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Xu X, Song L, Li Y, Guo J, Huang S, Du S, Li W, Cao R, Cui S. Neurotrophin-3 promotes peripheral nerve regeneration by maintaining a repair state of Schwann cells after chronic denervation via the TrkC/ERK/c-Jun pathway. J Transl Med 2023; 21:733. [PMID: 37848983 PMCID: PMC10583391 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-023-04609-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2023] [Accepted: 10/10/2023] [Indexed: 10/19/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Maintaining the repair phenotype of denervated Schwann cells in the injured distal nerve is crucial for promoting peripheral nerve regeneration. However, when chronically denervated, the capacity of Schwann cells to support repair and regeneration deteriorates, leading to peripheral nerve regeneration and poor functional recovery. Herein, we investigated whether neurotrophin-3 (NT-3) could sustain the reparative phenotype of Schwann cells and promote peripheral nerve regeneration after chronic denervation and aimed to uncover its potential molecular mechanisms. METHODS Western blot was employed to investigate the relationship between the expression of c-Jun and the reparative phenotype of Schwann cells. The inducible expression of c-Jun by NT-3 was examined both in vitro and in vivo with western blot and immunofluorescence staining. A chronic denervation model was established to study the role of NT-3 in peripheral nerve regeneration. The number of regenerated distal axons, myelination of regenerated axons, reinnervation of neuromuscular junctions, and muscle fiber diameters of target muscles were used to evaluate peripheral nerve regeneration by immunofluorescence staining, transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) staining. Adeno-associated virus (AAV) 2/9 carrying shRNA, small molecule inhibitors, and siRNA were employed to investigate whether NT-3 could signal through the TrkC/ERK pathway to maintain c-Jun expression and promote peripheral nerve regeneration after chronic denervation. RESULTS After peripheral nerve injury, c-Jun expression progressively increased until week 5 and then began to decrease in the distal nerve following denervation. NT-3 upregulated the expression of c-Jun in denervated Schwann cells, both in vitro and in vivo. NT-3 promoted peripheral nerve regeneration after chronic denervation, mainly by upregulating or maintaining a high level of c-Jun rather than NT-3 itself. The TrkC receptor was consistently presented on denervated Schwann cells and served as NT-3 receptors following chronic denervation. NT-3 mainly upregulated c-Jun through the TrkC/ERK pathway. CONCLUSION NT-3 promotes peripheral nerve regeneration by maintaining the repair phenotype of Schwann cells after chronic denervation via the TrkC/ERK/c-Jun pathway. It provides a potential target for the clinical treatment of peripheral nerve injury after chronic denervation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiong Xu
- Department of Hand and Foot Surgery, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, No. 126 Xiantai Street, Changchun, 130033, China
- Key Laboratory of Peripheral Nerve Injury and Regeneration of Jilin Province, Changchun, China
| | - Lili Song
- Department of Hand & Microsurgery, Peking University Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen, China
| | - Yueying Li
- Department of Hand and Foot Surgery, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, No. 126 Xiantai Street, Changchun, 130033, China
- Key Laboratory of Peripheral Nerve Injury and Regeneration of Jilin Province, Changchun, China
| | - Jin Guo
- Department of Hand and Foot Surgery, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, No. 126 Xiantai Street, Changchun, 130033, China
- Key Laboratory of Peripheral Nerve Injury and Regeneration of Jilin Province, Changchun, China
| | - Shuo Huang
- Key Laboratory of Peripheral Nerve Injury and Regeneration of Jilin Province, Changchun, China
| | - Shuang Du
- Department of Hand and Foot Surgery, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, No. 126 Xiantai Street, Changchun, 130033, China
- Key Laboratory of Peripheral Nerve Injury and Regeneration of Jilin Province, Changchun, China
| | - Weizhen Li
- Department of Hand and Foot Surgery, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, No. 126 Xiantai Street, Changchun, 130033, China
- Key Laboratory of Peripheral Nerve Injury and Regeneration of Jilin Province, Changchun, China
| | - Rangjuan Cao
- Department of Hand and Foot Surgery, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, No. 126 Xiantai Street, Changchun, 130033, China.
- Key Laboratory of Peripheral Nerve Injury and Regeneration of Jilin Province, Changchun, China.
| | - Shusen Cui
- Department of Hand and Foot Surgery, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, No. 126 Xiantai Street, Changchun, 130033, China.
- Key Laboratory of Peripheral Nerve Injury and Regeneration of Jilin Province, Changchun, China.
