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Luo Z, Su X, Deng Y, Deng Z, Yang S, Luo X, Chen J, Shi L, Chen H. Insight into the pollution characteristics of road and roof runoff in Changsha, China. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int 2023; 30:67608-67620. [PMID: 37118385 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-023-27146-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2022] [Accepted: 04/17/2023] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Non-point source pollution from rainwater runoff presents a serious challenge for urban water management in many cities undergoing urbanization and experiencing climate change. To alleviate water resource conflicts in Changsha, China, this study comprehensively evaluated the pollution characteristics and first flush effect (FFE) of runoff from asphalt roads and colored steel plate roofs under seven rainfall events in April-May 2022. The runoff was collected and purified using bioretention ponds. The results showed that the peak runoff pollutant concentrations occurred within the first 20 min of runoff generation and then decreased to relatively stable levels, with maximum total suspended solids (TSS) concentration and chemical oxygen demand (CODCr) reaching 873.5 and 207.32 mg/L, respectively, for road runoff and 162 and 73.31 mg/L for roof runoff, respectively. The main pollutants were TSS and CODCr, followed by ammonia nitrogen (NH4+-N), nitrate nitrogen (NO3--N), total phosphorus (TP), and nitrite nitrogen (NO2--N). Concentrations of pollutants and FFE for roof runoff were lower than those for road runoff. Road runoff had a more obvious FFE for TP and NH4+-N, whereas the roof runoff showed the presence of TP and NO3--N. An important implication is that treating the first 30% of surface runoff from rainfall events with long antecedent dry days or high rainfall amounts is necessary to improve water quality before discharge or utilization. The study also found that road and roof runoff, after treatment with bioretention ponds, exhibit good water quality, thus, allowing their use as reclaimed water or for miscellaneous purposes in urban areas. Overall, this study provides useful information for designing management measures to mitigate runoff pollution and reuse in Changsha.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen Luo
- School of Hydraulic and Environmental Engineering, Changsha University of Science and Technology, Changsha, 410004, China
- Institute of Eco-Environment, Changsha University of Science and Technology, Changsha, 410114, China
| | - Xiaokang Su
- China Machinery International Engineering Design & Research Institute Co., Ltd, Changsha, 410007, China
| | - Yiyi Deng
- School of Hydraulic and Environmental Engineering, Changsha University of Science and Technology, Changsha, 410004, China
- Institute of Eco-Environment, Changsha University of Science and Technology, Changsha, 410114, China
| | - Zhengyu Deng
- China Machinery International Engineering Design & Research Institute Co., Ltd, Changsha, 410007, China
| | - Shuanglin Yang
- School of Hydraulic and Environmental Engineering, Changsha University of Science and Technology, Changsha, 410004, China
- Institute of Eco-Environment, Changsha University of Science and Technology, Changsha, 410114, China
| | - Xin Luo
- School of Hydraulic and Environmental Engineering, Changsha University of Science and Technology, Changsha, 410004, China
- Institute of Eco-Environment, Changsha University of Science and Technology, Changsha, 410114, China
| | - Jing Chen
- School of Hydraulic and Environmental Engineering, Changsha University of Science and Technology, Changsha, 410004, China
- Institute of Eco-Environment, Changsha University of Science and Technology, Changsha, 410114, China
| | - Lixiu Shi
- School of Hydraulic and Environmental Engineering, Changsha University of Science and Technology, Changsha, 410004, China
- Institute of Eco-Environment, Changsha University of Science and Technology, Changsha, 410114, China
| | - Hong Chen
- School of Hydraulic and Environmental Engineering, Changsha University of Science and Technology, Changsha, 410004, China.
- Institute of Eco-Environment, Changsha University of Science and Technology, Changsha, 410114, China.
