospitalier Régional et Universitaire de Lille, Place de Verdun, 59037 Lille cedex, France
| | - Nicolas Skrypek
- Inserm, UMR-S 1172, Jean Pierre Aubert Research Center, Team "Mucins, epithelial differentiation and carcinogenesis", 1 rue Polonovski, 59045 Lille cedex, France; Univ Lille Nord de France, 42 rue Paul Duez, F-59000 Lille, France; Centre Hospitalier Régional et Universitaire de Lille, Place de Verdun, 59037 Lille cedex, France
| | - Belinda Duchêne
- Inserm, UMR-S 1172, Jean Pierre Aubert Research Center, Team "Mucins, epithelial differentiation and carcinogenesis", 1 rue Polonovski, 59045 Lille cedex, France; Univ Lille Nord de France, 42 rue Paul Duez, F-59000 Lille, France; Centre Hospitalier Régional et Universitaire de Lille, Place de Verdun, 59037 Lille cedex, France
| | - Florence Renaud
- Inserm, UMR-S 1172, Jean Pierre Aubert Research Center, Team "Mucins, epithelial differentiation and carcinogenesis", 1 rue Polonovski, 59045 Lille cedex, France; Univ Lille Nord de France, 42 rue Paul Duez, F-59000 Lille, France; Centre Hospitalier Régional et Universitaire de Lille, Place de Verdun, 59037 Lille cedex, France; Institut de Pathologie, Centre de Biologie Pathologie, Boulevard du Professeur Jules Leclercq, 59037 Lille Cedex, France
| | - Daniel Martínez-Maqueda
- Inserm, UMR-S 1172, Jean Pierre Aubert Research Center, Team "Mucins, epithelial differentiation and carcinogenesis", 1 rue Polonovski, 59045 Lille cedex, France
| | - Audrey Vincent
- Inserm, UMR-S 1172, Jean Pierre Aubert Research Center, Team "Mucins, epithelial differentiation and carcinogenesis", 1 rue Polonovski, 59045 Lille cedex, France; Univ Lille Nord de France, 42 rue Paul Duez, F-59000 Lille, France; Centre Hospitalier Régional et Universitaire de Lille, Place de Verdun, 59037 Lille cedex, France
| | - Nicole Porchet
- Inserm, UMR-S 1172, Jean Pierre Aubert Research Center, Team "Mucins, epithelial differentiation and carcinogenesis", 1 rue Polonovski, 59045 Lille cedex, France; Univ Lille Nord de France, 42 rue Paul Duez, F-59000 Lille, France; Centre Hospitalier Régional et Universitaire de Lille, Place de Verdun, 59037 Lille cedex, France
| | - Isabelle Van Seuningen
- Inserm, UMR-S 1172, Jean Pierre Aubert Research Center, Team "Mucins, epithelial differentiation and carcinogenesis", 1 rue Polonovski, 59045 Lille cedex, France; Univ Lille Nord de France, 42 rue Paul Duez, F-59000 Lille, France; Centre Hospitalier Régional et Universitaire de Lille, Place de Verdun, 59037 Lille cedex, France
| | - Nicolas Jonckheere
- Inserm, UMR-S 1172, Jean Pierre Aubert Research Center, Team "Mucins, epithelial differentiation and carcinogenesis", 1 rue Polonovski, 59045 Lille cedex, France; Univ Lille Nord de France, 42 rue Paul Duez, F-59000 Lille, France; Centre Hospitalier Régional et Universitaire de Lille, Place de Verdun, 59037 Lille cedex, France
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10
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Abstract
Ral GTPases are critical effectors of Ras, yet the molecular mechanism by which they induce malignant transformation is not well understood. In this study, we found the expression of K-Ras, RalB, and sometimes RalA, but not AKT1/2 and c-Raf, to be required for maintaining low levels of p53 in human cancer cells that harbor mutant K-Ras and wild-type p53. Down-regulation of K-Ras, RalB, and sometimes RalA increases p53 protein levels and results in a p53-dependent up-regulation of the expression of p21(WAF). K-Ras, RalA, and RalB depletion increases p53 stability as demonstrated by ataxia telangiectasia-mutated kinase activation, increased Ser-15 phosphorylation, and a significant (up to 6-fold) increase in p53 half-life. Furthermore, depletion of K-Ras and RalB inhibits anchorage-independent growth and invasion and interferes with cell cycle progression in a p53-dependent manner. Depletion of RalA inhibits invasion in a p53-dependent manner. Thus, expression of K-Ras and RalB and possibly RalA proteins is critical for maintaining low levels of p53, and down-regulation of these GTPases reactivates p53 by significantly enhancing its stability, and this contributes to suppression of malignant transformation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Awet Tecleab