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Murakami T, Ito Y, Sango K, Watabe K, Sunada Y. Human transthyretin gene expression is markedly increased in repair Schwann cells in an in vitro model of hereditary transthyretin amyloidosis. Neurochem Int 2023; 164:105507. [PMID: 36796540 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2023.105507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2022] [Revised: 02/09/2023] [Accepted: 02/12/2023] [Indexed: 02/16/2023]
Abstract
Hereditary transthyretin (TTR) amyloidosis (ATTRv) is characterized by TTR amyloid deposition in the peripheral nervous system. It remains unknown why variant TTR preferentially deposits in the peripheral nerves and dorsal root ganglia. We previously detected low levels of TTR expression in Schwann cells and established an immortalized Schwann cell line, TgS1, derived from a mouse model of ATTRv amyloidosis expressing the variant TTR gene. In the present study, the expression of TTR and Schwann cell marker genes was investigated in TgS1 cells by quantitative RT-PCR. TTR gene expression was markedly upregulated in TgS1 cells incubated in non-growth medium-Dulbecco's modified Eagle's medium supplemented with 10% fetal bovine serum. The expression levels of c-Jun, Gdnf and Sox2 were increased, while Mpz was downregulated, suggesting that TgS1 cells exhibit a repair Schwann cell-like phenotype in the non-growth medium. Western blot analysis revealed that TTR protein was produced and secreted by the TgS1 cells. Furthermore, downregulation of Hsf1 with siRNA induced TTR aggregates in the TgS1 cells. These findings indicate that TTR expression is markedly increased in repair Schwann cells, likely to promote axonal regeneration. Therefore, aged dysfunctional repair Schwann cells may cause the deposition of variant TTR aggregates in the nerves of patients with ATTRv.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatsufumi Murakami
- Department of Neurology, Kawasaki Medical School, Kurashiki, Okayama, 701-0192, Japan; Faculty of Rehabilitation, Kawasaki University of Medical Welfare, Kurashiki, Okayama, 701-0193, Japan.
| | - Yuri Ito
- Faculty of Rehabilitation, Kawasaki University of Medical Welfare, Kurashiki, Okayama, 701-0193, Japan
| | - Kazunori Sango
- Diabetic Neuropathy Project, Department of Diseases and Infection, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, Tokyo, 156-8506, Japan
| | - Kazuhiko Watabe
- Department of Medical Technology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Kyorin University, Tokyo, 181-8612, Japan
| | - Yoshihide Sunada
- Department of Neurology, Kawasaki Medical School, Kurashiki, Okayama, 701-0192, Japan
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Furumiya T, Itokazu T, Nakanishi T, Yamashita T. CXCR4 signaling regulates repair Schwann cell infiltration into the spinal cord after spinal cord injury in mice. Neurosci Res 2022; 191:38-47. [PMID: 36592826 DOI: 10.1016/j.neures.2022.12.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2022] [Revised: 12/12/2022] [Accepted: 12/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Schwann cells are glial cells that myelinate neuronal axons in the peripheral nervous system (PNS). When the PNS is damaged, Schwann cells de-differentiate into p75-positive "repair Schwann cells," which contribute to neural circuit regeneration. Interestingly, Schwann cells in the dorsal roots are known to be reprogrammed to repair Schwann cells even after spinal cord injury (SCI) and then migrate into the injured spinal cord. However, the molecular mechanism underlying the migration of repair Schwann cells remains unknown. Since a recent in vitro study revealed the importance of CXCR4 signaling in Schwann cell migration, we investigated whether CXCR4 signaling is involved in the PNS-to-central nervous system (CNS) migration of repair Schwann cells after SCI. We revealed that repair Schwann cells express CXCR4, and its ligand CXCL12 is upregulated in the injured spinal cord. We also found that the pharmacological inhibition of CXCR4 signaling decreased the infiltration of repair Schwann cells. Moreover, CXCR4 agonist administration effectively increased the infiltration of repair Schwann cells along with improved motor function. These findings strongly suggest the involvement of CXCR4 signaling in the PNS-to-CNS migration of repair Schwann cells after SCI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takeru Furumiya
- Department of Molecular Neuroscience, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Takahide Itokazu
- Department of Molecular Neuroscience, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan; Department of Neuro-Medical Science, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan.
| | - Toru Nakanishi
- Department of Molecular Neuroscience, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan; Department of Neuro-Medical Science, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Toshihide Yamashita
- Department of Molecular Neuroscience, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan; Department of Neuro-Medical Science, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan; WPI Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka, Japan; Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan.