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Charters FJ, O'Sullivan AD, Cochrane TA. Influences of zinc loads in urban catchment runoff: Roof type, land use type, climate and management strategies. J Environ Manage 2022; 322:116076. [PMID: 36041305 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2022.116076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2022] [Revised: 08/18/2022] [Accepted: 08/20/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The contribution of ecotoxic dissolved metals from metallic roofs into urban waterways is a global issue. Identifying the specific origin of dissolved metals is critical to enabling appropriate stormwater management approaches that can provide the intended outcome of cleaner urban waterways. An event load pollutant model, Modelled Estimates of Discharges for Urban Stormwater Assessments (MEDUSA2.0), was used to predict the zinc load contributed from individual roof surfaces, under a wide range of rainfall conditions. Zinc was chosen as the pollutant of most concern given the extensive area of zinc-based roof surfaces, and the prevalence and mobility of zinc within urban waterways. The model categorized each roof by surface material and condition, and was run for individual rain events across multiple years to illustrate the influences on zinc loads from both surface type and rainfall conditions. Scenarios of future management were also assessed through the model to compare their benefits in terms of load reductions against the current baseline loadings. To understand how the load prediction and scenario modelling can provide valuable guidance for stormwater management decision-makers, the model was applied to a large urban catchment in Christchurch, New Zealand. Seven representative subcatchments of the varying proportions of industrial, commercial and residential land use type were also modelled to compare zinc loads generated. Results showed that an individual catchment's composition of roof types was the main driver of zinc load generation rather than the catchment's land use type. The modelled management scenarios demonstrated that reductions of 30% zinc could be achieved by changing only 4-13% of a subcatchment's unpainted zinc-based roof surfaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frances J Charters
- Department of Civil and Natural Resources Engineering, University of Canterbury, Private Bag 4800, Christchurch, 8140, New Zealand.
| | - Aisling D O'Sullivan
- Department of Civil and Natural Resources Engineering, University of Canterbury, Private Bag 4800, Christchurch, 8140, New Zealand.
| | - Thomas A Cochrane
- Department of Civil and Natural Resources Engineering, University of Canterbury, Private Bag 4800, Christchurch, 8140, New Zealand.
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Alja'fari J, Sharvelle S, Brinkman NE, Jahne M, Keely S, Wheaton EA, Garland J, Welty C, Sukop MC, Meixner T. Characterization of roof runoff microbial quality in four U.S. cities with varying climate and land use characteristics. Water Res 2022; 225:119123. [PMID: 36166998 PMCID: PMC10236986 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2022.119123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2022] [Revised: 09/09/2022] [Accepted: 09/14/2022] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Roof runoff has the potential to serve as an important local water source in regions with growing populations and limited water supply. Given the scarcity of guidance regulating the use of roof runoff, a need exists to characterize the microbial quality of roof runoff. The objective of this 2-year research effort was to examine roof runoff microbial quality in four U.S. cities: Fort Collins, CO; Tucson, AZ; Baltimore, MD; and Miami, FL. Seven participants, i.e., homeowners and schools, were recruited in each city to collect roof runoff samples across 13 precipitation events. Sample collection was done as part of a citizen science approach. The presence and concentrations of indicator organisms and potentially human-infectious pathogens in roof runoff were determined using culture methods and digital droplet polymerase chain reaction (ddPCR), respectively. The analyzed pathogens included Salmonella spp., Campylobacter spp., Giardia duodenalis, and Cryptosporidium parvum. Several factors were evaluated to study their influence on the presence of potentially human-infectious pathogens including the physicochemical characteristics (total suspended solids, volatile suspended solids, total dissolved solids, chemical oxygen demand, and turbidity) of roof runoff, concentrations of indicator organisms, presence/absence of trees, storm properties (rainfall depth and antecedent dry period), percent of impervious cover surrounding each sampling location, seasonality, and geographical location. E. coli and enterococci were detected in 73.4% and 96.2% of the analyzed samples, respectively. Concentrations of both E. coli and enterococci ranged from <0 log10 to >3.38 log10 MPN/100 mL. Salmonella spp. invA, Campylobacter spp. ceuE, and G. duodenalis β - giardin gene targets were detected in 8.9%, 2.5%, and 5.1% of the analyzed samples, respectively. Campylobacter spp. mapA and C. parvum 18S rRNA gene targets were not detected in any of the analyzed samples. The detection of Salmonella spp. invA was influenced by the geographical location of the sampling site (Chi-square p-value < 0.001) as well as the number of antecedent dry days prior to a rain event (p-value = 0.002, negative correlation). The antecedent dry period was negatively correlated with the occurrence of Campylobacter spp. ceuE as well (p-value = 0.07). On the other hand, the presence of G. duodenalis β-giardin in roof runoff was positively correlated with rainfall depth (p-value = 0.05). While physicochemical parameters and impervious area were not found to be correlated with the presence/absence of potentially human-infectious pathogens, significant correlations were found between meteorological parameters and the presence/absence of potentially human-infectious pathogens. Additionally, a weak, yet significant positive correlation, was found only between the concentrations of E. coli and those of Giardia duodenalis β-giardin. This dataset represents the largest-scale study to date of enteric pathogens in U.S. roof runoff collections and will inform treatment targets for different non-potable end uses for roof runoff. However, the dataset is limited by the low percent detection of bacterial and protozoan pathogens, an issue that is likely to persist challenging the characterization of roof runoff microbial quality given sampling limitations related to the volume and number of samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jumana Alja'fari
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Colorado State University, 700 Meridian Avenue, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA.