- From the Drug Discovery Department, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute and the Departments of Oncologic Sciences and Molecular Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida 33612
| | - Xiaolei Zhang
- From the Drug Discovery Department, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute and
| | - Said M Sebti
- From the Drug Discovery Department, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute and the Departments of Oncologic Sciences and Molecular Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida 33612
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Personnic N, Lakisic G, Gouin E, Rousseau A, Gautreau A, Cossart P, Bierne H. A role for Ral GTPase-activating protein subunit β in mitotic regulation. FEBS J 2014; 281:2977-89. [PMID: 24814574 DOI: 10.1111/febs.12836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2013] [Revised: 04/30/2014] [Accepted: 05/02/2014] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Ral proteins are small GTPases that play critical roles in normal physiology and in oncogenesis. There is little information on the GTPase-activating proteins (GAPs) that downregulate their activity. Here, we provide evidence that the noncatalytic β subunit of RalGAPα1/2 β complexes is involved in mitotic control. RalGAPβ localizes to the Golgi and nucleus during interphase, and relocalizes to the mitotic spindle and cytokinetic intercellular bridge during mitosis. Depletion of RalGAPβ causes chromosome misalignment and decreases the amount of mitotic cyclin B1, disturbing the metaphase-to-anaphase transition. Overexpression of RalGAPβ interferes with cell division, leading to binucleation and multinucleation, and cell death. We propose that RalGAPβ plays an essential role in the sequential progression of mitosis by controlling the spatial and temporal activation of Ral GTPases in the spindle assembly checkpoint (SAC) and cytokinesis. Deregulation of RalGAPβ might cause genomic instability, leading to human carcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Personnic
- Institut Pasteur, Unité des interactions Bactéries cellules, Paris, France; Inserm, U604, Paris, France; INRA, USC2020, Paris, France
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Abstract
Recognition that Ral guanine nucleotide exchange factors (RalGEFs) are direct Ras effectors and that Ral G-protein activation is a direct consequence of Ras activation has spurred focused efforts to establish the contribution of RalGEF/Ral signaling to oncogenic transformation. Here, we provide a broad-strokes overview of the mechanistic organization of the RalGEF/Ral signaling network, evaluate the evidence for participation of this network in tumorigenic regulatory milieus, consider targeting strategies, and discuss the challenges to and opportunities for clinical development of these targeting strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan M Cooper
- Department of Cell Biology, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA
| | - Brian O Bodemann
- Department of Cell Biology, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA
| | - Michael A White
- Department of Cell Biology, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA.
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13
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Kashatus DF. Ral GTPases in tumorigenesis: emerging from the shadows. Exp Cell Res. 2013;319:2337-2342. [PMID: 23830877 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2013.06.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2013] [Revised: 06/18/2013] [Accepted: 06/26/2013] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Oncogenic Ras proteins rely on a series of key effector pathways to drive the physiological changes that lead to tumorigenic growth. Of these effector pathways, the RalGEF pathway, which activates the two Ras-related GTPases RalA and RalB, remains the most poorly understood. This review will focus on key developments in our understanding of Ral biology, and will speculate on how aberrant activation of the multiple diverse Ral effector proteins might collectively contribute to oncogenic transformation and other aspects of tumor progression.
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