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Liu T, Wang Y, Lu L, Liu Y. SPIONs mediated magnetic actuation promotes nerve regeneration by inducing and maintaining repair-supportive phenotypes in Schwann cells. J Nanobiotechnology 2022; 20:159. [PMID: 35351151 PMCID: PMC8966266 DOI: 10.1186/s12951-022-01337-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2022] [Accepted: 02/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Schwann cells, the glial cells in the peripheral nervous system, are highly plastic. In response to nerve injury, Schwann cells are reprogrammed to a series of specialized repair-promoting phenotypes, known as repair Schwann cells, which play a pivotal role in nerve regeneration. However, repair Schwann cells represent a transient and unstable cell state, and these cells progressively lose their repair phenotypes and repair‐supportive capacity; the transience of this state is one of the key reasons for regeneration failure in humans. Therefore, the ability to control the phenotypic stability of repair Schwann cells is of great practical importance as well as biological interest. Results We designed and prepared a type of fluorescent–magnetic bifunctional superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (SPIONs). In the present study, we established rat sciatic nerve injury models, then applied SPIONs to Schwann cells and established an effective SPION-mediated magnetic actuation system targeting the sciatic nerves. Our results demonstrate that magnetic actuation mediated by SPIONs can induce and maintain repair-supportive phenotypes of Schwann cells, thereby promoting regeneration and functional recovery of the sciatic nerve after crush injury. Conclusions Our research indicate that Schwann cells can sense these external, magnetically driven mechanical forces and transduce them to intracellular biochemical signals that promote nerve regeneration by inducing and maintaining the repair phenotypes of Schwann cells. We hope that this study will provide a new therapeutic strategy to promote the regeneration and repair of injured peripheral nerves. Graphical Abstract ![]()
Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12951-022-01337-5.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting Liu
- Department of Geriatrics, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, 130021, People's Republic of China
| | - Yang Wang
- Department of Hand Surgery, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, 130021, People's Republic of China.
| | - Laijin Lu
- Department of Hand Surgery, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, 130021, People's Republic of China
| | - Yi Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun, 130012, People's Republic of China.
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Arthur-Farraj P, Coleman MP. Lessons from Injury: How Nerve Injury Studies Reveal Basic Biological Mechanisms and Therapeutic Opportunities for Peripheral Nerve Diseases. Neurotherapeutics 2021; 18:2200-2221. [PMID: 34595734 PMCID: PMC8804151 DOI: 10.1007/s13311-021-01125-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Since Waller and Cajal in the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, laboratory traumatic peripheral nerve injury studies have provided great insight into cellular and molecular mechanisms governing axon degeneration and the responses of Schwann cells, the major glial cell type of peripheral nerves. It is now evident that pathways underlying injury-induced axon degeneration and the Schwann cell injury-specific state, the repair Schwann cell, are relevant to many inherited and acquired disorders of peripheral nerves. This review provides a timely update on the molecular understanding of axon degeneration and formation of the repair Schwann cell. We discuss how nicotinamide mononucleotide adenylyltransferase 2 (NMNAT2) and sterile alpha TIR motif containing protein 1 (SARM1) are required for axon survival and degeneration, respectively, how transcription factor c-JUN is essential for the Schwann cell response to nerve injury and what each tells us about disease mechanisms and potential therapies. Human genetic association with NMNAT2 and SARM1 strongly suggests aberrant activation of programmed axon death in polyneuropathies and motor neuron disorders, respectively, and animal studies suggest wider involvement including in chemotherapy-induced and diabetic neuropathies. In repair Schwann cells, cJUN is aberrantly expressed in a wide variety of human acquired and inherited neuropathies. Animal models suggest it limits axon loss in both genetic and traumatic neuropathies, whereas in contrast, Schwann cell secreted Neuregulin-1 type 1 drives onion bulb pathology in CMT1A. Finally, we discuss opportunities for drug-based and gene therapies to prevent axon loss or manipulate the repair Schwann cell state to treat acquired and inherited neuropathies and neuronopathies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Arthur-Farraj
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, John Van Geest Centre for Brain Repair, University of Cambridge, Robinson Way, Cambridge, CB2 0PY, UK.
| | - Michael P Coleman
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, John Van Geest Centre for Brain Repair, University of Cambridge, Robinson Way, Cambridge, CB2 0PY, UK.
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