| | - Sybil Sharvelle
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Colorado State University, 700 Meridian Avenue, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA
| | - Nichole E Brinkman
- Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 26 West Martin Luther King Dr., Cincinnati, OH 45268, USA
| | - Michael Jahne
- Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 26 West Martin Luther King Dr., Cincinnati, OH 45268, USA
| | - Scott Keely
- Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 26 West Martin Luther King Dr., Cincinnati, OH 45268, USA
| | - Emily A Wheaton
- Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 26 West Martin Luther King Dr., Cincinnati, OH 45268, USA
| | - Jay Garland
- Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 26 West Martin Luther King Dr., Cincinnati, OH 45268, USA
| | - Claire Welty
- Department of Chemical, Biological, and Environmental Engineering and Center for Urban Environmental Research and Education, University of Maryland, Baltimore County, 1000 Hilltop Circle, Baltimore, MD 21250, USA
| | - Michael C Sukop
- Department of Earth and Environment, Florida International University, 11200 SW 8th Street, Miami, FL 33199, USA
| | - Thomas Meixner
- Department of Hydrology and Atmospheric Sciences, The University of Arizona, 1133 E. James E. Rogers Way, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA
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Tengan BM, Akoto O. Comprehensive evaluation of the possible impact of roofing materials on the quality of harvested rainwater for human consumption. Sci Total Environ 2022; 819:152966. [PMID: 35016931 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.152966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2021] [Revised: 01/03/2022] [Accepted: 01/04/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Water is a vital natural resource that influences life and contributes to domestic and industrial activities. Availability and accessibility of safe water sources are crucial for a country's economic growth. Harvesting of roof runoffs is an alternative source of water used for domestic purposes. However, the quality of harvested rainwater can be affected by roofing materials. This research seeks to assess heavy metals concentration, physicochemical and bacteriological parameters in roof runoffs and estimate the water quality index and health risk these metals pose to consumers. Rainwater samples were collected from Aluzinc, Aluminum, Galvanized, and Asbestos roofing materials within the Ejisu municipality. Rainwater collected directly from the sky was used as control. All runoffs from the four roofing materials recorded Cd, Fe, Cr, turbidity, pH, E.coli, total and fecal coliform levels above WHO limit for drinking water. There was a significant variation in pH, EC, Zn, Cd, Cr, Fe, E. coli, total and fecal coliform levels between control samples and roof runoffs (p < 0.05). The estimated water quality index for runoffs from the four roofing materials exceeded 100 indicating their unsuitability for drinking. Cadmium recorded the highest non-cancer health risk to children and adults in all the roof runoffs. Hazard quotients (HQs) above one were recorded for a child (HQ = 40.1) and an adult (HQ = 13.6) via dermal exposure to Cd in runoff from Aluminum roofing material. Hazard quotient of 9.53 and 4.08 were estimated for a child and an adult respectively via oral exposure to Cd in runoffs from Asbestos roofing material. The estimated cancer risks were above 10-3 for a child and an adult via oral and dermal exposure to Cd in all roof runoffs, suggesting a possible cancer health effect. The study concludes that the four roofing materials impact negatively on the quality of runoffs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Briana Mwinkom Tengan
- Department of Chemistry, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana.
| | - Osei Akoto
- Department of Chemistry, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana
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Hu Q, Zhu S, Jin Z, Wu A, Chen X, Li F. Using multiple isotopes to identify sources and transport of nitrate in urban residential stormwater runoff. Environ Monit Assess 2022; 194:238. [PMID: 35235063 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-022-09763-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2021] [Accepted: 01/07/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Increased nitrogen (N) from urban stormwater runoff aggravates the deterioration of aquatic ecosystems as urbanisation develops. The sources and transport of nitrate (NO3-) in urban stormwater runoff were investigated by analysing different forms of N, water isotopes (δD-H2O and δ18O-H2O), and NO3- isotopes (δ15N-NO3- and δ18O-NO3-) in urban stormwater runoff in a residential area in Hangzhou, China. The results showed that the concentrations of total N and nitrate N in road runoff were higher than those in roof runoff. Moreover, high concentrations of dissolved organic N and particulate N led to high total nitrogen (TN) concentrations in road runoff (mean: 3.76 mg/L). The high δ18O-NO3- values (mean: + 60 ± 13.1‰) indicated that atmospheric deposition was the predominant NO3- source in roof runoff, as confirmed by the Bayesian isotope mixing model (SIAR model), contributing 84-98% to NO3-. Atmospheric deposition (34-92%) and chemical fertilisers (6.2-54%) were the main NO3- sources for the road runoff. The proportional contributions from soil and organic N were small in the road runoff and roof runoff. For the initial period, the NO3- contributions from atmospheric deposition and chemical fertilisers were higher and lower, respectively, than those in the middle and late periods in road runoff during storm events 3 and 4, while an opposite trend of road runoff in storm event 7 highlighted the influence of short antecedent dry weather period. Reducing impervious areas and more effective management of fertiliser application in urban green land areas were essential to minimize the presence of N in urban aquatic ecosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiyue Hu
- College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310032, China
| | - Song Zhu
- Zhejiang Construction Investment Environment Engineering Co., Ltd, Hangzhou, 31000, China
| | - Zanfang Jin
- College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310032, China.
| | - Aijing Wu
- College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310032, China
| | - Xiaoyu Chen
- College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310032, China
| | - Feili Li
- College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310032, China
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6
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De Buyck PJ, Matviichuk O, Dumoulin A, Rousseau DPL, Van Hulle SWH. Roof runoff contamination: Establishing material-pollutant relationships and material benchmarking based on laboratory leaching tests. Chemosphere 2021; 283:131112. [PMID: 34182629 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.131112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2021] [Revised: 05/31/2021] [Accepted: 06/01/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Because roofs represent a major part of the urban impervious surface, it is hypothesized that roof runoff is an important source of urban stormwater contamination. However, the contribution of different roofing materials to this contamination has only been examined to a limited extent. In this study, a resource and time efficient methodology, which uses some of the principles of a standardized leaching test (CEN/TS16637-2), was developed to identify material-pollutant relationships for sixteen commonly used roofing materials (EPDM, PVC, TPO, EVA, PU and bitumen membranes). Metals were detected in concentrations ranging from several μg/L in the leachate of synthetic materials up to 2.5 mg/L for Zn in the leachate of EPDM materials. Cd and Cr were not detected in any of the leachates. Furthermore, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons were detected in most leachates, with phenanthrene and naphthalene being most frequently detected in concentrations up to 4.5 μg/L for naphthalene. Further insights on organic pollutants' leaching from the tested materials were obtained by a non-target GC-MS screening of the leachates. Several commonly used additives such as flame retardants and light stabilizers were detected. Although no information on long-term leaching and material behavior under outdoor conditions could be obtained by the developed methodology, the laboratory test results could be used to benchmark the materials for their potential impact on roof runoff quality by the calculation of material indexes (which summarize the material-pollutant relationships). EPDM and PU roofing materials were identified as the materials having the highest potential to affect roof runoff quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pieter-Jan De Buyck
- Laboratory for Industrial Water and Ecotechnology (LIWET), Department of Green Chemistry and Technology, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University Campus Kortrijk, Sint-Martens-Latemlaan 2B, B-8500, Kortrijk, Belgium.
| | - Olha Matviichuk
- Laboratory for Industrial Water and Ecotechnology (LIWET), Department of Green Chemistry and Technology, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University Campus Kortrijk, Sint-Martens-Latemlaan 2B, B-8500, Kortrijk, Belgium; Institut de Chimie des Milieux et Matériaux de Poitiers (IC2MP), UMR 7285, University of Poitiers, 4 rue Michel Brunet, TSA 51106, 86073 Poitiers Cedex 9, France.
| | - Ann Dumoulin
- Laboratory for Industrial Water and Ecotechnology (LIWET), Department of Green Chemistry and Technology, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University Campus Kortrijk, Sint-Martens-Latemlaan 2B, B-8500, Kortrijk, Belgium.
| | - Diederik P L Rousseau
- Laboratory for Industrial Water and Ecotechnology (LIWET), Department of Green Chemistry and Technology, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University Campus Kortrijk, Sint-Martens-Latemlaan 2B, B-8500, Kortrijk, Belgium.
| | - Stijn W H Van Hulle
- Laboratory for Industrial Water and Ecotechnology (LIWET), Department of Green Chemistry and Technology, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University Campus Kortrijk, Sint-Martens-Latemlaan 2B, B-8500, Kortrijk, Belgium.
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LaBarre WJ, Ownby DR, Rader KJ, Lev SM, Casey RE. Bioretention storm water control measures decrease the toxicity of copper roof runoff. Environ Toxicol Chem 2017; 36:1680-1688. [PMID: 27859652 DOI: 10.1002/etc.3692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2016] [Revised: 06/03/2016] [Accepted: 11/15/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The present study evaluated the ability of 2 different bioretention storm water control measures (SCMs), planter boxes and swales, to decrease the toxicity of sheet copper (Cu) roofing runoff to Daphnia magna. The present study quantified changes in storm water chemistry as it passed through the bioretention systems and utilized the biotic ligand model (BLM) to assess whether the observed D. magna toxicity could be predicted by variations found in water chemistry. Laboratory toxicity tests were performed using select storm samples with D. magna cultured under low ionic strength conditions that were appropriate for the low ionic strength of the storm water samples being tested. The SCMs decreased toxicity of Cu roof runoff in both the BLM results and the storm water bioassays. Water exiting the SCMs was substantially higher than influent runoff in pH, ions, alkalinity, and dissolved organic carbon and substantially lower in total and dissolved Cu. Daphnids experienced complete mortality in untreated runoff from the Cu roof (the SCM influent); however, for planter and swale effluents, survival averaged 86% and 95%, respectively. The present study demonstrated that conventional bioretention practices, including planter boxes and swales, are capable of decreasing the risk of adverse effects from sheet Cu roof runoff to receiving systems, even before considering dilution of effluents in those receiving systems and associated further reductions in copper bioavailability. Environ Toxicol Chem 2017;36:1680-1688. © 2016 SETAC.
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Affiliation(s)
- William J LaBarre
- Urban Environmental Biogeochemistry Laboratory, Towson University, Towson, Maryland, USA
| | - David R Ownby
- Urban Environmental Biogeochemistry Laboratory, Towson University, Towson, Maryland, USA
| | | | - Steven M Lev
- Urban Environmental Biogeochemistry Laboratory, Towson University, Towson, Maryland, USA
| | - Ryan E Casey
- Urban Environmental Biogeochemistry Laboratory, Towson University, Towson, Maryland, USA
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Charters FJ, Cochrane TA, O'Sullivan AD. Untreated runoff quality from roof and road surfaces in a low intensity rainfall climate. Sci Total Environ 2016; 550:265-272. [PMID: 26820930 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.01.093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2015] [Revised: 01/13/2016] [Accepted: 01/13/2016] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Sediment and heavy metals in stormwater runoff are key pollutants of urban waterways, and their presence in stormwater is driven by climatic factors such as rainfall intensity. This study describes the total suspended solids (TSS) and heavy metal concentrations found in runoff from four different urban surfaces within a residential/institutional catchment, in a climate where rainfall is typically of low intensity (<5.1mm·h(-1)). The results were compared to untreated runoff quality from a compilation of international studies. The road runoff had the highest TSS concentrations, while copper and galvanized roof runoff had the highest copper and zinc concentrations, respectively. Pollutant concentrations were found to be significantly different between surfaces; quantification and prediction of pollutant contributions from urban surfaces should thus take account of the different surface materials, instead of being aggregated into more generalized categories such as land use. The TSS and heavy metal concentrations were found to be at the low to medium end of ranges observed internationally, except for total copper and zinc concentrations generated by dissolution of copper and galvanized roofing material respectively; these concentrations were at least as high as those reported internationally. TSS wash-off from the roofs was seen to be a source-limited process, where all available TSS is washed off during the rain event despite the low intensity rainfall, whereas both road TSS and heavy metals wash-off from roof and road surfaces appeared to all be transport-limited and therefore some carryover of pollutants occurs between rain events. A first flush effect was seen from most surfaces for TSS, but not for heavy metals. This study demonstrates that in low intensity rainfall climates, quantification of untreated runoff quality from key individual surface types in a catchment are needed to enable development of targeted and appropriately sized stormwater treatment systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frances J Charters
- Department of Civil and Natural Resources Engineering, University of Canterbury, Private Bag 4800, Christchurch 8140, New Zealand.
| | - Thomas A Cochrane
- Department of Civil and Natural Resources Engineering, University of Canterbury, Private Bag 4800, Christchurch 8140, New Zealand.
| | - Aisling D O'Sullivan
- Department of Civil and Natural Resources Engineering, University of Canterbury, Private Bag 4800, Christchurch 8140, New Zealand.
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Wu J, Ren Y, Wang X, Wang X, Chen L, Liu G. Nitrogen and phosphorus associating with different size suspended solids in roof and road runoff in Beijing, China. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int 2015; 22:15788-15795. [PMID: 26036583 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-015-4743-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2014] [Accepted: 05/18/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Roofs and roads, accounting for a large portion of the urban impervious land surface, have contributed significantly to urban nonpoint pollution. In this study, in Beijing, China, roof and road runoff are sampled to measure the suspended solids (SS), nitrogen (N), and phosphorus (P) contained in particles with different sizes. The SS content in the road runoff (151.59 mg/L) was sevenfold that in the roof runoff (21.13 mg/L, p < 0.05). The SS contained more coarse particulates in the roof runoff than in road runoff. The small particulates in the range of 0.45-50 μm consisted of 59 % SS in the roof runoff and 94 % SS in the road runoff. P was mainly attached to particle sizes of 10-50 μm in the roof (73 %) and road (48 %) runoffs, while N was mainly in a dissolved phase state in both runoffs. So, the different associations of N and P raise a challenge in preventing stormwater pollution in urban environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junliang Wu
- Key Laboratory of Mountain Hazards and Earth Surface Processes, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Institute of Mountain Hazards and Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences and Ministry of Water Resources, No. 9, Block 4, Renminnanlu Road, P.O. Box: 417, Chengdu, 610041, China
- State Key Laboratory of Urban and Regional Ecology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, P.O. Box: 2871, Beijing, 100085, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Yufen Ren
- State Key Laboratory of Urban and Regional Ecology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, P.O. Box: 2871, Beijing, 100085, China.
| | - Xuemei Wang
- Key Laboratory of Mountain Hazards and Earth Surface Processes, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Institute of Mountain Hazards and Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences and Ministry of Water Resources, No. 9, Block 4, Renminnanlu Road, P.O. Box: 417, Chengdu, 610041, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Xiaoke Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Urban and Regional Ecology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, P.O. Box: 2871, Beijing, 100085, China
| | - Liding Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Urban and Regional Ecology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, P.O. Box: 2871, Beijing, 100085, China
| | - Gangcai Liu
- Key Laboratory of Mountain Hazards and Earth Surface Processes, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Institute of Mountain Hazards and Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences and Ministry of Water Resources, No. 9, Block 4, Renminnanlu Road, P.O. Box: 417, Chengdu, 610041, China.
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Razzaghmanesh M, Beecham S. The hydrological behaviour of extensive and intensive green roofs in a dry climate. Sci Total Environ 2014; 499:284-296. [PMID: 25194906 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2014.08.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2014] [Revised: 08/15/2014] [Accepted: 08/15/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
This paper presents the results of a hydrological investigation of four medium scale green roofs that were set up at the University of South Australia. In this study, the potential of green roofs as a source control device was investigated over a 2 year period using four medium size green roof beds comprised of two growth media types and two media depths. During the term of this study, 226 rainfall events were recorded and these were representative of the Adelaide climate. In general, there were no statistically significant differences between the rainfall and runoff parameters for the intensive and extensive beds except for peak attenuation and peak runoff delay, for which higher values were recorded in the intensive beds. Longer dry periods generally resulted in higher retention coefficients and higher retention was also recorded in warmer seasons. The average retention coefficient for intensive systems (89%) was higher than for extensive systems (74%). It was shown that rainfall depth, intensity, duration and also average dry weather period between events can change the retention performance and runoff volume of the green roofs. Comparison of green and simulated conventional roofs indicated that the former were able to mitigate the peak of runoff and could delay the start of runoff. These characteristics are important for most source control measures. The recorded rainfall and runoff data displayed a non-linear relationship. Also, the results indicated that continuous time series modelling would be a more appropriate technique than using peak rainfall intensity methods for green roof design and simulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Razzaghmanesh
- Centre for Water Management and Reuse, School of Natural and Built Environments, University of South Australia, Adelaide, Australia
| | - S Beecham
- Centre for Water Management and Reuse, School of Natural and Built Environments, University of South Australia, Adelaide, Australia
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